Exam 3 Flashcards by Leonardo Chamba

What is the achievement need?

It is the desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills, and attaining high standards.

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What is the purpose of achievement testing?

To measure knowledge and skills gained in a specific subject or field.

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What is the affiliation need?

The need to build and maintain relationships and feel part of a group.

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What is aptitude testing?

It assesses potential to learn or perform specific tasks.

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What is the availability heuristic?

Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.

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What are basic language milestones?

Key stages like cooing, babbling, first words, and combining words as a child develops language skills.

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What does the biopsychosocial model explain about sexuality?

It views sexuality as influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.

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What is the function of Broca’s area?

It controls language expression and muscle movements involved in speech.

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What does the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory propose?

Intelligence consists of two main factors: crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf).

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What is confirmation bias?

The tendency to favor information that supports one’s preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

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What is crystallized intelligence?

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that typically increase with age.

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What is the ecology of eating?

Social and environmental factors influencing eating behavior, like eating with friends or portion sizes.

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What are the components of emotional intelligence?

Perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions effectively.

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What are the three components of emotions?

Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

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What is fluid intelligence?

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which declines with age.

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What are heuristics?

Mental shortcuts for problem-solving and decision-making.

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Who introduced the concept of general intelligence (g)?

Charles Spearman.

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What’s Testosterone? (Human Sex Hormones)

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone present in both sexes but higher in males, controlling male sex organ development and secondary characteristics.

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What’s Estrogen? (Human Sex Hormones)

Estrogens are primarily female sex hormones present in both sexes but higher in women, contributing to female characteristics .

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What influences hunger and eating behavior?

Hormones and brain areas (hypothalamus and hippocampus) regulate hunger, while eating is influenced by social factors like eating with friends and portion sizes .

What are instincts?

Complex, unlearned behaviors that are rigidly patterned throughout a species.

What is intelligence?

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

How does intelligence change over the lifespan?

Intelligence test performance becomes predictive around age 4 and remains stable throughout life, with fluid intelligence peaking in 20s-30s then declining, while crystallized intelligence continues growing into old age

What do modern intelligence tests measure?

Modern IQ tests provide a summary score across cognitive areas like verbal comprehension and processing speed, with 100 being average, and tests require regular updating due to the Flynn effect

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic motivation is performing behavior for its own sake, while extrinsic motivation is performing behavior for rewards/avoiding punishment

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs emphasize?

Basic physiological needs must be met before higher-level needs, though the hierarchy varies culturally and isn't universal

What is the difference between growth and fixed mindsets?

Growth mindset believes abilities can improve with effort, while fixed mindset sees abilities as static.

What is motivation?

The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-directed behavior.

How do nature and nurture influence intelligence?

Genetics set a baseline, while the environment affects how potential is developed.

Why is ostracism impactful?

Being socially excluded is deeply painful as it violates our fundamental affiliation needs

What are the pillars of positive psychology?

Positive well-being, positive traits (like creativity and courage), and positive groups/communities/cultures

What are prototypes?

Mental images or best examples of categories used for quick information sorting

What is relative deprivation?

The perception that we are worse off compared to others we compare ourselves to

What do reliability and validity ensure in testing?

Reliability ensures consistent results, and validity ensures the test measures what it claims to.

What is the representative heuristic?

Judging likelihood by how well events match prototypes

What are the components of sexual orientation?

Sexual attraction, behavior, and identity. Tends to be more fluid among women.

What are the main theories of motivation?

Instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

What does Wernicke’s area do?

Found in left temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension

When asked to picture a piece of fruit in your mind, you immediately think of a red, shiny, juicy apple. This quickly-accessed mental picture is an example of a/an

Prototype

A/an ___________________________ is a simple thinking strategy or mental “shortcut” that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

Heuristic

_____________________ is a brain area, usually found in the left frontal lobe, that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech.

Broca's area

Although its definition varies across cultures, ___________________________ is generally thought to be the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

Intelligence

There are several guiding theories that help to help to explain _____________________, which is a need or desire that energizes or directs behavior.

motivation

Babies’ numerous reflexes, including the rooting reflex and the grasp reflex, are each an example of a/an ___________________________, or a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and that is unlearned.

instinct

The human need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group is known as ___________________________.

affiliation need

___________________________, or being socially excluded on purpose, is a very painful experience because it violates our needs for connection and belonging.

Ostracism

A person who desires significant accomplishment, mastery of skills or ideas, control, and attaining a high standard can be said to have high ___________________________.

achievement need

___________________________ is the branch of psychology that is focused on human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help people and communities thrive.

Positive Psychology