Psych Unit 7

Question 1

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Answer 2

Recall

Question 3

A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a MCQ test

Answer 3

Recognition

Question 4

A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Answer 4

Relearning

Question 5

The process of getting information into the memory system (Ex: extracting meaning)

Answer 5

Encoding

Question 6

The process of retaining encoded info over time

Answer 6

Storage

Question 7

The process of getting information out of memory storage

Answer 7

Retrieval

Question 8

Processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

Answer 8

Parallel processing

Question 9

The immediate, very brief record of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 9

Sensory memory

Question 10

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten

Answer 10

Short-term memory

Question 11

The relatively permanent/ limitless storehouse of the memory system (Knowledge, skills, experiences)

Answer 11

Long-term memory

Question 12

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory/visual information/ of information retrieved from long-term memory

Answer 12

Working memory

Question 13

Retention of facts/experiences that one can consciously know/”declare” (Declarative memory)

Answer 13

Explicit memory

Question 14

Encoding that requires attention/ conscious effort

Answer 14

Effortful processing

Question 15

Unconscious encoding of incidental information (Space, time, frequency, well-learned info: word meanings)

Answer 15

Automatic processing

Question 16

Retention of learned skills/classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (Nondeclarative memory)

Answer 16

Implicit memory

Question 16

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Answer 16

Iconic memory

Question 16

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 sec

Answer 16

Echoic memory

Question 17

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units often occurs automatically

Answer 17

Chunking

Question 18

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery/organizational devices

Answer 18

Mnemonics

Question 19

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Answer 19

Shallow Processing

Question 19

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information (Retrieval practice effect/ test-enhanced learning)

Answer 19

Testing effect

Question 19

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Answer 19

Spacing effect

Question 20

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Answer 20

Deep processing

Question 20

Explicit memory of personally experience events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 20

Episodic memory

Question 21

Explicit memory of facts/general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 21

Semantic memory

Question 21

The neural storage of a long-term memory

Answer 21

Memory consolidation

Question 22

A clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 22

Flashbulb memory

Question 22

A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit (conscious) memories of facts/events for storage

Answer 22

Hippocampus

Question 23

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular association in memory

Answer 23

Priming

Question 23

An increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning/ memory

Answer 23

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 24

The idea that cues and context specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

Answer 24

Encoding specificity principle

Question 25

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good/bad mood

Answer 25

Mood-congruent memory

Question 26

Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect), first (primary effect) items in a list

Answer 26

Serial position effect

Question 27

An inability to form new memories

Answer 27

Anterograde amnesia

Question 28

An inability to retrieve information from one’s past

Answer 28

Retrograde amnesia

Question 29

Occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event

Answer 29

Misinformation effect

Question 29

A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Answer 29

Reconsolidation

Question 29

The forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info

Answer 29

Proactive interference

Question 30

Faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined (source misattributing) is the heart of many false memories

Answer 30

Source amnesia

Question 30

The backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old info

Answer 30

Retroactive interference

Question 30

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, memories

Answer 30

Repression

Question 31

That eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Answer 31

Déjà vu