Psych U4 AOS1

Question 1

Sleep

Answer 1

a naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that involves lowered awareness of an individual’s external environment and various physiological and psychological changes

Question 2

Consciousness

Answer 2

awareness of our own thoughts, feelings and perceptions at any moment

Question 3

Altered state of consciousness

Answer 3

state of consciousness distinctly different from normal waking consciousness in terms of awareness and experience
- induced or naturally occurring

Question 4

Normal waking consciousness

Answer 4

associated with being awake and aware of objects and events in the external world

Question 5

Circadian rhythm

Answer 5

24 hour cycles involving changes to physiological functioning or activity

Question 6

Ultradian rhythm

Answer 6

cycles that occur within 24 hours that involve changes in physiological functioning or activity

Question 7

Sleep cycle

Answer 7

80-90 minute cycles that repeats during a sleep episode, in which an individual progresses through NREM and REM

Question 8

Sleep episode

Answer 8

total time spent asleep

Question 9

Psychological construct

Answer 9

agreed upon description of a psychological phenomenon that isn’t directly observable or measurable

Question 10

Zeitgebers

Answer 10

environmental cues that signal to the brain (SCN) to regulate the body’s circadian rhythms

Question 11

sleep diary

Answer 11

type of self-report where an individual documents their own sleep-waking activities, usually over a period of several weeks
- quantitative and qualitative

Question 12

video monitoring

Answer 12

collects visual and auditory info to provide behavioural data about a person’s sleep

Question 13

REM sleep

Answer 13

eyeballs move quickly beneath closed eyelids, darting back and forth, and up and down, in jerky, coordinated movements

Question 14

Characteristics of REM

Answer 14

• approximately 20-25% of sleep episode
• virtual muscle paralysis
• vivid dreams
• beta like waves

Question 15

NREM Stage 1

Answer 15

• Transition from wakefulness to a light sleep
• Likely to experience a hypnic jerk
• If woken, may report they weren’t asleep
• Theta brainwaves

Question 16

NREM Stage 2

Answer 16

• First stage an individual is fully asleep
• Still light sleep
• No eye movement, body temp drops
• Theta brainwaves

Question 17

NREM Stage 3

Answer 17

• Deepest sleep, slowest heartrate and breathing, body fully relaxed
• Repairs body, tissue repair/growth, cell generation, immune system strengthens
• Difficult to wake, would be drowsy (sleep inertia)
• Delta waves

Question 18

Electroencephalography

Answer 18

detects, amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain, measured in brain waves
- electrodes placed on scalp
- translates activity into visual pattern of brainwaves
- indicates whether an individual is awake or asleep

Question 19

Electromyography

Answer 19

detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles in the body
- Indicate change in muscle activity (movement) and muscle tone (tension)
- Electrical activity decreases when entering sleep
- High activity during periods of muscle spasms
- Little to no activity in REM sleep: virtual muscle paralysis

Question 20

Electro-occulograph

Answer 20

detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of muscles that move the eyes
- NOT muscles in the eye
- Electrodes attached to areas of face surrounding eyes
- Indicates difference between REM and NREM sleep

Question 21

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 21

area of hypothalamus responsible for regulating an individual’s sleep-wake patterns
- internal body clock
- sensitive to light

Question 22

Melatonin

Answer 22

sleep hormone secreted during low light levels to induce sleep
- regulated by SCN
- released by pineal gland in epithalamus
- syncs sleep-wake cycle to day and night

Question 23

Regulation of sleep wake cycle

Answer 23

1. Light (zeitgeber) received by eyes
2. SCN activated
3. SCN signals to pineal gland to release melatonin to promote sleep
4. Adrenal gland releases cortisol to promote wakefulness

Question 24

General changes of sleep across lifetime

Answer 24

• Total sleep time for optimal functioning decreases
• Proportion of REM sleep decreases significantly from infancy (50% -30/40%) then gradually through life
• Time spent in NREM stage 3 decreases, replaced with NREM stage 2 sleep
• Increased awakenings in adulthood

