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Pysch > Psych Unit 4 > Flashcards

Psych Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

the process by which our sensory receptors/nervous system receive/represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

A

Sensory receptors

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2
Q

the process of organizing/interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects/events

A

Perception

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3
Q

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

A

Bottom-up processing

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4
Q

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perception drawing on our experience and expectation

A

Top-down processing

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5
Q

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective attention

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6
Q

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

Inattentional blindness

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6
Q

failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness

A

Change blindness

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7
Q

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

A

Transduction

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7
Q

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

A

Psychophysics

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7
Q

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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7
Q

predicts how/ when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold/ that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectation, motivation, alertness

A

Signal detection theory

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7
Q

below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

Subliminal

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8
Q

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience the difference threshold as just a noticeable difference (jnd)

A

Difference threshold

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8
Q

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain association, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

Priming

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8
Q

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

A

Weber’s law

8
Q

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory adaptation

9
Q

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

Perceptual set

9
Q

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

A

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

10
Q

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

A

Parapsychology

11
Q

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next, vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission

A

Wavelength

12
Q

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

A

Hue

12
Q

the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness, determined by the wave’s amplitude (height)

A

Intensity

13
Q

the eye’s clear, protective outer layer, covering the pupil/iris

A

Cornea

14
Q

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

14
Q

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil/controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

15
Q

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

15
Q

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

Retina

16
Q

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near/far objects on the retina

A

Accommodation

16
Q

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement; necessary for peripheral/ twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

A

Rods

17
Q

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina/ that function in daylight/ in well-lit conditions, detect fine detail/ give rise to color sensation

A

Cones

18
Q

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Optic nerve

19
Q

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

Blindspot

20
Q

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

Fovea

20
Q

the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

20
Q

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green/ inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red/ inhibited by green

A

Opponent-process theory

21
Q

nerve cells in the brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, movement

A

Feature detectors

21
Q

processing many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision

A

Parallel processing

Pysch (4 decks)

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