PSYCH U4 AOS2 Flashcards

Question

what are risk factors?

Answer 1

any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development or progression of a mental disorder

Answer 2

: Things before you existed that increase susceptibility to a specific mental disorder. For example a family history of schizophrenia. They increase the likelihood of the development of a disorder. Genetics, family history of MI, alcohol or drugs while in womb Brain chemistry - Hormones / neurotransmitters (impaired) Temperament Poverty

Answer 3

Things that actually trigger the onset of a mental disorder. Are the immediate factors or events that cause the individual to experience symptoms now. Environmental significant life event Trauma, accident or injury

Answer 4

Things that inhibit recovery. Maintains the occurrence of a specific mental disorder and causes an individual's symptoms to continue or progressively worsen. Poor health Stigma - not seeking treatment lack of social support / abuse relationship lack of resources substance abuse bullying

Answer 5

GENETIC VULNERABILITY TO SPECIFIC DISORDERS, POOR RESPONSE TO MEDICATION DUE TO GENETIC FACTORS, POOR SLEEP AND SUBSTANCE USE

Answer 6

Having a risk for developing a specific mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetic inheritance. Higher risk than that of the general population, but it does not mean that they will definitely develop the disorder. For example, genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia — the closer the degree of genetic relatedness to someone with schizophrenia, the greater the likelihood of developing/having schizophrenia (and vice versa). 17% change child will inherit parents' schizophrenia. This is because certain genes increase the likelihood of developing a mental disorder.

Answer 7

Having little or no reduction in the number or severity of symptoms despite taking medication as prescribed. Can be due to genetics causing the body to metabolise medication too slow or too quickly For example, it is estimated that up to 45% of people suffering depression show poor response to antidepressant medications

Answer 8

Poor sleep quantity or quality (partial sleep deprivation) is associated with a range of mental disorders. For example, mood, anxiety, personality, addictive and psychotic disorders chronic/persistent poor sleep may adversely affect physical and mental health, contributing to development and maintenance of a mental health disorder, & also exacerbate the experience of an existing disorder; may disrupt restorative functions that could influence mental health.

Answer 9

Use or consumption of legal or illegal drugs or other products can contribute to the development or progression of a disorder. For example, alcohol, tobacco, prescription and non-prescription/over-the-counter drugs, marijuana, heroin etc. Active ingredients can directly contribute to development, onset or maintenance e.g. regular use of cannabis can increase the risk of developing schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder.

Answer 10

RUMINATION, IMPAIRED REASONING AND MEMORY, STRESS AND POOR SELF-EFFICACY

Answer 11

Repeatedly thinking or dwelling on undesirable thoughts, negative feelings or problems without acting to change them. impedes and prolongs problem-solving strategies that may minimise or address a concern; may inhibit mood-changing/improving strategies such as distraction and perpetuate symptoms

Answer 12

Reasoning involves goal-directed thinking in which inferences are made or conclusions are drawn from known or assumed facts or pieces of information. Flawed thinking that impedes goal-directed behaviour or fails to rationally consider probabilities when deciding if an outcome is likely to be true. May contribute to onset and perpetuation of symptoms, especially schizophrenia; more likely to believe in delusional thoughts and to jump to conclusions based on impaired reasoning.

Answer 13

memory failure, especially episodic memory. Different types of memories are impaired for different disorders Some disorders such as schizophrenia can impair episodic memories which is problematic. Difficulty recalling personal experiences may contribute to the onset and perpetuation of symptoms.

Answer 14

The experience of stress may increase vulnerability to development of a mental health disorder. For example, an ambitious senior student with poor coping skills and lacking in resilience and social support is subjected to a heightened workload and examination pressure over a prolonged period being. More vulnerable to mental health disorder if an individual is also high in other risk factors and low in protective factors, especially coping ability.

Answer 15

Reduced belief in one’s capacity to execute behaviours necessary to succeed in a specific situation or accomplish a specific task. For example, believing a stressful event is far worse than it really is and having little or no self-confidence that one will cope or overcome the situation. impairing the ability to overcome challenges that arise when difficulties are experienced.

Answer 16

DISORGANISED ATTACHMENT, LOSS OF A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP AND THE ROLE OF STIGMA AS A BARRIER TO ACCESSING TREATMENT

Answer 17

Disorganised attachment is a type of attachment that is characterised by inconsistent or contradictory behaviour patterns in the presence of a primary caregiver. Unhealthy attachment formed early in life is considered a risk factor for the development and progression of mental health disorder. Disorganised attachment develops from a parent's consistent failure to respond appropriately to their child's distress, or by a parent's inconsistent response to their child's feelings of fear or distress.

