Psych1011 WEEKS 5+6

Question 1

CLASSICAL VS OPERANT CONDITIONING

Answer 1

CC
Behaviour = automatic
Reward = provided unconditionally
Depends on = autonomic nervous system

OC
Behaviour = voluntary
Reward = contingent on behaviour
Depends on = skeletal muscles

Question 2

LEARNING

Answer 2

Change on behaviour or thought as result of experience.

Question 3

HABITUATION

Answer 3

Process of responding less strongly over time to stimuli.

Kandel.

Question 4

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Answer 4

Pavlovian.
Form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response.

Question 5

PREPAREDNESS

Answer 5

Evolutionary memories.
Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others due to their survival value.
- Spiders, snakes rather than knives.

Question 6

MARTIN SELIGMAN

Answer 6

Sauce bearnaise syndrome.

Or, conditioned taste aversion.

Question 7

SHAPING BY SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS

Answer 7

Operant conditioning.

Conditioning a target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target.

Question 8

INSIGHT

Answer 8

Grasping the underlying nature of a problem.

Question 9

LAW OF EFFECT

Answer 9

Operant conditioning.
Thorndike.
If we get a reward for something, we do it again.
If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a reward, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened.

Question 10

S-O-R PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 10

Stimulus- organism- response.

Organism interprets result -> individual differences.

Question 11

NON- ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

Answer 11

Learning about the direct properties of a stimulus.
- Habituation
- Sensitisation.
Kandel and his Aplysia snail things.

Question 12

PRIMARY REINFORCER

Answer 12

Operant conditioning.
Item or outcome that naturally increases the target behaviour.
Good behaviour -> token (secondary).
Use token -> get chocolate (primary).

Question 13

SECONDARY REINFORCER

Answer 13

Operant conditioning.
Neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer.
Good behaviour -> token (secondary).
Use token -> get chocolate (primary).

Question 14

SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT

Answer 14

Operant conditioning.
Pattern of reinforcing a behaviour.
Continuous of partial.

Question 15

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

Answer 15

Operant conditioning.
Usually involves the administration of a stimulus the organism wishes to avoid.
-electric shock
GIVES something to REDUCE behaviour .

Question 16

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS

Answer 16

Operant conditioning.
Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
Snapping fingers at dog (D.S), dog comes over to gt pat.

Question 17

PUNISHMENT

Answer 17

Operant conditioning.

Outcome or consequence of behaviour that weakens the probability of behaviour.

Question 18

VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULE (VR)

Answer 18

Operant conditioning.
Varying number of responses, but set average.
Average of 10 might be reinforced after 6, then 12, then 1, then 21. Avg = 10.
Good example is gambling, like pokies.

Question 19

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Answer 19

Operant conditioning.
Presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behaviour.
- given a cookie for cleaning up.
GIVES something to INCREASE behaviour.

Question 20

FIXED INTERVAL SCHEDULE (VI)

Answer 20

Operant conditioning.
Specific time interval, providing the response is produced at least once.
- weekly paycheck.

Question 21

CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT

Answer 21

Operant conditioning.

Reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction.

Question 22

PARTIAL (INTERMITTENT) REINFORCEMENT

Answer 22

Operant conditioning.
Only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour.
Slower learning but slower extinction.

Question 23

ACQUISITION

Answer 23

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established.
-> CS and UCS paired over and over = CR
0.5 seconds optimal.
Classical and operant conditioning.

Question 24

SKINNER BOX

Answer 24

Operant chamber.
Electronically records animals responses to activity.
Bar that dispenses food and often a light which signals food is coming.
Might miss things but dont have to observe.

Question 25

LATENT INHIBITION

Answer 25

Classical conditioning. Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a CS we've repeatedly experienced alone. Everyday items etc.

Question 26

OCCASION SETTERS

Answer 26

Location specific higher order CS. | - smoking at a party. Craving a cigarette because smoked at previous parties.

Question 27

HIGHER - ORDER CONDITIONING

Answer 27

Developing a CR to a CS by virtue of is association with another CS. Salivate to tone. Then to tone + circle. Then just circle (2nd order). Each gets weaker. 4th order nearly impossible.

Question 28

STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION

Answer 28

Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response (CR) to CSs that difffer from the original CS. TV vs real world.

Question 29

STIMULUS GENERALISATION

Answer 29

Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original CS elicit a CR. Metronome with a slightly different tone.

Question 30

RENEWAL EFFECT

Answer 30

Sudden reemergence of a CR following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the CR was acquired.

Question 31

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Answer 31

Sudden reemergence of an extincted CR after a delay in exposure to the CS. Suppressed but not forgotten.

Question 32

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

Answer 32

Removal of a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience. - confiscating a toy to stop a tantrum. REMOVES something to DECREASE behaviour.

Question 33

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Answer 33

Learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behaviour. Often rewards.

Question 34

VARIABLE INTERVAL SCHEDULE (VI)

Answer 34

Reinforcement for producing a response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly. Varying amount of time. eg. Checking email randomly. Boss drops by the office randomly during the day.

Question 35

CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

Answer 35

Classical conditioning. Response previously associated with a non neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning. Metronome (CS) -> Salivation (CR)

Question 36

FETISHISM

Answer 36

Sexual attraction to non-living things. | Maybe classical conditioning, but controversial.

Question 37

CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)

Answer 37

Classical conditioning. Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with a unconditioned stimulus. Metronome (CS) -> Salivation (CR)

Question 38

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)

Answer 38

Classical conditioning. Automatic response to a non neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned. Meat (UCS) -> Salvation (UCR)

Question 39

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)

Answer 39

Classical conditioning. Stimulus that elicits an automatic response. Doesn't need to be learned. Meat (UCS) -> Salivation (UCR)

Question 40

REINFORCEMENT

Answer 40

Outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of behaviour. i.e. rewards.

Question 41

MIRROR NEURONS

Answer 41

Cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when a animal both performs and observes that action. - also empathy. - specific goals

Question 42

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

Answer 42

Learning by watching others. | - Bandurra, bobo doll.

Question 43

COGNITIVE MAP

Answer 43

Tolman -> Latent learning. | Mental representation of how a physical space is organised.

Question 44

LATENT LEARNING

Answer 44

``` Edward Tolman. Learning that isn't directly observable. Competence - what we know. Performance - what we show Reinforcement isn't necessary for learning. ```

Question 45

S-R PSYCHOLOGY

Answer 45

Stimulus response.

Question 46

FIXED RATIO SCHEDULE (FR)

Answer 46

Reinforcement following a regular number of responses. eg. every 15 times. Production line workers. Every 15 things made.

Question 47

EXTINCTION

Answer 47

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the CR after the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS. Not forgetting, over writing.

Question 48

INSTINCTIVE DRIFT

Answer 48

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement. More instinctive behaviour. For example, under stress.