psych textbook content

Question 1

What is the Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 1

Ego, Superego and Id, Freud, Psychic Energy

Question 2

What are the Main Recognized Defense Mechanisms

Answer 2

Repression
Regression
Conversion
Isolation
Denial
Sublimation
Intellectualization
Displacement
Projection
Reaction Formation
Rationalization

Question 3

What are 3 strategies to tapping the unconcious?

Answer 3

Dreams, Free Association,
Errors of Speech (Freudian slips)

Question 4

What is a Neoanalyst?

Answer 4

disagreed with aspects of Freud’s thinking, and had various ways of thinking such as Jung’s theory of collective unconscious.

Question 5

What is the humanistic perspective?

Answer 5

the humanistic perspective focuses on the inherent goodness of people, and strives for self actualization. stresses the importance of human values and focuses study on the whole person. One humanistic theorist is carl rogers who focused on the ideal self.

Question 6

What is Carl Rogers’ Self Theory

Answer 6

believed behavior is a response to immediate conscious experience of oneself and their environment.

the idea of the ‘self’ is an organized, consistent set of perceptions and beleifs about oneself

self conssitency is important as it is the absence of conflict among self perceptions

if the idea of self is not congruent with experiences, this causes anxiety and causes people to have negative sense of self

Question 7

What is self verification / self enhancement

Answer 7

self-enhancement is the need to regard oneself positively attributing success to personal factors, and failures to environmental factors

self-verification is the need to preserve self-concept by maintaining self-consistency and congruence. people are more likely to associate adjectives that are congruent with their self concept and ignore those who don’t.

Question 8

What is the acronym for, and what is the 5 factor model?

Answer 8

OCEAN

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

The big 5 are the 5 universal factors measured by the NEO-PI test.

Question 9

what is the trait / biological perspective

Answer 9

uses factor analysis allowing researchers to find which behaviors correlate with eachother

Question 10

What is Stability of Personality?

Answer 10

intro/extraversion, opti/pessimism, emotionality and activity level tend to be stable.

things like honesty are different depending on the situation

self-monitoring is ones tendency to tailor behavior the situation

Question 11

What is Eysenck’s Biological Approach

Answer 11

beleived extreme introverts were chrnoically overaroused, and that extreme extroverts were chronically under aroused

Question 12

What is Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 12

social cognitive theory focuses on both internal and external causes of personality.

Question 13

What is locus of control?

Answer 13

one can either have an internal or external locus of control.

people with an internal locus believe life outcomes are largely under personal control

people with an external locus believe their fate has to do with luck, chance, and other’s.

Question 14

What are the 4 processes of Bandura

Answer 14

Intentionality - plan and act with intention

Forethought - anticipate outcomes and choose behaviors

Self Reactiveness - motivating our own actions

Self Reflectiveness - evaluating our own actions

Question 15

What is personality assessment?

Answer 15

interview looks at more than patient is saying, but studies speech patterns, body language and appearance. Utilization of projective tests such as inkblots, and personality scales is common.

Question 16

What is the rational vs empirical approach?

Answer 16

The rational approach tries to determine what introverts would say about themselves

The empirical approach finds out what introverts tend to say yes to, empirically, whether this makes sense intuitively or not.

Question 17

What are the 4 stages to stress response?

Answer 17

1. Primary Appraisal: appraisal of the demand of the situation
2. Secondary Appraisal: appraisal of resources to cope with it
3. Judgements : judging what the consequences will be
4. Appraisal of Personal Meaning : appraisal of what the outcome might imply to us

Question 18

What is General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 18

This is a psychological response pattern to strong and prolonged stressors. There are 3 phases of these responses.

1. Alarm Reaction: fight or flight response - brain produces epinephrine and cortisol
2. Resistance: body is resisting the nervous system that is trying to calm it down as it fights the stressor
3. Exhaustion : after stressor the body becomes exhausted (ex sickness AFTER exams)

Question 19

What are Psychosomatic Disorders

Answer 19

Disorders with physical symptoms, that are caused by psychological factors

Question 20

What are examples of anxiety disorders?

Answer 20

Panic disorders, phobic disorders

Question 21

What is PTSD?

Answer 21

PTSD is a disorder that occurs after experiencing extremely traumatic events like war or torture. It is the emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma, as well as the painful, uncontrollable reliving of the event in flashbacks, dreams and fantasies.

