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Pharmacotherapeutics - Fall 21 > Psychiatric Cases-wrap up > Flashcards

Psychiatric Cases-wrap up Flashcards

1
Q

Case A: 41-yo F with depression

Important things to note

A
  • MUST differentiate b/w chronic (chronic depressive episode) vs situational depression(i.e. Acute loss of a family member)
  • 80% of ppl who receive tx for depression will improve
  • Medication tx can take 4-6 weeks to become effective,
  • BUT improvement is often seen within the first week
  • Antidepressants are NON-habit forming
  • Tx for 4-9 months after full remission and then graded discontinuation is possible
  • Cont medication indefinitely for recurrent depression
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2
Q

SSRIs: list Ex’s

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

–Citalopram (Celexa), Escitalopram (Lexapro), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paroxetine (Paxil), Sertraline (Zoloft)

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3
Q

SSRIs: MOA

A

selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake (i.e. increasing serotonergic activity).

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4
Q

SNRIs: list Exs

A

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors

SNRIs- Desvenlafaxine (pristiq), Duloxetine (Cymbalta), Venlafaxine (Effexor)

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5
Q

SNRIs: MOA

A

Inhibits NE, Serotonin, and dopamine reuptake.

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6
Q

Tricyclics: list ex

-TCAs are particularly useful for _________ depression

A

Amitriptyline (Elavil)

**melancholic

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7
Q

Tetracyclic: list ex

A

Bupropion (wellbutrin)–CAN be first line

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8
Q

Wellbutrin MOA

A

Bupropion MOA: inhibits neuronal uptake of NE and dopamine. Exact mech of smoking cessation is unknown.

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9
Q

MAOIs- list Exs

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

–Isocarbozid (Marplan), Penelzine (Nardil)

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10
Q

list other examples of antidepressants.

A

Mirtazapine (Remeron), Trazodone (Desyrel) –> GOOD for concurrent insomnia/anxiety

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11
Q

What drugs are good for tx resistant depression?

A

Aripiprazole (Abilify) and Quetiapine (Seroquel) –

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12
Q

list Indicators for an antidepressant

A 
Depression
Anxiety
Pain
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Smoking cessation
Eating disorders
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13
Q

How to chose an antidepressant?

A 
Indication
Cost
Availability
Drug interactions
Patient age and gender
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14
Q

First line: SSRI or SNRI

-list reasons why?

A

inexpensive, ease of use, tolerability and safety

Although SSRIs are of one pharmacologic class, they are not of one chemical class. Therefore, failure to respond to one SSRI does not reliably predict failure to respond to others.

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15
Q

TCA and MAOI are now second or third line- because?

A

potential lethal overdose, need titration, serious drug interactions, adverse effects

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16
Q

Adverse Effects SSRI:

-serotonic activity=

A

nausea, GI upset, Diarrhea, diminished sexual function (decreased interest, delayed orgasm, diminished arousal), headaches, weight gain

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17
Q

Adverse Effects SSRI:

-discontinuation syndrome=

A

sudden discontinuation –> dizziness and paresthesia

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18
Q

SNRI and tricyclic adverse reactions

A

Serotonergic adverse effects
& Noradrenergic effects
CNS activation,

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19
Q

List ex’s of noradrenergic effects

A

increased BP, increased heart rate

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20
Q

Describe CNS activation

A

insomnia, anxiety, agitation

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21
Q

TCA- list ex’s of anticholinergic effects

A

dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, blurred vision, confusion

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22
Q

Discontinuation syndrome for SNRI and TCAs: (list S/E)

A

cholinergic rebound and flulike symptoms

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23
Q

MAOIs: list adverse effects

A

**Orthostatic hypotension and weight gain, highest rates of sexual effects

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24
Q

What are some of the CAUTION points you need to be aware of when prescribing an antidepressant:

A
  • Suicide attempts are common
  • OD is most common method (especially with TCAs)
  • A 1500 mg dose of amitriptyline (less than 7 days) is enough to be lethal
  • Drug interaction

(have conversation with pt: in a small % of pts that start an antidepressant get suicidal, call the PCP asap and d/c med)

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25
Q

Managing SE’s:
GI distress: ?
Sedation?

A

GI Distress: Take after meals

Sedation: Take at HS, most SSRIs are less sedating (Prozac)

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26
Q

Managing SE’s:
Agitation and insomnia?

