Psych Unit 2 Flashcards
Cognitive maps are associated with the work of
Tolman (think Tolkien and maps)
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family’s breakfast dished so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this case, washing the car is a(n)
Positive reinforcer
A child’s learned fear at the sight of a hyper denim needle is a
Conditioned response
Receiving deicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________is to ________.
Positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
In pavilions experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was
Presentation of food in the mouth
In a social dilemma, the goals or the individual compete wit the goals of other individuals (T/F)
T
Children with abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of
Observational learning
A fixed ratio schedule of r indorse met is one in which a response is reinforced only after a
Specified number of responses have been made
Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
Modeling 💃
CAI stands for Conditioned Automatic Indicator (T/F)
F
Dan and Joel - superman - roof
Observational learning
For proffesional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforces with a home run on a ______ schedule
Variable-ratio
In Pavlovs experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dogs salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a
Conditioned response
A real estate agents showed Gavin pics of a lakeside property while feeding him delish foods. Gavin drooled when he visited the lakeside
CS
Pigs pick up wooden coins and deposit into piggy bank. Subsequently dropping and repeatedly pushing them with their snouts. Best illustrates the importance of _______ in operant conditioning
Biological predispositions
People are born with a set of cognitive maps that are ready to be used (T/F)
F
Both aggression and altruism can be learned (T/F)
T
Insight learning
“Aha” moment
Animals tend to revert from newly learned habitats to edgier biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of
Instinctive drift
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. He prefers working on a _______ sched of reinforcement
Fixed-ratio
Situation in which the behavior that creates the most positive outcomes for the individual may in the long run lead to negative consequences for the group as a whole
Social dilemma
Five year old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher gives him candy for each utterance, then only fro clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using a method of
Shaping
The O in SOR stands for operant (T/F)
F
After learning to fear a white rat, little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of
Generalization
Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of
Punishment
After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates
Observational learning
Just after they taste a sweet liquid, mice are infected with a drug that produces an immune response. Later, the taste of the sweet liquid itself triggers an immune response. This illustrates
Classical conditioning
Pavlovs experiment, taste of food triggered the dogs salivation. Salivation to the taste of the food was an
Unconditioned response
To assess whether Mrs. Webster has suffered from a brain injury, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a singed thatch signaled a delivery puff of air p directed toward her face. In the application of classical conditioning, the sound was
CS
Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of
Observational learning
A conditioned response is an unlearned automatic response to a specific stimulus (T/F)
F
Pigeon receives food for packing a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates…
Partial reinforcement
After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Collin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a ___________ for Collin’s fear.
Unconditioned stimulus
Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit _________.
Intrinsic motivation
In transfer, learned responses follow one another in sequence. (T/F)
F 🎷🐢
Mental practice is not an effective way to prepare for a task. (T/F)
F ⛓✉️⚔🛡
We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are _________.
Followed by reinforcement
Children often imitate behaviors seen on television. This best illustrates the impact of …
modeling.
In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a _________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to…
Retrieve sticks and balls.
In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?
Operant conditioning
Any stimulus that, when removed after his response, strengthens the response is called a …
Negative reinforcer
Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
Sweating in hot weather.
Pavlov’s research on classical conditioning was important because…
So many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.
Primary reinforcers could be best described as…
Innately satisfying stimuli.
Mason, a stockbroker, runs 2 miles every day after work because it reduces his stress level. Masons running hobbit is maintained by a ________ reinforcer.
Negative
High self-esteem alone does improve academic performance. (T/F)
F
The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called …
Discrimination.
Two years ago, a manufacturing company included it’s employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi annual bonuses based on the company’s profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at the company has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of …
Operant conditioning
To quickly teach a dog to rollover on command, you would be best advised to use…
Immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers.
Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggest that associative learning involves…
Cognitive processes
In classical conditioning a stimulus is any event or situation that…
Evokes a response.
John B Watson considered himself to be a…
Behaviorist.
Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you were approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of…
Discrimination
Michaela developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone…
Extinction.
Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a…
Stimulus.
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs have been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness one first shown her cousins new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates…
Spontaneous recovery.
To get you to increase the frequency of your daily exercise, operant behavior specialist are most likely to recommend that you…
Specify your exercise goals and inform some close friends of your goals.
Extinction occurs when a ______ is no longer paired with a ________.
Condition stimulus; unconditioned stimulus.
Instinctive drift could prevent an animal from learning a new behavior. (T/F)
T
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a…
Neutral stimulus.
Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the cars irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of…
Negative reinforcement escape.
Toddlers talk to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates…
Generalization.
Pets who learned that the sound of an electric CanOpener signals the arrival of their food illustrate…
Classical conditioning
Negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur (T/F)
F
And event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a…
Reinforcement.
Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of…
Learning.
