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PSYCH 2750 > PSYCH2750 (Part II): Final Exam > Flashcards

PSYCH2750 (Part II): Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is temperament?

A

Individual differences in characteristic ways of responding to the world present in early life from which adult personality develops

-An aspect of personality concerned with emotional dispositions and reactions and their speed and intensity; the term often is used to refer to the prevailing mood or mood pattern of a person

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2
Q

Temperament vs. Personality

A

T = based in inherited biology, seen in early life (little effect of experience)
- “how” - style of expression
-e.g., typical mood, chronic level of activity, degree of emotional reactivity

M= modified through maturation, interaction with environment and experiences
-“what” or “why” - content that is expressed
-e.g., beliefs, values, and personal goals

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3
Q

Model of Temperament (Rothbart & Derryberry, 1981)

A
  1. Based on psychobiological models (links with underlying neural networks
  2. Broad dimensions
    -Reactivity (affective, cognitive, behavioral)
    -Extraversion
    -Negative Affectivity
    -Self-regulation/Effortful control
  3. Basis of adult personality
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4
Q

Biological Level (5 parts)

A
  1. Temperament
  2. Personality neurosciencce
  3. Behavioral genetics
  4. Gene by environment interactions
  5. Evolutionary psychology
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5
Q

How is temperament different than adult personality?

A

Temperament is seen in immature life stages, Personality is seen at the mature life stages during adulthood

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6
Q

What are Rothbart & Derryberry’s three dimensions of temperament?

A
  1. Negative affectivity
  2. Surgency/positive affectivity (referring to the aspects of reactivity)
  3. Orienting/ regulation (referring to the emerging self-regulation abilites)
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7
Q

What are the 2 goals of personality neuroscience?

A
  1. What brain circuits/networks are associated with particular socially-relevant processes?
  2. How do individual differences in brain circuitry relate to individual differences in behavior?
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8
Q

What is BAS/ Positivity System

A

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
-Sensitive to rewards (food, sex, praise, money, achievement)

-“GO!” - linked with appetitive, approach-related behavior

-Why?

-Dopaminergic system, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), Nucleus Accumbens (NA)

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9
Q

What is BIS/ Negativity System

A

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

-Sensitive to threats & punishments (physical pain or discomfort, loss of money/ status)

-“STOP!” –Avoidance motivation/behavior

-Activates physiological arousal, heightened alterness, & inhibition of ongoing behavior

-“Fight or Flight” System

-Serotonergic System, error monitoring systems (ACC), amygdala

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10
Q

What is the Amygdala & what does it do?

A
  1. Negative, fear-eliciting stimuli (LeDoux, 1999)
  2. Most work in animal models
  3. Positive, approach-eliciting stimuli
  4. Computing significance: degree to which a stimulus may be a threat or reward (Barrett, 2006)
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11
Q

Dopamine & the reward circuit (2 systems)

A
  1. Mesocortical Pathway: connections to frontal cortex (thoughts)
  2. Reward Circuit/ Mesolimbic Pathway: Connections to limbic (emotion) system
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12
Q

What has high Dopamine & Behavior?

A
  1. Schizophrenia & Psychosis
  2. Approach Behaviors
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13
Q

What has low Dopamine & Behavior?

A
  1. Lethargy & anxiety
  2. Parkinson Disease
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14
Q

How do you measure BIS/BAS?

A

BAS Scale = drive, fun-seeking, Reward Responsiveness

BIS = “I worry about making mistakes” “Criticism/scolding hurts me”

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15
Q

Self-report in measuring BAS?

A

High BAS from self-reports :
1. Positive emotionality (hope, desire)
2. Extraversion
3. Active Coping
4. Novelty seeking
5. Irritative anger

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16
Q

EEG in measuring BIS/BAS?

A
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17
Q

Self-report in measuring BIS?

A

High BIS from self-reports:
1. Negative emotionality
2. Neuroticism
3. Kagan’s inhibition temperament dimension
4. Passive coping
5. Withdrawal/ Avoidance behaviors
6. Defensive anger

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18
Q

What is the default network?

A

Default Mode Network (DMN) or resting state network is the default mode of the brain that is active when remembering the past or envisioning the future.
-Social in nature
-Think about themselves and others, recall past interactions, envision upcoming ones
-Practical thoughts, frequent
-Potential role in constructing mental modes
-Implicated in psychosis, depression & ADHD

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19
Q

What is “Executive” Control?

A

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
-AKA: Cognitive Control, Self-Control, Inhibitory Control
-regulate for the sake of long-term abstract goals
-process that help enact goal-relevant behavior; inhibit inappropriate (goal-irrelevant) behavior.

