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Psych Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What physical, cognitive, and social changes occur as individuals age?

A

Physical: Decreased vision, reduced muscle strength, weakened immune system. Cognitive: Some cognitive decline, but wisdom and emotional stability may increase. Social: Often experience greater social stability and a focus on positive memories.

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2
Q

What is attachment in psychology?

A

Attachment is an emotional bond between a child and caregiver that influences future relationships and social/emotional development.

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3
Q

What are the four attachment styles and their impacts?

A

Secure, Anxious, Avoidant, and Disorganized. These styles shape relationship patterns throughout life, with secure attachment often leading to healthier relationships.

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4
Q

What is a critical period in development?

A

A specific timeframe during which exposure to certain experiences is crucial for normal development, such as language learning in early childhood.

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4
Q

How do bottom-up and top-down processing differ?

A

Bottom-up: Starts with sensory input, building up to perception. Top-down: Perception shaped by prior knowledge and expectations.

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4
Q

What did Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” study demonstrate?

A

It showed that children imitate aggressive behavior seen in adults, supporting the theory of social/observational learning.

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4
Q

How does classical conditioning work? Give an example.

A

A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, triggering a response (e.g., Pavlov’s dogs: bell + food = salivation).

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5
Q

What does developmental psychology study?

A

It examines physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan.

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5
Q

Compare cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods.

A

Cross-sectional: Compares different age groups at one time. Longitudinal: Follows the same group over time.

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6
Q

What’s the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

A

Explicit: Conscious recall (e.g., facts). Implicit: Unconscious influences on behavior (e.g., skills).

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7
Q

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

A

The conditioned response fades when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.

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8
Q

What is a flashbulb memory?

A

A vivid, detailed memory of a significant event, often long-lasting.

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9
Q

What are the main causes of forgetting?

A

Causes include encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.

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10
Q

How does the frontal lobe develop in adolescence?

A

It matures into the mid-20s, improving decision-making, impulse control, and social behavior.

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11
Q

What is hypnosis used for in psychology?

A

A state of focused attention and suggestibility, often applied in therapy for pain control or habit-breaking.

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12
Q

How do individualistic and collectivistic cultures differ?

A

Individualistic: Values personal goals, independence. Collectivistic: Emphasizes group goals, interdependence.

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13
Q

What methods are used to study infants?

A

Observational studies, habituation, and measuring gaze/attention to assess cognitive abilities.

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14
Q

Who are key figures in psychology, and what did they contribute?

A

Freud (psychoanalysis), Skinner (behaviorism), Piaget (cognitive development).

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15
Q

What did the “Little Albert” experiment demonstrate?

A

It showed classical conditioning of fear in a child by associating a loud noise with a white rat.

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16
Q

How does memory consolidation work?

A

It stabilizes a memory after initial learning, often during sleep.

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17
Q

How does moral reasoning develop?

A

Involves learning to distinguish right from wrong, often shaped by cognitive development and social influences.

18
Q

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

19
Q

How does operant conditioning work?

A

Behavior is influenced by consequences, such as rewards (reinforcements) or punishments.

20
Q

What’s the difference between positive and negative punishment?

A

Positive: Adds an unpleasant stimulus to reduce behavior. Negative: Removes a pleasant stimulus to reduce behavior.

21
Q

What’s the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

A

Positive: Adds a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior. Negative: Removes an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior.

22
Q

How do sensation and perception differ?

A

Sensation: Receiving stimuli. Perception: Organizing and interpreting these stimuli.

23
Q

How does sensory processing work in humans?

A

Sensory info is received, organized, and interpreted by the brain.

24
Q

What is shaping in operant conditioning?

A

A technique reinforcing successive steps to reach a desired behavior

25
Q

How does social/observational learning work?

A

Learning by observing others, demonstrated by Bandura’s “Bobo Doll” studies.

26
Q

What strategies can improve memory retention?

A

Use mnemonic devices, spaced repetition, active engagement, and self-reference.

27
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

Understanding that others have distinct thoughts and perspectives, developing in childhood.

28
Q

What is transduction in sensation?

A

The process of converting sensory stimuli (e.g., sound waves) into neural signals.

29
Q

What is working memory’s role?

A

A temporary system holding and processing information actively.

30
Q

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?

A

The range between tasks a learner can do alone vs. with guidance.

31
Q

Attachment Style : Secure

A

Warm and Caring
Trusting and forvibing
Honest and open

32
Q

Attatchment Style: Anxious

A

Relationship insecurities
Fear of abandonment
Lack boundaries

33
Q

Attatchment Style: Avoidant

A

Fear of closeness
Distant and withdrawn
Avoid Conflict
Logical

34
Q

Attatchment Style: Disorganized

A

Unable to self regulate
Find intimacy and trust difficult
Tendency to dissociate
Lack of empathy

35
Q

Parenting Style: Permissive

A

Child driven
Rarely gives or enforces Rules
Overindulges child to avoid conflict

36
Q

Parent style: Authorative

A

Solves problems together with child
Sets clear rules and expectations
Open communication and natural consequences

37
Q

Parenting Style: Neglectful

A

Uninvolved or absent
Indifferent to child emotional and behavioral needs

38
Q

Parenting Style: Authoritarian

A

Parent Driven
Sets strict rules and punishment
One way communication
little consideration of emotional and behavioral needs

39
Q

___________________________ is the branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social development throughout the lifespan.

A

Developmental Psychology

40
Q

An infant, who understands and learns about their world through their senses and actions, is understood to be in the __________________ of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor

41
Q

The capacity to understand that other people have different viewpoints, and that they may have different information from the information you have, is called ___________________________.

A

Theory of mind

42
Q

___________________________ is the process through which sensory stimuli from one’s environment is converted into neural/electrochemical signals that the brain can process.

A

transduction

43
Q

Information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information is called ___________________________.

A

bottom up processing

44
Q

___________________________ is a social interaction in which one person suggests to another person that certain perceptions, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

A

hypnosis

45
Q

___________________________ occurs when people learn without directed experience, but instead by watching and imitating others.

A

social learning

46
Q

In the “Little Albert” experiments of the 1920s, an 11-month-old baby learned to fear white rats through the process of ___________________________.

A

classical conditioning

47
Q

Animals can be taught elaborate tricks for Hollywood movies through ___________________________, in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

A

operant conditioning

48
Q

The process through which information that is temporarily stored in the hippocampus is transferred to long-term memory is called ___________________________.

A

memory consolidation

Psych (3 decks)

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