Sexual dysfunction?

A

Agitation and Insomnia: Switch to a more sedating options (Remeron, Celexa, Effexor)

Sexual Dysfunction: Less w/ Wellbutrin, Remeron, consider a PDE-5

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27
Q

Managing SE’s:

  • anxiety?
  • Ortho hypotension?
A

Anxiety/Panic: Options include Paxil, Remeron, Effexor, TCAs (try to avoid BDZs)

Orthostatic HYPOTN: hydration, education on mvt

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28
Q

Discontinuation of antidepressants:

  • withdrawal is typically ___
  • Reduce med over ___ weeks
A
    • mild – but tapering off is recommended

- -Reduce over 4 weeks – slower if symptomatic

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29
Q

OTC’s: St. John’s Wort and SAMe

-benefit?

A

Both have demonstrated some benefit for treating depression

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30
Q

St. John’s Wort and SAMe:

BOTH should not be used in Pts also taking _____

A

a serotonergic agent (SSRI or SNRI)

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31
Q

St. John’s Wort is a potent inducer of ______

A

CYP 450 –> LOTS of interactions

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32
Q

Antipsychotics Agents reduce psychotic sx in ______

A

schizophrenia, bipolar, psychotic depression, senile psychosis and drug-induced psychosis

33
Q

Antipsychotics Agents:

- mood and sleep effects?

A
  • Improve mood, reduce anxiety

- Decrease sleep disorders

34
Q

Case completion for CASE A: Pt meets dx criteria for MDD—initiate tx TODAY-– Medication therapy + Psychotherapy
-Pt tried Paxil in the past (SSRI), Pt is concerned for weight gain
what medication would you like to prescribe her now?

A

-Prozac 20 mg QD, Zoloft 50 mg QD, Lexapro 10 mg QD– all can be titrated up. STOP st johns wort. F/u in 4 weeks

35
Q

Although schiz. Can occur at any age, the avrg age of onset tends to be:

A

in late teens to early 20’s for men, abd late 20s to early 30s for women. It is UNCOMMON for schizophrenia to be dx in a person younger than 12 yo or older than 40

Schizophrenia can be treated-–about 1/2 of Pts can be fully independent with aggressive tx and compliance

36
Q

First Generation (typical) antipsychotic agents (FGA): list Ex’s of Phenothiazines and S/E

A

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)

–Sedation, weight gain, tardive dyskinesia

37
Q

First Generation (typical) antipsychotic agents (FGA): list Ex’s of Thioxanthenes

A

Thiothixene (Navane)

–High potency, medium extrapyriamidal toxicity, medium sedative and hypotensive action

38
Q

First Generation (typical) antipsychotic agents (FGA): list Ex’s of Butyrophenones

A

Haloperidol/droperidol (Haldol)
–High level of EPS, high potency, WIDELY USED
Best used for acute, short-term symptom control

39
Q

FGA are options for schizophrenia – but ____ are more recommended

A

second generation antipsychotic agents

40
Q

Extrapyramidal Symptoms:

Dystonia=

A

continuous spasm and muscle contractions

41
Q

Extrapyramidal Symptoms:

Akasthisia=

A

motor restlessness

42
Q

Extrapyramidal Symptoms:
Parkinsonism=

Tardive dyskinesia=

A

Parkinsonism- irregular, jerky movements

Tardive dyskinesia- involuntary muscle movements in lower face and distal extremities

43
Q

Extrapyramidal Symptoms: others?

A

Bradykinesia-Slow movements

-Tremors

44
Q

Second Generation (atypical) antipsychotic agents are regarded as first line tx because ______

A

they have a lower risk for EPS, minimal risk for tardive dyskinesia, and a lower incidence of cognitive impairment than FGA.

45
Q

1st line agent (2nd gen):
Quetiapine=
S/E?
Dosing?

A

Quetiapine – (Seroquel and Seroquel XR) –
***Wt gain!

-Initiate the immediate release formulation of quetiapine at 25 mg twice daily, followed by a dose titration of 25–50 mg/day in divided doses daily until reaching the target dose of 300–400 mg/day by Day 4.