Question 22

How does social support act as a stress-protective factor?

Answer 22

prevents one from negative coping, makes immune system stronger and allows one with ability to find support in others and reduce stress on themselves.

Question 23

What is perception of control?

Answer 23

perception of control allows an individual to understand whether the stressor is copeable or not.

in a study with rats, the rats were given a shock. some rats, had no control whether they got shock or not, and others had the same amount of shock, but had acsess to a button that would stop the shock.

knowing they had control, allowed rats to cope with this stress and in turn these rats who had control did not get nearly as many side affects as the rats who did not have perception of control

Question 24

What is problem-focused coping vs emotion-focused coping?

Answer 24

problem-focused coping confronts and directly deals with the demands of a stressor, where emotional-focused coping manages emotional responses which is much worse than problem focused

Question 25

What is coping self-efficacy

Answer 25

the conviction that one can successfully cope

Question 26

What is the transtheoretical model of behavior modification?

Answer 26

Stages of changed behavior. People move back and forth between stages and often take between 3-5 or more tries to succeed behavior changes.

Precontemplation - problem unrecognized

Contemplation - problem recognized

Preparation - preparing to change behavior

Action - implementing change strategy

Maintenance - implementing change strategy

Maintenance - behavior change maintained

Termination - permanent change ; no maintenance required

Question 27

What is motivational interviewing

Answer 27

a form of interviewing that leads people to their own positive conclusions by asking questions, revealing discrepancies between self and ideal self

Question 28

What are harm reduction approaches (substance abuse)?

Answer 28

Designed to reduce harmful effects of behavior when it occurs, rather than eliminating the behavior completely

an example of this is safe needle clinics.

Question 29

What are multimodal treatment approaches?

Answer 29

An approach that utilizes a package of multiple approaches.

Question 30

What is an anxiety disorder?

Answer 30

intense, frequent inappropriate anxiety but no loss of contact with reality. (phobias, panic)

Question 31

What is a dissociative disorder

Answer 31

problems of consciousness or self identification (dissociative identity disorder, multiple personalities, amnesia)

Question 32

What is a mood disorder?

Answer 32

A disorder that marks disturbances in mood (depression, mania)

Question 33

What are somatoform disorders?

Answer 33

Complaints of physical symptoms that are not physiologically possible. Differ from psychophysiological disorders - as psychological factors cause or contribute to a real medical condition (ulcer, asthma, blood pressure)

Question 34

What is psychotherapy

Answer 34

Therapy through psychological techniques rather than drugs. There are over 200 forms of recognized psychotherapies.

Question 35

What is psychodynamic therapy

Answer 35

psychoanalysis has the goal of achieving insight as conscious awareness of underlying problems.

Methods such as free association, and dream interpretation are forms of psychodynamic therapy

Question 36

What is humanistic therapy?

Answer 36

therapy with a focus on future and present, rather than the past with the goal to find out what is preventing one from realizing full potential

Question 37

What is Cognitive therapy

Answer 37

concerned with present and not past. directive approach that tells you exactly what is wrong and what to do about it

Question 38

What is behavior therapy?

Answer 38

Therapy to teach techniques and skills to alter behavior.

Operant conditioning treatments are an example of behavior therapy.

Question 39

What are 3rd wave cognitive therapies?

Answer 39

Often mindfulness-based treatments. Believe that mindfulness is a mental state of awareness, focus, openness, and acceptance of experience. This form of therapy is often used for stress, depression, and drug relapse prevention.

Question 40

Why do women have more mental health problems?

Answer 40

Lack of opportunity, commonly taking on many roles (mother, wife, worker, etc) and more susceptible to violence and abuse.

Question 41

What is Biological / Somatic Treatment

Answer 41

utilization of drug therapies such as anti-anxiety drugs, anti-mania drugs, antidepressant drugs and anti-psychotic drugs

Question 42

What is electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer 42

Treatment that induces patients with seizures by producing a very short electrical current to cause a wildfire of neurons in the brain.

Question 43

What is psychosurgery?

Answer 43

This is surgery within the brain, removing brain tissue to change disordered behaviour.

Used to be very common but stopped due to safety concerns and new found ability to drugs.