Answer 18

May struggle in their relationships or when parenting their own children because of their personal experiences and lack of exposure to a suitable role model. They may also find it difficult to form and sustain solid relationships because they struggle with poor social or emotional regulation skills

Answer 19

Loss of a relationship can have serious or even devastating consequences for the person experiencing that loss. When the loss is due to serious illness, a break up or death, the loss is inevitably a challenging and potentially very stressful life event. Loss of a significant relationship among vulnerable individuals in particular may precipitate depression or a substance use disorder in the same way that other major stressors, such as losing your job, can precipitate the disorder. Following loss of a significant relationship, most people typically experience grief. Grief is the total reaction to the experience of loss, comprising a mix of thought, feelings and behaviours

Answer 20

Stigma is a sign of shame, disgrace, or disapproval typically associated with a particular characteristic or attribute that sets a person apart. Self-stigma refers to the stigmatising views that individuals hold about themselves. Social stigma refers to any aspect of an individual’s identity that is devalued in a social context. In relation to mental disorders, this involves the negative attitudes/beliefs that motivate people to exclude, reject, avoid, fear and discriminate against people with a mental disorder.

Answer 21

Some of the effects of stigma include: feelings of shame, self-doubt, poor self-esteem, low self-efficacy, hopelessness and isolation, distress, lack of understanding by family, friends or others. 2/3rds of people who have a mental health disorder do not seek treatment. Often due to fear of being stigmatised. Stigma can also perpetuate a mental disorder and delay recovery or make recovery harder.

Answer 22

Cumulative risk refers to the aggregate (cumulative) risk to mental health from the combined effects of exposure to multiple biological, psychological and/or social factors. it is typically the presence of a number of risk factors, rather than the presence of a single risk factor, that ultimately influences whether an individual develops a mental disorder. More risks = greater vulnerability.

Answer 23

Any stimulus that produces stress and challenges our ability to cope.

Answer 24

a state of physiological and psychological arousal produced by internal and external stressors that are perceived by the individual as challenging or exceeding their ability or resources to cope.

Answer 25

Includes physiological and psychological changes that occur when confronted by a stressor. Stress is the body’s natural reaction to a challenge or demand.

Answer 26

involves feelings of extreme anxiety, accompanied by physical and psychological symptoms, which prevents a sufferer from normal functioning. When anxiety is out of proportion to a situation, it may be detrimental to an individual’s wellbeing and become an anxiety disorder. Individuals with anxiety disorders are known to have specific, recurring fears that they recognize as irrational, unrealistic, and intrusive.

Answer 27

A state of physiological arousal associated with feelings of apprehension, worry or uneasiness about something in the future.

Answer 28

a persistent, irrational, and intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Answer 29

an intense, irrational fear and avoidance of a particular object (such as needles, spiders or snakes), activity (such as swimming), or situation (such as enclosed spaces). A phobia disorder differs from common fears as it generates overwhelming anxiety, producing symptoms such as shaking, nausea, vomiting, fainting, uncontrollable sweating, increased heart rate and hot flushes. People affected by these phobias recognize that their fears are unreasonable and excessive, but can’t seem to do anything about it. Fear response is typically out of proportion to the actual danger posed by the object or situation. It can cause significant anxiety and distress and interferes with everyday functioning - therefore it is considered a diagnosable mental disorder.

Answer 30

1. stress and anxiety are considered normal in certain situations whereas phobias are not considered normal or appropriate. 2. stress can be eustress or distress whereas anxiety and phobias can only be distress 3. with stress and phobias, source/cause of a phobic response is usually known whereas in anxiety the source/cause of an anxiety response is not always apparent.

Answer 31

GAMMAAMINO BUTYRIC ACID (GABA) DYSFUNCTION, THE ROLE OF STRESS RESPONSE AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION

Answer 32

BEHAVIOURAL MODELS INVOLVING PRECIPITATION BY CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND PERPETUATION BY OPERANT CONDITIONING, COGNITIVE BIAS INCLUDING MEMORY BIAS AND CATASTROPHIC THINKING

Answer 33

SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL TRIGGERS AND STIGMA AROUND SEEKING TREATMENT

Answer 34

Some people with anxiety disorders have low levels of GABA, which means their body is unable to regulate anxiety and their fight or flight responses, leading to physiological symptoms of the stress response. GABA dysfunction results in low levels of GABA, which leads to higher levels of anxiety because there is not enough GABA to adequately regulate anxiety or arousal levels. GABA has an inhibiting effect ie. slows the body down from an excited state to a calm, neutral state. Prevents the over excitation of neurons.

