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PSY1011 > Psych1011 WEEKS 5+6 > Flashcards

Psych1011 WEEKS 5+6 Flashcards

1
Q

CLASSICAL VS OPERANT CONDITIONING

A

CC
Behaviour = automatic
Reward = provided unconditionally
Depends on = autonomic nervous system

OC
Behaviour = voluntary
Reward = contingent on behaviour
Depends on = skeletal muscles

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2
Q

LEARNING

A

Change on behaviour or thought as result of experience.

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3
Q

HABITUATION

A

Process of responding less strongly over time to stimuli.

Kandel.

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4
Q

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A

Pavlovian.
Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.

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5
Q

PREPAREDNESS

A

Evolutionary memories.
Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others due to their survival value.
- Spiders, snakes rather than knives.

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6
Q

MARTIN SELIGMAN

A

Sauce bearnaise syndrome.

Or, conditioned taste aversion.

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7
Q

SHAPING BY SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS

A

Operant conditioning.

Conditioning a target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target.

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8
Q

INSIGHT

A

Grasping the underlying nature of a problem.

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9
Q

LAW OF EFFECT

A

Operant conditioning.
Thorndike.
If we get a reward for something, we do it again.
If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a reward, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened.

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10
Q

S-O-R PSYCHOLOGY

A

Stimulus- organism- response.

Organism interprets result -> individual differences.

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11
Q

NON- ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

A

Learning about the direct properties of a stimulus.
- Habituation
- Sensitisation.
Kandel and his Aplysia snail things.

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12
Q

PRIMARY REINFORCER

A

Operant conditioning.
Item or outcome that naturally increases the target behaviour.
Good behaviour -> token (secondary).
Use token -> get chocolate (primary).

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13
Q

SECONDARY REINFORCER

A

Operant conditioning.
Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer.
Good behaviour -> token (secondary).
Use token -> get chocolate (primary).

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14
Q

SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

A

Operant conditioning.
Pattern of reinforcing a behaviour.
Continuous of partial.

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15
Q

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

A

Operant conditioning.
Usually involves the administration of a stimulus the organism wishes to avoid.
-electric shock
GIVES something to REDUCE behaviour .

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16
Q

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

A

Operant conditioning.
Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
Snapping fingers at dog (D.S), dog comes over to gt pat.

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17
Q

PUNISHMENT

A

Operant conditioning.

Outcome or consequence of behaviour that weakens the probability of behaviour.

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18
Q

VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE (VR)

A

Operant conditioning.
Varying number of responses, but set average.
Average of 10 might be reinforced after 6, then 12, then 1, then 21. Avg = 10.
Good example is gambling, like pokies.

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19
Q

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

A

Operant conditioning.
Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behaviour.
- given a cookie for cleaning up.
GIVES something to INCREASE behaviour.

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20
Q

FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE (VI)

A

Operant conditioning.
Specific time interval, providing the response is produced at least once.
- weekly paycheck.

21
Q

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

A

Operant conditioning.

Reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction.

22
Q

PARTIAL (INTERMITTENT) REINFORCEMENT

A

Operant conditioning.
Only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour.
Slower learning but slower extinction.

23
Q

ACQUISITION

A

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established.
-> CS and UCS paired over and over = CR
0.5 seconds optimal.
Classical and operant conditioning.

24
Q

SKINNER BOX

A

Operant chamber.
Electronically records animals responses to activity.
Bar that dispenses food and often a light which signals food is coming.
Might miss things but dont have to observe.

25
Q

LATENT INHIBITION

A

Classical conditioning.
Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a CS we’ve repeatedly experienced alone.
Everyday items etc.

26
Q

OCCASION SETTERS

A

Location specific higher order CS.

- smoking at a party. Craving a cigarette because smoked at previous parties.

27
Q

HIGHER - ORDER CONDITIONING

A

Developing a CR to a CS by virtue of is association with another CS.
Salivate to tone.
Then to tone + circle.
Then just circle (2nd order).
Each gets weaker. 4th order nearly impossible.

28
Q

STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION

A

Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response (CR) to CSs that difffer from the original CS.
TV vs real world.

29
Q

STIMULUS GENERALISATION

A

Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original CS elicit a CR.
Metronome with a slightly different tone.

30
Q

RENEWAL EFFECT

A

Sudden reemergence of a CR following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the CR was acquired.

31
Q

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

A

Sudden reemergence of an extincted CR after a delay in exposure to the CS.
Suppressed but not forgotten.

32
Q

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

A

Removal of a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience.
- confiscating a toy to stop a tantrum.
REMOVES something to DECREASE behaviour.

33
Q

OPERANT CONDITIONING

A

Learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour. Often rewards.

34
Q

VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE (VI)

A

Reinforcement for producing a response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly.
Varying amount of time.
eg. Checking email randomly.
Boss drops by the office randomly during the day.

35
Q

CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

A

Classical conditioning.
Response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning.
Metronome (CS) -> Salivation (CR)

36
Q

FETISHISM

A

Sexual attraction to non-living things.

Maybe classical conditioning, but controversial.

37
Q

CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)

A

Classical conditioning.
Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with a unconditioned stimulus.
Metronome (CS) -> Salivation (CR)

38
Q

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)

A

Classical conditioning.
Automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned.
Meat (UCS) -> Salvation (UCR)

39
Q

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)

A

Classical conditioning.
Stimulus that elicits an automatic response. Doesn’t need to be learned.
Meat (UCS) -> Salivation (UCR)

40
Q

REINFORCEMENT

A

Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of behaviour.
i.e. rewards.

41
Q

MIRROR NEURONS

A

Cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when a animal both performs and observes that action.

  • also empathy.
  • specific goals
42
Q

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

A

Learning by watching others.

- Bandurra, bobo doll.

43
Q

COGNITIVE MAP

A

Tolman -> Latent learning.

Mental representation of how a physical space is organised.

44
Q

LATENT LEARNING

A 
Edward Tolman. 
Learning that isn't directly observable.
Competence - what we know. 
Performance - what we show
Reinforcement isn't necessary for learning.
45
Q

S-R PSYCHOLOGY

A

Stimulus response.

46
Q

FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE (FR)

A

Reinforcement following a regular number of responses.
eg. every 15 times.
Production line workers. Every 15 things made.

47
Q

EXTINCTION

A

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the CR after the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.
Not forgetting, over writing.

48
Q

INSTINCTIVE DRIFT

A

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement.
More instinctive behaviour.
For example, under stress.

PSY1011 (6 decks)

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