psych textbook content Flashcards
75% of exam on basis of textbook content
What is the Psychodynamic Perspective
Ego, Superego and Id, Freud, Psychic Energy
What are the Main Recognized Defense Mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Conversion
Isolation
Denial
Sublimation
Intellectualization
Displacement
Projection
Reaction Formation
Rationalization
What are 3 strategies to tapping the unconcious?
Dreams, Free Association,
Errors of Speech (Freudian slips)
What is a Neoanalyst?
disagreed with aspects of Freud’s thinking, and had various ways of thinking such as Jung’s theory of collective unconscious.
What is the humanistic perspective?
the humanistic perspective focuses on the inherent goodness of people, and strives for self actualization. stresses the importance of human values and focuses study on the whole person. One humanistic theorist is carl rogers who focused on the ideal self.
What is Carl Rogers’ Self Theory
believed behavior is a response to immediate conscious experience of oneself and their environment.
the idea of the ‘self’ is an organized, consistent set of perceptions and beleifs about oneself
self conssitency is important as it is the absence of conflict among self perceptions
if the idea of self is not congruent with experiences, this causes anxiety and causes people to have negative sense of self
What is self verification / self enhancement
self-enhancement is the need to regard oneself positively attributing success to personal factors, and failures to environmental factors
self-verification is the need to preserve self-concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence. people are more likely to associate adjectives that are congruent with their self concept and ignore those who don’t.
What is the acronym for, and what is the 5 factor model?
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
The big 5 are the 5 universal factors measured by the NEO-PI test.
what is the trait / biological perspective
uses factor analysis allowing researchers to find which behaviors correlate with eachother
What is Stability of Personality?
intro/extraversion, opti/pessimism, emotionality and activity level tend to be stable.
things like honesty are different depending on the situation
self-monitoring is ones tendency to tailor behavior the situation
What is Eysenck’s Biological Approach
beleived extreme introverts were chrnoically overaroused, and that extreme extroverts were chronically under aroused
What is Social Cognitive Theory
social cognitive theory focuses on both internal and external causes of personality.
What is locus of control?
one can either have an internal or external locus of control.
people with an internal locus believe life outcomes are largely under personal control
people with an external locus believe their fate has to do with luck, chance, and other’s.
What are the 4 processes of Bandura
Intentionality - plan and act with intention
Forethought - anticipate outcomes and choose behaviors
Self Reactiveness - motivating our own actions
Self Reflectiveness - evaluating our own actions
What is personality assessment?
interview looks at more than patient is saying, but studies speech patterns, body language and appearance. Utilization of projective tests such as inkblots, and personality scales is common.
What is the rational vs empirical approach?
The rational approach tries to determine what introverts would say about themselves
The empirical approach finds out what introverts tend to say yes to, empirically, whether this makes sense intuitively or not.
What are the 4 stages to stress response?
- Primary Appraisal: appraisal of the demand of the situation
- Secondary Appraisal: appraisal of resources to cope with it
- Judgements : judging what the consequences will be
- Appraisal of Personal Meaning : appraisal of what the outcome might imply to us
What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
This is a psychological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors. There are 3 phases of these responses.
- Alarm Reaction: fight or flight response - brain produces epinephrine and cortisol
- Resistance: body is resisting the nervous system that is trying to calm it down as it fights the stressor
- Exhaustion : after stressor the body becomes exhausted (ex sickness AFTER exams)
What are Psychosomatic Disorders
Disorders with physical symptoms, that are caused by psychological factors
What are examples of anxiety disorders?
Panic disorders, phobic disorders
What is PTSD?
PTSD is a disorder that occurs after experiencing extremely traumatic events like war or torture. It is the emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma, as well as the painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event in flashbacks, dreams and fantasies.
How does social support act as a stress-protective factor?
prevents one from negative coping, makes immune system stronger and allows one with ability to find support in others and reduce stress on themselves.
What is perception of control?
perception of control allows an individual to understand whether the stressor is copeable or not.
in a study with rats, the rats were given a shock. some rats, had no control whether they got shock or not, and others had the same amount of shock, but had acsess to a button that would stop the shock.
knowing they had control, allowed rats to cope with this stress and in turn these rats who had control did not get nearly as many side affects as the rats who did not have perception of control
What is problem-focused coping vs emotion-focused coping?
problem-focused coping confronts and directly deals with the demands of a stressor, where emotional-focused coping manages emotional responses which is much worse than problem focused
What is coping self-efficacy
the conviction that one can successfully cope
What is the transtheoretical model of behavior modification?
Stages of changed behavior. People move back and forth between stages and often take between 3-5 or more tries to succeed behavior changes.
Precontemplation - problem unrecognized
Contemplation - problem recognized
Preparation - preparing to change behavior
Action - implementing change strategy
Maintenance - implementing change strategy
Maintenance - behavior change maintained
Termination - permanent change ; no maintenance required
What is motivational interviewing
a form of interviewing that leads people to their own positive conclusions by asking questions, revealing discrepancies between self and ideal self
What are harm reduction approaches (substance abuse)?
Designed to reduce harmful effects of behavior when it occurs, rather than eliminating the behavior completely
an example of this is safe needle clinics.
What are multimodal treatment approaches?
An approach that utilizes a package of multiple approaches.
What is an anxiety disorder?
intense, frequent inappropriate anxiety but no loss of contact with reality. (phobias, panic)
What is a dissociative disorder
problems of consciousness or self identification (dissociative identity disorder, multiple personalities, amnesia)
What is a mood disorder?
A disorder that marks disturbances in mood (depression, mania)
What are somatoform disorders?
Complaints of physical symptoms that are not physiologically possible. Differ from psychophysiological disorders - as psychological factors cause or contribute to a real medical condition (ulcer, asthma, blood pressure)
What is psychotherapy
Therapy through psychological techniques rather than drugs. There are over 200 forms of recognized psychotherapies.
What is psychodynamic therapy
psychoanalysis has the goal of achieving insight as conscious awareness of underlying problems.
Methods such as free association, and dream interpretation are forms of psychodynamic therapy
What is humanistic therapy?
therapy with a focus on future and present, rather than the past with the goal to find out what is preventing one from realizing full potential
What is Cognitive therapy
concerned with present and not past. directive approach that tells you exactly what is wrong and what to do about it
What is behavior therapy?
Therapy to teach techniques and skills to alter behavior.
Operant conditioning treatments are an example of behavior therapy.
What are 3rd wave cognitive therapies?
Often mindfulness-based treatments. Believe that mindfulness is a mental state of awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of experience. This form of therapy is often used for stress, depression, and drug relapse prevention.
Why do women have more mental health problems?
Lack of opportunity, commonly taking on many roles (mother, wife, worker, etc) and more susceptible to violence and abuse.
What is Biological / Somatic Treatment
utilization of drug therapies such as anti-anxiety drugs, anti-mania drugs, antidepressant drugs and anti-psychotic drugs
What is electroconvulsive therapy?
Treatment that induces patients with seizures by producing a very short electrical current to cause a wildfire of neurons in the brain.
What is psychosurgery?
This is surgery within the brain, removing brain tissue to change disordered behaviour.
Used to be very common but stopped due to safety concerns and new found ability to drugs.
