Exam 3

Question 1

What is the achievement need?

Answer 1

It is the desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills, and attaining high standards.

Question 2

What is the purpose of achievement testing?

Answer 2

To measure knowledge and skills gained in a specific subject or field.

Question 3

What is the affiliation need?

Answer 3

The need to build and maintain relationships and feel part of a group.

Question 4

What is aptitude testing?

Answer 4

It assesses potential to learn or perform specific tasks.

Question 5

What is the availability heuristic?

Answer 5

Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.

Question 6

What are basic language milestones?

Answer 6

Key stages like cooing, babbling, first words, and combining words as a child develops language skills.

Question 7

What does the biopsychosocial model explain about sexuality?

Answer 7

It views sexuality as influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 8

What is the function of Broca’s area?

Answer 8

It controls language expression and muscle movements involved in speech.

Question 9

What does the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory propose?

Answer 9

Intelligence consists of two main factors: crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf).

Question 10

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 10

The tendency to favor information that supports one’s preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

Question 11

What is crystallized intelligence?

Answer 11

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that typically increase with age.

Question 12

What is the ecology of eating?

Answer 12

Social and environmental factors influencing eating behavior, like eating with friends or portion sizes.

Question 13

What are the components of emotional intelligence?

Answer 13

Perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions effectively.

Question 14

What are the three components of emotions?

Answer 14

Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

Question 15

What is fluid intelligence?

Answer 15

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which declines with age.

Question 16

What are heuristics?

Answer 16

Mental shortcuts for problem-solving and decision-making.

Question 17

Who introduced the concept of general intelligence (g)?

Answer 17

Charles Spearman.

Question 18

What’s Testosterone? (Human Sex Hormones)

Answer 18

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone present in both sexes but higher in males, controlling male sex organ development and secondary characteristics.

Question 19

What’s Estrogen? (Human Sex Hormones)

Answer 19

Estrogens are primarily female sex hormones present in both sexes but higher in women, contributing to female characteristics .

Question 20

What influences hunger and eating behavior?

Answer 20

Hormones and brain areas (hypothalamus and hippocampus) regulate hunger, while eating is influenced by social factors like eating with friends and portion sizes .

Question 21

What are instincts?

Answer 21

Complex, unlearned behaviors that are rigidly patterned throughout a species.

Question 22

What is intelligence?

Answer 22

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Question 23

How does intelligence change over the lifespan?

Answer 23

Intelligence test performance becomes predictive around age 4 and remains stable throughout life, with fluid intelligence peaking in 20s-30s then declining, while crystallized intelligence continues growing into old age

Question 24

What do modern intelligence tests measure?

Answer 24

Modern IQ tests provide a summary score across cognitive areas like verbal comprehension and processing speed, with 100 being average, and tests require regular updating due to the Flynn effect

Question 25

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Answer 25

Intrinsic motivation is performing behavior for its own sake, while extrinsic motivation is performing behavior for rewards/avoiding punishment

Question 26

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs emphasize?

Answer 26

Basic physiological needs must be met before higher-level needs, though the hierarchy varies culturally and isn’t universal

Question 27

What is the difference between growth and fixed mindsets?

Answer 27

Growth mindset believes abilities can improve with effort, while fixed mindset sees abilities as static.

Question 28

What is motivation?

Answer 28

The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-directed behavior.

Question 29

How do nature and nurture influence intelligence?

Answer 29

Genetics set a baseline, while the environment affects how potential is developed.

Question 30

Why is ostracism impactful?

Answer 30

Being socially excluded is deeply painful as it violates our fundamental affiliation needs

Question 31

What are the pillars of positive psychology?

Answer 31

Positive well-being, positive traits (like creativity and courage), and positive groups/communities/cultures

Question 32

What are prototypes?

Answer 32

Mental images or best examples of categories used for quick information sorting

Question 33

What is relative deprivation?

Answer 33

The perception that we are worse off compared to others we compare ourselves to

Question 34

What do reliability and validity ensure in testing?

Answer 34

Reliability ensures consistent results, and validity ensures the test measures what it claims to.

Question 35

What is the representative heuristic?

Answer 35

Judging likelihood by how well events match prototypes

Question 36

What are the components of sexual orientation?

Answer 36

Sexual attraction, behavior, and identity. Tends to be more fluid among women.

Question 37

What are the main theories of motivation?

Answer 37

Instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Question 38

What does Wernicke’s area do?

Answer 38

Found in left temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension and expression