Psych1011 WEEKS 5+6 Flashcards
CLASSICAL VS OPERANT CONDITIONING
CC
Behaviour = automatic
Reward = provided unconditionally
Depends on = autonomic nervous system
OC
Behaviour = voluntary
Reward = contingent on behaviour
Depends on = skeletal muscles
LEARNING
Change on behaviour or thought as result of experience.
HABITUATION
Process of responding less strongly over time to stimuli.
Kandel.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Pavlovian.
Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.
PREPAREDNESS
Evolutionary memories.
Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others due to their survival value.
- Spiders, snakes rather than knives.
MARTIN SELIGMAN
Sauce bearnaise syndrome.
Or, conditioned taste aversion.
SHAPING BY SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS
Operant conditioning.
Conditioning a target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target.
INSIGHT
Grasping the underlying nature of a problem.
LAW OF EFFECT
Operant conditioning.
Thorndike.
If we get a reward for something, we do it again.
If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a reward, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened.
S-O-R PSYCHOLOGY
Stimulus- organism- response.
Organism interprets result -> individual differences.
NON- ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
Learning about the direct properties of a stimulus.
- Habituation
- Sensitisation.
Kandel and his Aplysia snail things.
PRIMARY REINFORCER
Operant conditioning.
Item or outcome that naturally increases the target behaviour.
Good behaviour -> token (secondary).
Use token -> get chocolate (primary).
SECONDARY REINFORCER
Operant conditioning.
Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer.
Good behaviour -> token (secondary).
Use token -> get chocolate (primary).
SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT
Operant conditioning.
Pattern of reinforcing a behaviour.
Continuous of partial.
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
Operant conditioning.
Usually involves the administration of a stimulus the organism wishes to avoid.
-electric shock
GIVES something to REDUCE behaviour .
DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS
Operant conditioning.
Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
Snapping fingers at dog (D.S), dog comes over to gt pat.
PUNISHMENT
Operant conditioning.
Outcome or consequence of behaviour that weakens the probability of behaviour.
VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE (VR)
Operant conditioning.
Varying number of responses, but set average.
Average of 10 might be reinforced after 6, then 12, then 1, then 21. Avg = 10.
Good example is gambling, like pokies.
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Operant conditioning.
Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behaviour.
- given a cookie for cleaning up.
GIVES something to INCREASE behaviour.
FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE (VI)
Operant conditioning.
Specific time interval, providing the response is produced at least once.
- weekly paycheck.
CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT
Operant conditioning.
Reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction.
PARTIAL (INTERMITTENT) REINFORCEMENT
Operant conditioning.
Only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour.
Slower learning but slower extinction.
ACQUISITION
Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established.
-> CS and UCS paired over and over = CR
0.5 seconds optimal.
Classical and operant conditioning.
SKINNER BOX
Operant chamber.
Electronically records animals responses to activity.
Bar that dispenses food and often a light which signals food is coming.
Might miss things but dont have to observe.
LATENT INHIBITION
Classical conditioning.
Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a CS we’ve repeatedly experienced alone.
Everyday items etc.
OCCASION SETTERS
Location specific higher order CS.
- smoking at a party. Craving a cigarette because smoked at previous parties.
HIGHER - ORDER CONDITIONING
Developing a CR to a CS by virtue of is association with another CS.
Salivate to tone.
Then to tone + circle.
Then just circle (2nd order).
Each gets weaker. 4th order nearly impossible.
STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response (CR) to CSs that difffer from the original CS.
TV vs real world.
STIMULUS GENERALISATION
Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original CS elicit a CR.
Metronome with a slightly different tone.
RENEWAL EFFECT
Sudden reemergence of a CR following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the CR was acquired.
SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
Sudden reemergence of an extincted CR after a delay in exposure to the CS.
Suppressed but not forgotten.
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
Removal of a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience.
- confiscating a toy to stop a tantrum.
REMOVES something to DECREASE behaviour.
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour. Often rewards.
VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE (VI)
Reinforcement for producing a response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly.
Varying amount of time.
eg. Checking email randomly.
Boss drops by the office randomly during the day.
CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)
Classical conditioning.
Response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning.
Metronome (CS) -> Salivation (CR)
FETISHISM
Sexual attraction to non-living things.
Maybe classical conditioning, but controversial.
CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)
Classical conditioning.
Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with a unconditioned stimulus.
Metronome (CS) -> Salivation (CR)
UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)
Classical conditioning.
Automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned.
Meat (UCS) -> Salvation (UCR)
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)
Classical conditioning.
Stimulus that elicits an automatic response. Doesn’t need to be learned.
Meat (UCS) -> Salivation (UCR)
REINFORCEMENT
Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of behaviour.
i.e. rewards.
MIRROR NEURONS
Cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when a animal both performs and observes that action.
- also empathy.
- specific goals
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Learning by watching others.
- Bandurra, bobo doll.
COGNITIVE MAP
Tolman -> Latent learning.
Mental representation of how a physical space is organised.
LATENT LEARNING
Edward Tolman. Learning that isn't directly observable. Competence - what we know. Performance - what we show Reinforcement isn't necessary for learning.
S-R PSYCHOLOGY
Stimulus response.
FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE (FR)
Reinforcement following a regular number of responses.
eg. every 15 times.
Production line workers. Every 15 things made.
EXTINCTION
Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the CR after the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.
Not forgetting, over writing.
INSTINCTIVE DRIFT
Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement.
More instinctive behaviour.
For example, under stress.