Answer 35

The stress response involves the fight-flight response which is triggered when a person experiences a fearful event. This initial learning will form a new memory circuit with established connections within the amygdala. Every time a person encounters a phobic stimuli, the synapses within the memory circuit are strengthened and the amygdala activates physiological fear responses (increased heart rate, respiration, blood pressure) - the fight/flight/freeze response.

Answer 36

When we associate fear with a specific stimulus a new memory circuit is formed within the amygdala (the section of the brain responsible for the pairing of emotions and memories) is made. The strengthening of synapses enables information to be transmitted at a faster rate and more efficiently. LTP is necessary for a fear response to be learned. Each time the person thinks about, or encounters the phobic stimulus it strengthens the neural connections (memory circuit) between the stimulus and the amygdala, leading to the trigger of the fight, flight response.

Answer 37

can cause a neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus through association with an unconditioned stimulus. eg. getting attacked by dog - fear of all dogs If the event is traumatic enough, one encounter may be enough to produce and maintain the fear response

Answer 38

operant conditioning suggests that the consequence of a behaviour determines whether or not that behaviour will be repeated. If the consequence is positive for the individual, the behaviour is more likely to be repeated, and vice versa. Avoiding a phobic stimulus acts as negative reinforcement by providing a satisfying outcome and makes the individual more likely to avoid the phobic stimulus again in the future.

Answer 39

A cognitive bias is a type of error in thinking that occurs when people interpret information. Cognitive biases may lead to inaccurate judgements or illogical interpretations of a situation

Answer 40

A memory bias is a type of error in thinking that may enhance or impair the recall of a memory, or alter the content of the memory. Memory bias may contribute to the formation of a phobia because people recall negative information more readily about an object, situation, or event. Memory bias can also alter recalled memories so that they are different to what actually happened. eg. remember one negative experience with a dog more readily than all the positive experiences.

Answer 41

Catastrophic thinking occurs when an individual repeatedly overestimates the potential dangers of an object or event and assumes the worst. Catastrophic thinking relates to thinking about, or predicting, the potential dangers and possible outcomes of future events. The catastrophic thinker predicts an outcome that others would consider unrealistic and irrational. When this occurs, a person will typically experience heightened levels of distress and anxiety, and underestimate their ability to cope with the situation

Answer 42

Specific environmental trigger - Developing a specific phobia after a direct negative experience with an object or situation. In many instances, specific triggers can lead to the development of a phobia. Many people report having a direct, negative, and traumatic experience with a particular phobic stimulus. Eg. Bird phobia may come from being attacked by a magpie as a child. Initial fear response to a specific environmental trigger becomes a conditioned fear response

Answer 43

Phobias can cause irrational responses which are viewed negatively by others which can lead to stigma developing (social disapproval). This can cause people to feel embarrassed, and more likely to hide their symptoms and not seek treatment thus prolonging their phobia.

Answer 44

THE USE OF SHORT-ACTING ANTI-ANXIETY BENZODIAZEPINE AGENTS (GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID [GABA] AGONISTS) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PHOBIC ANXIETY AND RELAXATION TECHNIQUES INCLUDING BREATHING RETRAINING AND EXERCISE

Answer 45

THE USE OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY (CBT) AND SYSTEMATIC DESENSITISATION AS PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC TREATMENTS OF PHOBIA

Answer 46

PSYCHOEDUCATION FOR FAMILIES/SUPPORTERS WITH REFERENCE TO CHALLENGING UNREALISTIC OR ANXIOUS THOUGHTS AND NOT ENCOURAGING AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOURS

Answer 47

Benzodiazepine agents are depressants that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). They mimic or stimulate GABA’s inhibitory effects. They bind to the GABA receptor sites on the postsynaptic neuron (lock). This reduces the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron from firing and therefore reduces arousal (slows things down). This has a calming effect on the brain. They help relieve symptoms of anxiety by reducing physiological arousal and promoting relaxation.

Answer 48

STRENGTHS - short-acting as it is broken down by the body quickly, and effective just before an encounter with a phobic stimulus. WEAKNESSES - Long term can become addictive, and does not dress the underlying disorder; People who take benzodiazepines for a long time may report increased anxiety as their body gets use to the medication, and need a higher dose for it to have an effect; Sleep and fatigue; Slow reflexes; Slurred speech.

Answer 49

Relaxation techniques - are methods that can be learnt to reduce physiological and psychological arousal associated with stress-related (FFF response) anxiety.

