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Psych > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the achievement need?

A

It is the desire for significant accomplishment, mastery of skills, and attaining high standards.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of achievement testing?

A

To measure knowledge and skills gained in a specific subject or field.

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3
Q

What is the affiliation need?

A

The need to build and maintain relationships and feel part of a group.

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4
Q

What is aptitude testing?

A

It assesses potential to learn or perform specific tasks.

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5
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

Judging the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.

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6
Q

What are basic language milestones?

A

Key stages like cooing, babbling, first words, and combining words as a child develops language skills.

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7
Q

What does the biopsychosocial model explain about sexuality?

A

It views sexuality as influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors.

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8
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

It controls language expression and muscle movements involved in speech.

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9
Q

What does the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory propose?

A

Intelligence consists of two main factors: crystallized intelligence (Gc) and fluid intelligence (Gf).

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10
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to favor information that supports one’s preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

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11
Q

What is crystallized intelligence?

A

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that typically increase with age.

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12
Q

What is the ecology of eating?

A

Social and environmental factors influencing eating behavior, like eating with friends or portion sizes.

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13
Q

What are the components of emotional intelligence?

A

Perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions effectively.

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14
Q

What are the three components of emotions?

A

Physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

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15
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which declines with age.

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16
Q

What are heuristics?

A

Mental shortcuts for problem-solving and decision-making.

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17
Q

Who introduced the concept of general intelligence (g)?

A

Charles Spearman.

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18
Q

What’s Testosterone? (Human Sex Hormones)

A

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone present in both sexes but higher in males, controlling male sex organ development and secondary characteristics.

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19
Q

What’s Estrogen? (Human Sex Hormones)

A

Estrogens are primarily female sex hormones present in both sexes but higher in women, contributing to female characteristics .

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20
Q

What influences hunger and eating behavior?

A

Hormones and brain areas (hypothalamus and hippocampus) regulate hunger, while eating is influenced by social factors like eating with friends and portion sizes .

21
Q

What are instincts?

A

Complex, unlearned behaviors that are rigidly patterned throughout a species.

22
Q

What is intelligence?

A

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

23
Q

How does intelligence change over the lifespan?

A

Intelligence test performance becomes predictive around age 4 and remains stable throughout life, with fluid intelligence peaking in 20s-30s then declining, while crystallized intelligence continues growing into old age

24
Q

What do modern intelligence tests measure?

A

Modern IQ tests provide a summary score across cognitive areas like verbal comprehension and processing speed, with 100 being average, and tests require regular updating due to the Flynn effect

25
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic motivation is performing behavior for its own sake, while extrinsic motivation is performing behavior for rewards/avoiding punishment

26
Q

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs emphasize?

A

Basic physiological needs must be met before higher-level needs, though the hierarchy varies culturally and isn’t universal

27
Q

What is the difference between growth and fixed mindsets?

A

Growth mindset believes abilities can improve with effort, while fixed mindset sees abilities as static.

28
Q

What is motivation?

A

The process that initiates, guides, and sustains goal-directed behavior.

29
Q

How do nature and nurture influence intelligence?

A

Genetics set a baseline, while the environment affects how potential is developed.

30
Q

Why is ostracism impactful?

A

Being socially excluded is deeply painful as it violates our fundamental affiliation needs

31
Q

What are the pillars of positive psychology?

A

Positive well-being, positive traits (like creativity and courage), and positive groups/communities/cultures

32
Q

What are prototypes?

A

Mental images or best examples of categories used for quick information sorting

33
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

The perception that we are worse off compared to others we compare ourselves to

34
Q

What do reliability and validity ensure in testing?

A

Reliability ensures consistent results, and validity ensures the test measures what it claims to.

35
Q

What is the representative heuristic?

A

Judging likelihood by how well events match prototypes

36
Q

What are the components of sexual orientation?

A

Sexual attraction, behavior, and identity. Tends to be more fluid among women.

37
Q

What are the main theories of motivation?

A

Instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

38
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

Found in left temporal lobe, responsible for language comprehension

39
Q

When asked to picture a piece of fruit in your mind, you immediately think of a red, shiny, juicy apple. This quickly-accessed mental picture is an example of a/an

A

Prototype

40
Q

A/an ___________________________ is a simple thinking strategy or mental “shortcut” that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

A

Heuristic

41
Q

_____________________ is a brain area, usually found in the left frontal lobe, that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech.

A

Broca’s area

42
Q

Although its definition varies across cultures, ___________________________ is generally thought to be the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

A

Intelligence

43
Q

There are several guiding theories that help to help to explain _____________________, which is a need or desire that energizes or directs behavior.

A

motivation

44
Q

Babies’ numerous reflexes, including the rooting reflex and the grasp reflex, are each an example of a/an ___________________________, or a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and that is unlearned.

A

instinct

45
Q

The human need to build and maintain relationships and to feel part of a group is known as ___________________________.

A

affiliation need

46
Q

___________________________, or being socially excluded on purpose, is a very painful experience because it violates our needs for connection and belonging.

A

Ostracism

47
Q

A person who desires significant accomplishment, mastery of skills or ideas, control, and attaining a high standard can be said to have high ___________________________.

A

achievement need

48
Q

___________________________ is the branch of psychology that is focused on human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help people and communities thrive.

A

Positive Psychology

Psych (3 decks)

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