46
Q 
1st line agent (2nd gen atypical) antipsychotic agent:
Risperidone=
S/E?
dosing?
FDA approval?
A

Risperidone (Resperdal) – inexpensive, long and short acting options, less EPS Sxs – but risk increases with dosage, wt gain

  • Initiate risperidone at 1–2 mg/day and titrate to 2–6 mg/day for the treatment of schizophrenia
  • Risperidone is also approved by the FDA for **monotherapy or adjunctive treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder.
47
Q

1st line agent (2nd gen atypical) antipsychotic agent:
Ziprasidone=
S/E?
dosage?

A

Ziprasidone (Geodon) – less wt gain, caution in **CVD and prolonged QTc

-Initial dosage for the treatment of schizophrenia is 20 mg twice daily with food, which can be titrated upward based on an individual patient basis to a maximum of 80 mg twice daily

48
Q

1st line agent (2nd gen atypical) antipsychotic agent:

Paliperidone=

Aripiprazole=

A

a lower risk for EPS, minimal risk for tardive dyskinesia, and a lower incidence of cognitive impairment than FGA.

  • -Paliperidone (Invega) - active metabolite of risperidone and in essence has the same side effect profile as risperidone.
  • Recommended dose for the treatment of schizophrenia is 6 mg once daily administered in the morning. The dose can be increased by 3 mg/day every 5 days as clinically needed to a maximum of 12 mg/day.
  • -Aripiprazole (Abilify) – less wt gain, generic, multiple preparations (ODT, liquid)
  • Initial dose for the treatment of schizophrenia is 10–15 mg once daily titrated up to 30 mg/day if clinically needed. Dosage increases should not be made before 2 weeks when steady state is reached
49
Q

2nd gen atypical) antipsychotic agent:
-Clozapine is reserved for _____ patients

-Olanzapine=

A

Clozapin – severe risk of neutropenia; reserved for refractory pts. **can cause agranulocytosis!!!

Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – commonly prescribed; guidelines do not recommend as a first line agent

50
Q

Dosage Schedules for antipsychotics

A
  • Divided daily doses
  • Titration to effective dose
  • Low end of dose should be tried for several weeks
  • After the effective daily dose has been discovered dose can be given once daily (typically at night)

Simplification= > compliance

51
Q

**Acute tx options (antipsychotic agents)

A
  • Zyprexa(olanzipine) – IM/ODT
  • Haldol – IV/IM
  • Benzo’s (ativan)
52
Q

SGA should be given an adequate trial for at least ____ weeks at a therapeutic dose.

A

6–8

53
Q

S/E of SGA:

A

Weight gain, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia),9 hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis, coma, and death have been reported with SGA.

54
Q

Short Term steps for Pt in alcohol withdrawal

A

Control acute symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

Prevent progression to delirium tremens

Prevent future alcohol withdrawal seizures

Correct electrolyte imbalances (potassium and magnesium)

Start prophylaxis to prevent Wernicke’s encephalopathy

55
Q

Long Term steps for Pt in alcohol withdrawal

A

Enroll patient in a program to help him stop drinking, followed by long-term abstinence control

Work up potential liver disease to prevent further progression.

Treat and manage other comorbidities

56
Q

Case completion for boy with schizophrenia

A
  • MUST distinguish b/w drug induced psychosis and schizophrenia
  • Provide and acute antipsychotic in order to have the pt completely evaluated
  • admit Pts w/ new onset schizophrenia
  • SGAs should be chosen as **first line
57
Q

what is the treatment of choice for alcohol withdrawal and withdrawal seizures?

A
  • *benzos
  • All benzodiazepines appear equally efficacious in reducing signs and symptoms of withdrawal
  • All benzo’s used for acute alcohol withdrawal should be front-loaded
58
Q

List Long acting benzos

A

diazepam and chloradiazepoxide–> preventing withdrawal seizures and symptom control
***Clinical monitoring is required – increased toxicity risk – metabolized by the liver

59
Q

List ex’s of short-acting benzos

A

lorazepam and oxazepam–>

less affected by liver dysfunction and have fewer residual sedative effects

60
Q

Short term effects of alc withdrawal

  • when does AMS occur?
  • Sx last?
A

AMS, onset 3-10 days after cessation of alcohol, symptoms can last 2-3 days

61
Q

Tx of alc withdrawal: med and dose

A

lorazepam 2–4 mg PO/IV Q 4–6 H

Valium (diazepam) 5mg PO Q6hrs

Librium 50-100 mg

62
Q

Tx of seizures 2/2 alc withdrawal:

A

lorazepam 4 mg IV may repeat

Valium 5-10mg IV q 10min 30mg total

63
Q

What medication has been shown to decrease symptoms in patients experiencing mild-to-moderate alcohol withdrawal. In the short term, it should also help lower the patient’s BP and heart ?