Answer 50

Breathing retraining is the process of identifying incorrect breathing habits and replacing them with correct ones. An anxious person’s breathing may consist of small, shallow breaths (hyperventilation), which can prolong the body’s reaction to anxiety and make the situation worse. Can cause an imbalance between oxygen and carbon dioxide. Teach a person to consciously control and slow breathing. This acts to reduce the physiological arousal of the NS & activate the parasympathetic NS Can take the attention away from the negative thoughts & allow the person to have a sense of control over the fear response.

Answer 51

Exercise can reduce the physiological reactions to stress. Exercise burns up the stress hormones (adrenaline and cortisol) in the body that accumulate during times of stress. This can improve immune system functioning so high levels of cortisol do not create wear and tear on the body. Effects are: Can reduce muscle tension reducing nervous system activation and lowering arousal A release of feel-good brain chemical (endorphins) which can improve mood Distraction from worry and rumination, which may have a calming effect.

Answer 52

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy (talk therapy) that uses a range of cognitive and behavioural therapies and learning principles to help people change dysfunctional, unhelpful or unhealthy thought processes, feelings and behaviours. It is based on the premise that the way a person thinks about something determines how they feel about it and respond to it. Therefore if they can change the way they think about it, then they can change their behaviour.

Answer 53

The first stage involves identifying unhelpful patterns of thought, such cognitive bias for flying and plane crashes. Step 2 involves addressing these thoughts by gathering evidence to rationalise them, such as speaking to a pilot or viewing crash stats. The third step involves identifying unhelpful behaviours, for example - avoiding flying (a negatively reinforcing behaviour) and then finally through Behaviours are challenged though means such as systematic desensitisation, IE: using flight simulation.

Answer 54

Using knowledge and information to overcome irrational thinking forms the ‘cognitive’ part of CBT. The behavioural component of the treatment involves modifying the unhelpful behaviours (such as avoidance) that have developed as a result of the faulty cognitions.

Answer 55

Technique involving the progressive introduction of a phobic stimulus using relaxation techniques until the classically conditioned fear response is replaced by a conditioned relaxation response Systematic desensitisation uses classical conditioning principles to unlearn (or extinguish) the association the person has made, and to learn a new relaxed response. The client first develops a fear hierarchy from 10 to 100 to the phobic stimulus. They are then systematically exposed to increasingly fearful phobic stimulus paired with practising the relaxation technique. They do not progress until they are relaxed at each level of the hierarchy).

Answer 56

Psychoeducation is the process of the patient and/or their family learning about the nature of the mental illness, treatment options and management strategies. Can help the family and friends provide support to the patient and reduce stigma A sufferer’s family can support the person by providing more adaptive alternatives. They can assist by challenging the cognitive biases, memory biases or catastrophic thinking. Encouraging them to think in a more realistic way. They can NOT encourage avoidance behaviour and can role model relaxation techniques.

Answer 57

People with phobias tend to underestimate their coping ability and overestimate the dangers, resulting in cognitive distortions. Friends/family can ask questions to challenge these thoughts or provide evidence as to why they’re unrealistic.

Answer 58

Avoidance behaviours prevent exposure to the phobic stimulus and are maladaptive. Supporters should encourage more adaptive alternatives or gradually expose the person to the phobic stimulus in a controlled environment. (give examples relating to the scenario).

Answer 59

The transtheoretical model of behaviour change assesses an individual's readiness to change by looking at the different stages an individual may go through as they move towards healthier behaviours.

Answer 60

The individual has no intention to take action in the 6 months and is generally unaware or unaware of their problem. Unaware of the benefits of change. Strategy - must be aware that a problem exists.

Answer 61

The individual intends to take action within the next 6 months. They are aware that a problem exists but has not yet made a commitment to take action. May be aware of the consequences of their behaviour. Strategy - make a list of pros and cons.

Answer 62

The individual intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioural steps in this direction. They formulate a plan for change and commit to it. Strategy - get the resources and set goals

Answer 63

The individual changes their overt behaviour for less than 6 months. The change is externally recognisable to others. Strategy - self talk and let others know you are making change.

Answer 64

The individual changes their overt behaviour for more than 6 months and works to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains made. Strategy - avoid triggers.

Answer 65

Relapse: is said to occur when there is a full-blown return to the original problem behaviour. It is most common in the action and maintenance stages. Lapse: is a slip up with a quick return to action (or maintenance).

Answer 66

Sees behaviour change as a process that can happen over time Takes into account individual differences and that people can be at different stages. This is useful to a health professional designing an intervention. Allows for setbacks, especially helpful for addictions

Answer 67

Doesn’t adequately allow for distinction between cognitive processes leading people to stop certain behaviours and cognitive processes leading people to start behaviours. Lack of research to justify the time frames specified for different stages. Lacks an explanation of the role of social and cultural influences