Question 25

Key features of infancy sleep (0-12 months)

Answer 25

- sleep onset at any time - sleep ep only as 1-2 cycles lack capacity for deep NREM sleep - more REM sleep for rapid brain development and exposure to new stimuli - circadian rhythm not developed until 3 months

Question 26

Key features of Childhood (3-12 years) sleep

Answer 26

- total sleep time decreases due to maturation - NREM proprotion increases for replenishment and growth of body

Question 27

Key features of Old age (65+ years) sleep

Answer 27

- severe decrease in total sleep time and slow wave sleep - NREM 3 sleep disappears - more fragmented sleep - increased sleep latency

Question 27

Key features of Adulthood (19-65 years) sleep

Answer 27

decrease in time and proportion of time in REM and NREM sleep - gradual loss of NREM 3, replaced with NREM 2 - circadian phase advance - melatonin concentration decreases

Question 27

Key features of Adolescence (12-19 years) sleep

Answer 27

- amount of NREM 3 decreases, amount of NREM 2 increases - delayed sleep onset (~2 hrs)

Question 28

Restoration theory

Answer 28

- Sleep is vital for replenishing and revitalising the mind (REM) and body (NREM) - Sleep keeps mind and body functioning at optimal levels

Question 29

Sleep deprivation

Answer 29

state caused by inadequate quantity or quality of sleep

Question 30

Partial sleep deprivation

Answer 30

having less sleep than normally required for optimal functioning

Question 31

total sleep deprivation

Answer 31

no sleep for 24 hrs - equivalent to 0.10 BAC

Question 32

Affective effects of partial sleep depriv

Answer 32

- irritability and moodiness - poor emotional regulation - increased negative emotions

Question 33

cognitive effects of partial sleep depriv

Answer 33

- impaired concentration - lapses in attention impaired learning and memory impaired problem solving and decision making

Question 34

behavioural effects of partial sleep depriv

Answer 34

- sleep inertia: performance impairment after immediately waking - slowed reaction time - micro sleep: 3-15 second involuntary sleep

Question 35

Sleep disorder

Answer 35

disturbances to typical sleep-wake cycles

Question 36

Circadian rhythm disorder

Answer 36

category of sleep disorders, characterised by patterns of sleep disturbances, due to a misalignment between the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake schedule required by a person - SCN may receive internal and external cues at abnormal times

Question 37

Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder

Answer 37

delay in sleep onset resulting in going to sleep later and wanting to wake up later - disruption to internal cues

Question 38

Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder

Answer 38

early sleep onset, results in going to sleep earlier and waking earlier

Question 39

Shift work

Answer 39

employment outside of a normal 9-5, which disrupts natural circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycles - external cues are out of syn with internal cues leading to circadian rhythm sleep disorders

Question 40

Bright light therapy

Answer 40

involves exposure to intense, but safe, amounts of light at regular patterns to shift an individual’s sleep -wake cycle to a desired scheduleBright light therapy

Question 41

Sleep hygiene

Answer 41

habits and practices to improve and maintain an individual's sleep patterns (good sleep at night, alert during day)

Question 42

zeitgeber

Answer 42

Environmental cues that provide signals to the brain (SCN) to regulate the body's circadian rhythms

Question 43

temperature zeitgeber

Answer 43

- ideal room temp is 17-21 degrees - ideal skin and microclimate is 21-35 degrees

Question 44

day light and blue light - zeitgeber

Answer 44

- daylight is the main zeitgeber - detection by SCN directly influences melatonin release - blue light before bed results in conflicting information

Question 45

eating and drinking - zeitgeber

Answer 45

- Routine food consumption during daylight phase of a 24 hr cycle keeps SCN and peripheral clocks synchronised - Mealtimes in misalignment with the routine light-dark cycle of day disrupt and shift normal functioning of the body clock