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3a Psychiatry > Psychiatric medications > Flashcards

Psychiatric medications Flashcards

1
Q

What is a psychotropic drug

A

Any drug that affects: behaviour, mood, thoughts, or perception
An umbrella term for many different drugs

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2
Q

List the main types of psychotropic drugs

A
  • antidepressants
  • antipsychotics
  • sleeping pills and minor tranquilisers
  • lithium and other mood stabilisers
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3
Q

What conditions are antidepressants prescribed in

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • OCD
  • eating disorders
  • phobias
  • some physical conditions, including managing long-term pain
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4
Q

List the 5 different types of antidepressants

A
  • SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
  • SNRIs (serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors)
  • TCA (tricyclic antidepressants and tricyclic-related drugs)
  • MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
  • Atypical antidepressants
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5
Q

How do SSRIs work

A

they block the reuptake of serotonin into the nerve cell that released it, meaning that serotonin acts for longer on your brain and body

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6
Q

SSRIs and SNRIs side effects

A
  • decreased alertness
  • headache
  • nausea
  • sexual problems
  • tooth decay
  • diabetes
  • SIADH
  • GI bleeding
  • serotonin syndrome
  • suicidal feelings
  • neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  • hypomania or mania
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7
Q

How do SNRIs work

A

they work in a similar way to SSRIs, but they affect uptake of noradrenaline, as well as serotonin
they are sometimes used for treating more serious depression and anxiety

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8
Q

How do TCAs work

A

they affect the reuptake of noradrenaline and serotonin, making their affects on the brain and body last longer. But they also affect other chemicals in your body, making their side effects worse

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9
Q

TCA side effects

A
  • antimuscarinic effects
  • tooth decay
  • decreased alertness
  • suicidal feelings
  • serotonin syndrome
  • SIADH
  • diabetes
  • neuroleptic malignant syndrome
  • hypomania or mania
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10
Q

List some antimuscarinic effects

A

Side effects caused by changes to the level of acetylcholine in your body

  • blurred vision
  • confusion and agitation
  • constipation
  • difficulty urinating
  • drowsiness
  • dry mouth
  • erectile dysfunction
  • hallucinations
  • hot or dry skin, and decreased sweating
  • increased pressure in the eye
  • low blood pressure
  • nausea
  • rapid heartbeat and disturbed heart rhythm
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11
Q

How do MAOIs work

A

they make it harder for an enzyme called monoamine oxidase to break down noradrenaline and serotonin. This causes noradrenaline and serotonin to stay active for longer in your brain and body.

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12
Q

Who can prescribe MAOIs

A

can only be prescribed by a specialist, due to the possibility of dangerous interactions. you’re only likely to be prescribed an MAOI if you’ve tried all other types of antidepressant and none have worked.

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13
Q

MAOI side effects

A
  • decreased alertness
  • SIADH
  • serotonin syndrome
  • diabetes
  • suicidal feelings
  • neuroleptic malignant syndrome
    MAOIs can have dangerous interactions with some medications and food, so people taking them need to follow a careful diet
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14
Q

List some SSRIs

A
  • citalopram
  • escitalopram
  • fluoxetine
  • fluvoxamine
  • paroxetine
  • sertraline
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15
Q

List some SNRIs

A
  • duloxetine

- venlafaxine

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16
Q

List some TCAs

A
  • mianserin
  • trazadone
  • amitriptyline
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17
Q

List some MAOIs

A
  • isocarboxazid
  • moclobemide
  • phenelzine
  • tranylcypromine
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18
Q

List some other/atypical antidepressants

A
  • agomelatine
  • mirtazapine
  • reboxetine
  • vortioxetine
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19
Q

What conditions are antipsychotics prescribed in

A
  • schizophrenia
  • schizoaffective disorder
  • some forms of bipolar disorder
  • severe depression
  • psychotic symptoms for a personality disorder
  • physical problems eg. persistent hiccups, problems with balance and nausea
  • agitation and psychotic experiences in dementia
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20
Q

What symptoms can antipsychotic drugs help with

A
  • delusions and hallucinations eg. paranoia and hearing voices
  • anxiety and serious agitation eg. feeling threatened
  • incoherent speech and muddled thinking
  • confusion
  • violent or disruptive behaviour
  • mania
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21
Q

How do antipsychotics work

A
  • block action of dopamine
  • affects other brain chemicals eg. serotonin, noradrenaline, glutamate
  • cause parkinsonism (cause the psychological symptoms of parkinsonism such as not feeling emotions and losing interest in activities. more common with typical antipsychotics)
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22
Q

Types of antipsychotic

A
  • ‘typical’ antipsychotics / first generation (older)

- ‘atypical’ antipsychotics / second generation (newer)

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23
Q

Differences between typical and atypical antipsychotics

A
  • atypical antipsychotics generally cause less severe neuromuscular side effects than typical ones
  • typical antipsychotics are more likely to cause sexual side effects than atypicals
  • atypical antipsychotics are more likely to cause metabolic side effects eg. weight gain and changes to blood sugar levels
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24
Q

List some first generation antipsychotics

A
  • benperidol
  • chlorpromazine
  • flupentixol
  • haloperidol
  • levomepromazine
  • pericyazine
  • pimozide
  • prochlorperazine
  • promazine
  • sulpride
  • trifluoperazine
    zuclopenthixol
  • zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride
25
Q