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20
Q

What is Dual Process Models?

A

Dual Process Model: 2 parts
1. Evaluation (Limbic)
2. Executive (PFC)

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21
Q

What is the Evaluation part of the dual process model?

A

Evaluation System = Limbic System
1. Hot system
2. Emotional, affective (limbic)
3. Preexisting information
4. Involuntary
5. Stimulus Control

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22
Q

What is the Executive part of the dual process model?

A

Executive System = Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
1. Cool System
2. Cognitive (PFC)
3. Present data; explicit
4. Slower, effortful, deliberate
5. Voluntary
6. Self- Control

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23
Q

What is behavioral genetics?

A

Behavioral Genetics look at variability in a population in a phenotypic trait (Personality)
-Question to what extent do genes vs. environment affect personality?

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24
Q

Method of Heritability

A

Heritability Estimate = H^2

25
Q

Logic of Heritability

A

2 common types of studies:
1) Identical (MZ) reared together vs. MZ reared apart: “manipulate” E hold G constant
2) Identical (MZ) reared together vs Fraternal (DZ) reared together: “manipulate” G hold E constant
-Naturally occurring experiment : nature “manipulates” IV, everything else held constant, sees if IV affects (causes) changes in Y.

26
Q

Identical (MZ) twins reared apart vs. MZ twins reared apart

A

Compare phenotypic similarity of MZ twins reared together & MZ twins reared apart to estimate G & E influence on trait.

  • Rare studies
  • E.g., Jim Springer & Jim Lewis
27
Q

Limitations of Behavioral Genetics?

A
  1. Doesn’t say anything about HOW personality develops or how genes affect personality.
    -E.g., TV watching is heritable (H^2 = .20).
  2. Doesn’t say how much YOUR OWN behaviors are due to genetics vs. environment.
28
Q

What are the 4 key findings from Behavioral Genetics?

A

BG provides insights into genetic contributions in complex human behaviors (politics/marriage)
1) Personality has genetic roots
2) Shared Environment (SE) accounts for very little of similarity in personal traits
3) Non-shared environment matters
4) Non-shared environment correlated with G

29
Q

5 (loosely) Shared Themes of Phenomenological-Humanistic-Existentialist Approach

A
  1. Positive Functioning
  2. Experience
  3. Self-awareness & self-reflection
  4. Free will
  5. Personal meaning
30
Q

What are the 5 core ideas of Experimental Existential Psychology (XXP)

A
  1. Death
  2. Isolation
  3. Identity
  4. Freedom
  5. Meaning
31
Q

Terror Management Theory (TMT)

A

All species are born equipped with biological & psychological systems designed for self-preservation
-Awareness of death leads to potentially debilitating anxiety

32
Q

What is the three-headed perspective?

A
  1. Phenomenology
  2. Existentialism
  3. Humanistic
33
Q

Phenomenology

A

-Concerned with the way lives are shaped by perception
-The subjective experiences of an individual (George Kelly)
-Social Cognitive Approaches

34
Q

Existentialism

A

-The experience of one’s existence
-Concerns with ways we deal with existential issues such as death, responsibility, freedom
-Experimental Existential Psychology

35
Q

Humanistic

A

-The idea that the aware mind is uniquely human possession
-Characteristics inherently human (self-actualization, resilience)
-Positive Psychology

36
Q

What is Symbolic Transcendence: Cultural World View (CWV)

A
  • Culture’s stories, traditions, institutions
  • Organization/order, meaning/validation, continuity to life/eternal (vs. chaotic, lacking meaning, ephemeral)
  • Sense of being a part of enduring legacy through contributions
    -Symbolic immortality
    -CWV serves as symbolic protection against death
37
Q

What is Symbolic Transcendence: Self-Esteem?

A

Self-esteem (feelings about self, serves as symbolic protection against death

38
Q

What is the Overjustification Hypothesis

A
  • Intrinsic motivation may decrease by providing external reason for engaging in activity (Lepper, Greene, & Nisbett, 1973)
  • Children showed intrinsic interest as baseline
    Expected-award, unexpected-award, no award
  • Decreased intrinsic motivation, even immediately
    Emphasizes the importance of validating intrinsic motivations
38
Q

What is the Mortality Salience (MS) Hypothesis?

