Psychiatric Disorders, Psychology, & Testing/Evaluation

Question 1

Risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia

Answer 1

Demographic factors include younger males white males with higher levels of education. The risks seen among the general population are applicable here.

Question 2

Which inflammatory marker is most correlated with major depressive disorder?

Answer 2

C reactive protein (CRP) - it is associated with depressive symptoms like change in appetite, sleep disturbance, lack of energy, and tiredness. However, it has not been shown to be causative.

Question 3

The diagnosis of “depressive disorder caused by another medical condition” has been commonly established for what 4 medical conditions?

Answer 3

Stroke, Hypothyroidism, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s

Question 4

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) assess what?

Answer 4

1) Interpersonal Functioning
2) The TAT is a projective test assessing the person’s interpretation of illustrations of ambiguous interpersonal situations. Thus, it sheds light on a person’s interpersonal function and can also identify psychotic processes in the case of idiosyncratic interpretations.

Question 5

What are the metabolic abnormalities seen in the following disordered eating behaviors?
1) Laxative abuse
2) Vomiting

Answer 5

1) Metabolic acidosis (excess stools contain more bicarbonate than plasma)
2) Metabolic alkalosis (vomiting leads to excessive loss of hydrochloric acid)

Question 6

Common medication causes of Substance/medication-induced depressive disorder (ARABIIC)

Answer 6

Anabolic steroids, Reserpine, ACE-I, Beta Blockers, Isotretinoin, Interferon, Corticosteroids (ARABIIC)

Question 7

Common causes of Depression Due to Another Medical Condition (TEMPTS Me)

Answer 7

Thyroid Disease, Epilepsy, post-MI, Pancreatic tumor, TBI, post-stroke, MS (TEMPTS Me)

Question 8

What is the most common GENETIC cause of intellectual disability?

Answer 8

Trisomy 21 (as unlike FXS, Down Syndrome occurs randomly and is not inherited)

Question 9

What is the most common cause of HERITABLE intellectual disability?

Answer 9

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)

Question 10

In Mahler’s stages of separation-individuation, ____ is the first stage, lasting from _____, and is the stage when the baby spends more time asleep than awake.

Answer 10

Normal autism; birth to 2 months

Question 11

What are Bowlby and Robertson’s three essential stages of separation response among children? These can parallel children who go through separation by loss of parents to death, through divorce, or by going off to boarding school.

Answer 11

1) Protest
2) Despair and pain
3) Detachment and denial of affection

Question 12

What are the stages of a person’s reaction to impending death?

Answer 12

Shock and denial –> anger –> bargaining –> depression –> acceptance

Question 13

Lack of speech that results from a mental deficiency or dementia (so poverty of speech with poverty of thought) is referred to as?

Answer 13

Alogia

Question 14

Schizophrenia is considered late-onset after the age of ____ and has a more favorable prognosis.

Answer 14

45 years ; more often in women

Question 15

What is the surgical treatment for OCD?

Answer 15

Cingulotomy. 30% success rate in treatment resistant patients.

Question 16

For individuals who have been hospitalized for major depression, what are the approximate relapse rates post-hospitalization?

Answer 16

25% in the first 6 months –> 30-50% up to 2 years –> 50% up to 5 years. Rates are decreased by 70% with prophylactic psychopharmacologic treatment.

Question 17

What are the 5 stages for Freudian development? Specify ages.

Answer 17

1) Oral stage (birth to 1 year): Centers around mouth, tension relieved through oral gratification, if not successfully completed leads to dependency in adulthood.
2) Anal stage (1 year to 3 years). Developing control of anal sphincter – increase in aggressive and libidinal drives. Control of feces gives child independence though the child struggles with parent over separation. Successful completion leads to independence but failure leads to obsessive-compulsive neuroses.
3) Phallic stage (3 years to 5 years). Focus on the genital area, lays groundwork for gender identity. Poor resolution leads to the neuroses often associated with poor resolution of the oedipal complex. Successful resolution leads to a clear sense of sexual identity, curiosity without embarrassment, initiative without guilt, and mastery over things both internal and external.
4) Latency (5 years until puberty). Decrease in sexual interest and energy. Development of the supergo.
5) Genital stage (puberty to death). Goal is the ultimate separation from the parents and the development of nonincestous object relations.

Question 18

Describe Piaget’s stage sensorimotor stage.

Answer 18

The first stage of cognitive development, from birth to 2 years old. Object permanence develops during this stage, as well as stranger anxiety (around 8 months)

Question 19

What is the lab finding common to patient’s with self-induced vomiting?

Answer 19

Hypokalemic, hypochloremic alkalosis

Question 20

True or false: Bipolar I disorder has equal prevalence among men and women?

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

What term refers to the failure to develop a cohesive self or self-awareness?

Answer 21

Identity diffusion

Question 22

Term for uncontrollable, excessive talking (as in mania)?

Answer 22

Logorrhea

Question 23

Describe the preoperational stage according to Piaget

Answer 23

4-7 years old
1) Symbolic Function (2-4 years): Rapid development of language skills and symbolic thought, the ability to categorize objects based on similarities (but by a single feature), thinking is still egocentric
2) Intuitive thought (4-7 years): Children move beyond perceptive thinking and toward intuitive thinking, though still limited in logic or deduction
3) Animistic thinking (inanimate objects are given thoughts and feelings), Magical Thinking

Question 24

Describe the concrete operational stage according to Piaget

Answer 24

7-11 years old
1) Children develop increasingly advanced reasoning, their thinking is more logical, organized, and systematic. Children can put things in order and group according to (multiple) common characteristics
2) Develop understanding of conservation (a tall cup of water and a wide cup can both hold equal volumes) and reversibility (ice can change to water and back to ice again)
3) Egocentric thought changes to operational thought –> another’s point of view can be taken into consideration

Question 25

In an ACA lesion, the eyes will look towards what side?

Answer 25

Towards the lesion! (the destruction of the nearby frontal eye fields causes loss of tonic opposition of the gaze to the opposite side)

Question 26

What are risk factors for FND?

Answer 26

Rural populations, little education, low intelligence, low socioeconomic status, military personnel with combat exposure.

Question 27

What are the age-dependent criteria for a perpetrator when considering a diagnosis of pedophilia?

Answer 27

• The perpetrator must be at least 16 years old and must be at least 5 years older than the victim
• Additionally – the victim is generally 13 years old or younger

Question 28

True or False: In the diagnostic criteria for schizoaffective disorder, symptoms that meet criteria for a major mood episode must be present for the majority of the total duration of the illness (active or residual)

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

How do you determine IQ?

Answer 29

Divide the metal age by the chronological age. IQ of 100 is average (50th percentile)

Question 30

What is the percentage of the population that has a diagnosable personality disorder?

Answer 30

10-15%

Question 31

Imaging finding in PTSD

Answer 31

Decreased hippocampal volumes

Question 32

What type of lead placement in ECT minimizes cognitive impairment?

Answer 32

RIGHT unilateral placement –> if right unilateral placement fails to improve symptoms after 4-6 treatments, then placement may be switched to bilateral