List some first generation depot antipsychotics

A
  • flupentixol decanoate
  • fluphenazine decanoate
  • haloperidol decanoate
  • zuclopenthixol decanoate
26
Q

List some second generation antipsychotics

A
  • amisulpride
  • aripiprazole
  • asenapine
  • cariprazine
  • clozapine
  • lurasidone
  • olanzapine
  • paliperidone
  • quetiapine
  • risperidone
27
Q

List some second generation depot antipsychotics

A
  • aripriprazole (depot)
  • olanzapine pamoate monohydrate
  • paliperadone palmitate
  • risperidone (depot)
28
Q

What conditions are sleeping pills and minor tranquilisers prescribed in

A
  • severe anxiety

- insomnia

29
Q

What are sleeping pills and minor tranquilisers also known as

A
  • anti-anxiety medication
  • hypnotics
  • anxiolytics
30
Q

How do sleeping pills and minor tranquilisers work

A

These are sedative medications, which shut down your body and brain’s functions

31
Q

What symptoms do sleeping pills and minor tranquilisers manage

A
  • reduce symptoms of anxiety (agitated and shaky)

- help overcome insomnia

32
Q

Give some examples of sleeping pills and minor tranquilisers

A
  • benzodiazepine medication for anxiety or insomnia
  • benzodiazepine sleeping pills
  • non-benzodiazepine anti-anxiety medication
33
Q

What are benzodiazepines used to treat

A
  • alcohol withdrawal
  • anxiety
  • as a muscle relaxant
  • panic disorder
  • seizure
34
Q

What are benzodiazepines used to treat

A
  • alcohol withdrawal
  • anxiety
  • as a muscle relaxant
  • panic disorder
  • seizure
  • insomnia
35
Q

How do benzodiazepines work

A

Increase the GABA effects on your brain

GABA reduces activity in the areas of the brain that are responsible for:

  • reasoning
  • memory
  • emotions
  • essential functions, such as breathing
36
Q

Symptoms of increased GABA on the brain and body

A
  • feel relaxed and sleepy (sedation)
  • reduced anxiety
  • relaxed muscles
37
Q

How often should you take benzodiazepines

A

They are more effective as one off doses, and can be taken as short term treatment for a few weeks

38
Q

Side effects of benzodiazepines

A
  • drowsiness
  • light-headedness
  • confusion
  • unsteadiness
  • dizziness
  • slurred speech
  • muscle weakness
  • memory problems
  • constipation
  • nausea
  • dry mouth
  • blurred vision
39
Q

List some non-benzodiazepine sleeping pills

A
  • chloral hydrate
  • clomethiazole
  • dipenhydramine
  • melatonin
  • promethazine
  • zolpidem
  • zopiclone
40
Q

How do Z drugs work

A

They work in a similar way to benzodiazepines. They are short acting drugs.

41
Q

When are Z drugs prescribed

A

In severe insomnia, after trying other non-medicinal treatments

42
Q

List the different types of non-benzodiazepine sleeping pills

A
  • Z drugs
  • antihistamines
  • melatonin
  • chloral hydrate and clomethiazole
  • barbiturates
43
Q

What are Z drugs

A

These are a group of two drugs used to treat severe insomnia. Zolpidem and Zopiclone

44
Q

What are antihistamines

A

A type of medication sued for treating symptoms of allergies such as hay fever. Drowsiness is a side effect so can help with short term insomnia

45
Q

Which antihistamines can help with insomnia

A
  • diphenhydramine

- promethazine

46
Q

Side effects of antihistamines

A
  • disorientation
  • dizziness
  • headaches
  • nightmares
  • restlessness
  • tiredness
47
Q

What is melatonin

A

A natural hormone produced by the pineal gland

48
Q

What is melatonin prescribed for

A

It is available as a medication to treat insomnia. Usually offered as a short term treatment medication for people aged 55 and over

49
Q

What are chloral hydrate and clomethiazole

A

Older drugs used to treat insomnia. However they have many side effects including dependence

50
Q

What are barbiturates

A

Sedatives which were used before benzodiazepines became available (rarely used now)

51
Q

List some common benzodiazepines

A
  • Alprazolam (xanax)
  • diazepam (valium)
  • lorazepam (ativan)
52
Q

List some non-benzodiazepine anti-anxiety medication

A
  • busiprone

- pregabalin

53
Q

What conditions are lithium and other mood stabilisers used for

A
  • bipolar affective disorder
  • hypomania
  • mania
  • recurrent, severe depression
  • schizoaffective disorder
54
Q

List the 3 different types of mood stabilisers

A
  • lithium
  • anticonvulsants
  • antipsychotics
55
Q

What is lithium

A

A mood stabiliser used to treat bipolar

56
Q

What can lithium be prescribed as

A

lithium carbonate

lithium citrate

57
Q

What are anticonvulsants

A

some anticonvulsants can be used to stabilise mood. they can also be used as non-epileptics

58
Q

List some anticonvulsants that are used as mood stabilisers

A
  • carbamazepine
  • lamotrigine
  • valproate
59
Q

List some antipsychotics that can be used as mood stabilisers

A
  • haloperidol
  • olanzapine
  • quetiapine
  • risperidone
  • asenapine (sometimes used for mania)

3a Psychiatry (3 decks)

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