A

If CWV and self-esteem, buffer against death-related anxiety, increase MS should motivate people to protect CWV and self-esteem

38
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Proposed that human motivation is organized by a hierarchy of needs
1. Self actualization
2. Esteem needs
3. Love & belongingness
4. Safety & physical security
5. Physiological needs

38
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A
  1. Degrees of relative satisfaction
  2. Desires/ motivation; not behaviors
  3. Security, satisfaction in early years buffers from later threats and scarcity
  4. Exceptions to the order and structure of hierarchy
38
Q

Who was Carl Rogers?

A

One of the founders of humanistic psychology
-Discussed the uniquely human need for self-actualization
-Developed a therapeutic treatment (client-centered, person-centered, Rogerian)

38
Q

What are the 2 kinds of identity crisis?

A
  1. Identity Deficit: Motivation Crisis: lack guiding commitments to goals & values
  2. Identity Conflict: Legitimation Crisis: e.g., women different conflicting roles: career vs mother
39
Q

What is the definition of Happiness or “subjective well-being (SWB)?

A
  1. High life satisfaction: cognitive/evaluative component
  2. High positive affect, low negative affect: affective/experienced component
    Measured with the → “Satisfaction With Life Scale”
40
Q

What is the Social Comparison Theory?

A

Social comparison theory suggests that people value their own personal and social worth by assessing how they compare to others.
-Tendency to make downward comparisons, can raise self-esteem
-Upward comparisons tend to decrease self-esteem

41
Q

What is Self-Discrepancy Theory?

A

The self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their “actual” self to internalized standards or the “ideal/ought self.”
1. Actual
2. Ideal
3. Ought

42
Q

What are the percentages of happiness?

A
  1. Study of happiness is rooted in humanistic perspective
  2. The focus is on experiences and evaluations of own life
  3. 10% objective life circumstances
  4. 50% Genetic influence
  5. 40% of happiness is influenced by behaviors/activities
    -Activities, behaviors, patterns of thought
43
Q

What is Social learning?

A

Social learning is learning by observing other people with the goal of adapting one’s behavior in social contexts.

44
Q

What are schemas & effects on information processing?

A

Schemas are cognitive structures of abstract knowledge.
-Categorization: group things that are similar into a category
-Mental shortcuts (a priori knowledge)

-Mind as a computer: information process system

45
Q

What are the principles of knowledge activation?

A
  1. Availability
    2.Accessibility
  2. Applicability
46
Q

What are implicit attitudes & activity?

A

Implicit attitudes are evaluations that occur without conscious awareness towards an attitude object or the self.

-Evaluations are either favorable or unfavorable & come from various influences in the individual experience

47
Q

What are the Social Cognitive approaches to individual differences?

A

Individual differences in cognitive system (Stimulus→Cognitive System→Response)

48
Q

What are the historical factors of Social Cognition?

A

-Behaviorism: “first force” : dominant paradigm
-“social learning theories” that departed from behaviorism

49
Q

What are the Social Learning Theories?

A
  1. Learning beyond trial-and-error (reason & plan, self-reflect)
  2. Learning occurs within social contexts
    -Observational learning: learning from experiences (Bodo doll experiments)
    -Overimitation: copy even irrelevant actions; uniquely human
50
Q

What is CAPS?

A

Cognitive Affective Processing Theory was proposed to account for the processes that explain why and how people’s behavior varies stably across situations.
-Each person has a unique information processing network

51
Q

Implicit Partner Attitudes (CAPS)

A

1.Evaluations that come to mind automatically, unintentionally, when thinking of partner

  1. May not consciously feel, but can color expectations, subjective experience, and relationship outcomes
  2. Relationship satisfaction, emotional commitment, adult attachment security (lower avoidance)
  3. Break-up; marital dissolution
52
Q

Walter Mischel’s 1968 Challenge?

A

Beginning with his 1968 monograph, Personality and Assessment, Walter challenged the most basic assumptions of classic trait theory about the consistency of personality, creating a paradigm crisis which his work ultimately resolved.

-behavioral signatures (if…then…) reflect meaningful aspects of personality

53
Q

What are Cognitive-Affective Units (CAUs) or Person Variables? (Mischel & Shoda, 1995)

A

1) Encodings (construals. perceptions)- categories/schemas

2) Expectations & beliefs: about world, outcomes for behaviors in particular situations

3) Affects: feelings/emotions

4) Goals: Desirable outcomes & affective states; goals

5) Competencies & Self-regulatory plans: Potential behaviors and scripts that one can do; plans and strategies for organizing action

54
Q

What does CAPS try to account for?

A
  1. Why a person is generally different from another person (chronic, trait-like, between-person individual differences)
  2. Why a person may differ from themselves (Within-person, intraindividual variability, state-level effects)

PSYCH 2750 (9 decks)

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