A

**Alpha agonist–>Clonidine can be safely added to this patient’s acute treatment regimen

64
Q

Another medication that can be used for acute alc withdrawal?

A

Barbs: phenobarbital

65
Q

What are 2 other meds (supplements) that must be added to the Pt’s regimen (pt with alcohol withdrawal) in order to reduce complications?

A

Thiamine 500 mg IV–>Home taper for three days

Folate –>Home Multivitamin PO daily

66
Q

Alc Withdrawal symptoms:

seizure risk is GREATEST at ____ hours

A

6-72 hours **

67
Q

Clinical Institute w/D assessment (CIWA):

describe this scoring system

A

Scoring systmen to gage severity of alc w/d. Score 0-67.

-always safer to admit alc withdrawal pts then to send them home

68
Q

Home treatment for alc w/d pt

-who can you give antabuse to?

A

Alcohol withdrawal can be deadly!

  • Multidisciplinary approach:
  • Benzo’s for home?
  • Librium 50-100mg PO TID or QID
  • Cessation medications – Disulfiram (Antabuse)–>NEVER GIVE TO SOMEONE WHO IS INTOXICATED
  • Unwanted effects appear 10-30 mins after alcohol consumption
  • Only works if patient is motivated to stay sober
69
Q

Medications assoc. with insomnia: list

A

CNS Stimulants: D-amphetamine, Methyphenidrate

BP drugs: alpha and **beta blockers

Respiratory meds: albuterol and theophyline

Decongestants: Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine

Hormones: Corticosteroids

Other substances: alcohol, nicotine, cocaine

70
Q

Case completion for alc w/d pt:

A
  • admit this Pt, benzo or barb load, correct electrolytes if necessary, give thiamine and folate
  • Home- hemodynamically stable, definitive f/u plan and resources
  • It’s safer for Pts to continue drinking, then to go home w/out definitive plan
71
Q

Approach to insomnia:

Lifestyle changes–>

A

Stimulus Control–> avoid alcohol, caffeine (ie recommend no caffeine after noon)

Environment –> dark room, quiet, decrease pre-sleep activity

Behavioral therapy –> sleep hygiene, sleep restriction therapy, relaxation, CBT

72
Q

Approach to insomnia:

-dietary supplements that are NOT FDA regulated: (Ex’s)

A 
Valerian
Kava-Kava
Melatonin
Passion flower
Skullcap
Lavender
Hops

Tryptophan

73
Q

Approach to insomnia:

list ex’s of OTC meds

A

Many are antihistamine or anticholinergic agents
Benadryl, Tylenol PM, Sleep-Eze, doxylamine (Unisom)

  • Many work well – ***may be habit forming
  • Undesirable S/E include vivid dreams and next day “hang over”

these meds should NOT be taken every night

74
Q

Insomnia Medications:

antidepressant ex’s

A

Doxepin and Trazodone

75
Q

Insomnia Medications:

benzo ex’s

A

lorazepam, clonazepam, alprazolam, Triazolam (Halcion), Estazolam (ProSom), Temazepam (Restoril)
**All pregnancy X

these meds all act on GABA alpha receptors

76
Q

Insomnia Medications:

non benzos

A
  • **zolpidem (ambien),
  • *-Eszopiclone (lunesta)

Doxylamine in pregnancy
Ambien also safe

77
Q

Insomnia Medications:

what is the predominate MOA of these meds?

A

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) – predominate inhibitory neurotransmitter

78
Q

Approach to Insomnia: general steps

  • every patient receives ________
  • what medication is reasonable to start with?
  • PRN insomnia tx?

-Situational insomnia tx?
vs
long-term insomnia tx?

A
  • **Everyone gets lifestyle and sleep hygiene education
  • It is reasonable to start with melatonin

-OTC medications for PRN insomnia
Benzos – for situational insomnia (try to limit to 2 weeks)
Non-benzos – for long-term insomnia

-Antidepressant for co-morbid depression, anxiety, mania

Pharmacotherapeutics - Fall 21 (7 decks)

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