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Psych Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The retention of information or experiences over a long period of time through key processes

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2
Q

Encode

A

Taking in information through attention

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3
Q

Storage

A

Store the information in some manner: Long-Short term memory

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Retrieve the stored information for later purposes

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5
Q

Divided Attention

A

Concentrating on more than one thing at the same time

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6
Q

Multitasking

A

Dividing attention to two or more things

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7
Q

Sustained Attention

A

Ability to maintain attention (Staying Vigilant)

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8
Q

Levels of Proccessing

A

Shallow: Remember color or shape
Intermediate: Recognize words
Deep: Links the word to meaning

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9
Q

Elaboration

A

Examples, narratives to help the brain remember

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10
Q

Imagery

A

Adding imagery increases number of neural traces can can help retrieval of information

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11
Q

Self-Referential Encoding

A

Personal examples are easier to remember

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12
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repetition is useful for memory

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13
Q

Verbal Mnemonics

A

Acrostics,Acronyms SAT, MCAT, LSAT

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14
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Memory is better when retrieval context matches the encoding context

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15
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

A

Theory Stating that memory storage involves three systems

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16
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory system that involves holding information for only an instant (fraction of second to several seconds)

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17
Q

Short-Term memory

A

Memory system in which information is retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless the individual uses strategies to retain the information (Up to 30 seconds)

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18
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Memory system that stores huge amount of information for a long time (Up to lifespan)

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19
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Remembering who,what,where,when,why , how

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20
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Remembering how

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21
Q

Episodic Memory

A

How individuals remember lifes episodes

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22
Q

Semantic Memory

A

General Knowledge such as everyday knowledge

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23
Q

Priming

A

The activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information

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24
Q

Schema

A

mental concept that helps people to organize and interpret information

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25
Connectionionsim
Memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons
26
Where are memories stored?
Memories are not stored in the brain, memories are processes which recreate brain activity
27
Memory Retrieval
information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
28
Difference between recall and recognition
Recall is retrieving previously learned information while recognition is identifying learned items
29
How is memory affected by traumatic events?
traumatic events are retained due to stress-related hormones involved
30
Repression
Person is so traumatized by the event, that they forget it, athen forget the act of forgetting
31
Encoding Failure
Information never enters long-term memory
32
Interference Theory
People forget not because memories are lost but because other information gets in the way
33
Decay Theory
A neurochemical memory trace forms but over time this trace disintegrates
34
Prospective Memory
Remembering information about doing something in the future
35
Amnesia
Loss of Memory
36
Thinking
Process of manipulating information mentally
37
Problem Solving
Mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal
38
Reasoning
Transforming information to reach conclusions
39
Decision Making
Mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them
40
Critical Thinking
Process of reflecting deeply and asking questions and evaluating evidence
41
Mindfulness
State of being alert and mentally present
42
Open-mindedness
State of being receptive to other ways of looking at things
43
Creativity
Ability to think about something in novel/ unusual ways
44
Divergent Thinking
Many solutions to the same problem
45
Convergent Thinking
single best solution to a problem
46
Cognition
Way information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing
47
Intelligence
Ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems and learn from experience
48
How do we measure intelligence?
Measure using intelligence quotient (IQ) devised by William Sterm
49
Gifted
Possessing high intelligence in a particular area
50
What contributes to low intelligence
Conceptual Skills: Language,Reading,Math Social Skills: Personality Practical:
51
What are two theories of Multiple Intelligence?
Sternberg develop Triarchic theory of intelligence. Garnder suggests nine types of intelligence (Frames of mind)
52
Language
System of symbols, sounds, meanings that allows for communication
53
What are the basic properties of Language?
Phonology: Sound System Morphology: Word Structure Syntax: Sentence Rules Semantics: Word Meaning Pragmatics: Language Use
54
Development
Pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occur throughout
55
Development three levels
Physical Changes, Cognitive Changes, Socioemotional Changes
56
Cross Sectional Studies
Different ages assessed at one time and differences noticed
57
Cohort Effect
Difference not because of age but because of time period they were born
58
Longitudinal Studies
Asses same people, multiple times over a lengthy period
59
Nature vs Nurture
Nature is an individuals biological inheritance while Nurture is an individuals environmental and social exposures
60
Maturation
The biologically determined changes that follow an orderly sequence
61
Critical Period
Brain is set to acquire a function during a period of time
62
Conception
Male sperm and Female egg produce a zygote
63
What are the periods of prenatal development?
Geminal Period (1st two weeks after conception) Embryonic Period (Week 3-8) Fetal Period ( Weeks 3-birth)
64
Teratogens
are any environmental agents that harm the fetus and cause a birth defect (diseases, viruses, chemicals)
65
What is Piaget's Theory Of Cognitive Development?
Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes how children construct knowledge through four stages—sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
66
Sensorimotor
Experience Through senses
67
Preoperational
Symbolic thinking develops
68
Concrete operational
Logical reasoning begins
69
Formal Operational
Abstract thinking emerges
70
Temperament
An individuals behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding
71
Infant Attachment
Close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
72
What is Eriksons Theory of Socioemotional Development?
Erikson's theory describes eight stages of socioemotional development, each involving a key conflict that shapes personality and growth
73
What is Kohlbergs Theory?
Kohlberg's theory outlines moral development in three stages—pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional—based on reasoning rather than behavior
74
Puberty
Period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs in early adolescence when hormones change
75
Androgens and Estrogens
Androgens male hormones( testosterone) and Estrogens are female hormones ( Estradiol)

Psychology (5 decks)

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