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Psychology > Psych Test > Flashcards

Psych Test Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The retention of information or experiences over a long period of time through key processes

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2
Q

Encode

A

Taking in information through attention

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3
Q

Storage

A

Store the information in some manner: Long-Short term memory

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Retrieve the stored information for later purposes

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5
Q

Divided Attention

A

Concentrating on more than one thing at the same time

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6
Q

Multitasking

A

Dividing attention to two or more things

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7
Q

Sustained Attention

A

Ability to maintain attention (Staying Vigilant)

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8
Q

Levels of Proccessing

A

Shallow: Remember color or shape
Intermediate: Recognize words
Deep: Links the word to meaning

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9
Q

Elaboration

A

Examples, narratives to help the brain remember

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10
Q

Imagery

A

Adding imagery increases number of neural traces can can help retrieval of information

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11
Q

Self-Referential Encoding

A

Personal examples are easier to remember

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12
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repetition is useful for memory

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13
Q

Verbal Mnemonics

A

Acrostics,Acronyms SAT, MCAT, LSAT

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14
Q

Encoding Specificity Principle

A

Memory is better when retrieval context matches the encoding context

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15
Q

Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory

A

Theory Stating that memory storage involves three systems

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16
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Memory system that involves holding information for only an instant (fraction of second to several seconds)

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17
Q

Short-Term memory

A

Memory system in which information is retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless the individual uses strategies to retain the information (Up to 30 seconds)

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18
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

Memory system that stores huge amount of information for a long time (Up to lifespan)

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19
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Remembering who,what,where,when,why , how

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20
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Remembering how

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21
Q

Episodic Memory

A

How individuals remember lifes episodes

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22
Q

Semantic Memory

A

General Knowledge such as everyday knowledge

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23
Q

Priming

A

The activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information

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24
Q

Schema

A

mental concept that helps people to organize and interpret information

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25
Q

Connectionionsim

A

Memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons

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26
Q

Where are memories stored?

A

Memories are not stored in the brain, memories are processes which recreate brain activity

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27
Q

Memory Retrieval

A

information that was retained in memory comes out of storage

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28
Q

Difference between recall and recognition

A

Recall is retrieving previously learned information while recognition is identifying learned items

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29
Q

How is memory affected by traumatic events?

A

traumatic events are retained due to stress-related hormones involved

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30
Q

Repression

A

Person is so traumatized by the event, that they forget it, athen forget the act of forgetting

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31
Q

Encoding Failure

A

Information never enters long-term memory

32
Q

Interference Theory

A

People forget not because memories are lost but because other information gets in the way

33
Q

Decay Theory

A

A neurochemical memory trace forms but over time this trace disintegrates

34
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering information about doing something in the future

35
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of Memory

36
Q

Thinking

A

Process of manipulating information mentally

37
Q

Problem Solving

A

Mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal

38
Q

Reasoning

A

Transforming information to reach conclusions

39
Q

Decision Making

A

Mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them

40
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Process of reflecting deeply and asking questions and evaluating evidence

41
Q

Mindfulness

A

State of being alert and mentally present

42
Q

Open-mindedness

A

State of being receptive to other ways of looking at things

43
Q

Creativity

A

Ability to think about something in novel/ unusual ways

44
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Many solutions to the same problem

45
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

single best solution to a problem

46
Q

Cognition

A

Way information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing

47
Q

Intelligence

A

Ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems and learn from experience

48
Q

How do we measure intelligence?

A

Measure using intelligence quotient (IQ) devised by William Sterm

49
Q

Gifted

A

Possessing high intelligence in a particular area

50
Q

What contributes to low intelligence

A

Conceptual Skills: Language,Reading,Math
Social Skills: Personality
Practical:

51
Q

What are two theories of Multiple Intelligence?

A

Sternberg develop Triarchic theory of intelligence. Garnder suggests nine types of intelligence (Frames of mind)

52
Q

Language

A

System of symbols, sounds, meanings that allows for communication

53
Q

What are the basic properties of Language?

A

Phonology: Sound System
Morphology: Word Structure
Syntax: Sentence Rules
Semantics: Word Meaning
Pragmatics: Language Use

54
Q

Development

A

Pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occur throughout

55
Q

Development three levels

A

Physical Changes, Cognitive Changes, Socioemotional Changes

56
Q

Cross Sectional Studies

A

Different ages assessed at one time and differences noticed

57
Q

Cohort Effect

A

Difference not because of age but because of time period they were born

58
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

Asses same people, multiple times over a lengthy period

59
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Nature is an individuals biological inheritance while Nurture is an individuals environmental and social exposures

60
Q

Maturation

A

The biologically determined changes that follow an orderly sequence

61
Q

Critical Period

A

Brain is set to acquire a function during a period of time

62
Q

Conception

A

Male sperm and Female egg produce a zygote

63
Q

What are the periods of prenatal development?

A

Geminal Period (1st two weeks after conception)
Embryonic Period (Week 3-8)
Fetal Period ( Weeks 3-birth)

64
Q

Teratogens

A

are any environmental agents that harm the fetus and cause a birth defect (diseases, viruses, chemicals)

65
Q

What is Piaget’s Theory Of Cognitive Development?

A

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development describes how children construct knowledge through four stages—sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

66
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Experience Through senses

67
Q

Preoperational

A

Symbolic thinking develops

68
Q

Concrete operational

A

Logical reasoning begins

69
Q

Formal Operational

A

Abstract thinking emerges

70
Q

Temperament

A

An individuals behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding

71
Q

Infant Attachment

A

Close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver

72
Q

What is Eriksons Theory of Socioemotional Development?

A

Erikson’s theory describes eight stages of socioemotional development, each involving a key conflict that shapes personality and growth

73
Q

What is Kohlbergs Theory?

A

Kohlberg’s theory outlines moral development in three stages—pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional—based on reasoning rather than behavior

74
Q

Puberty

A

Period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs in early adolescence when hormones change

75
Q

Androgens and Estrogens

A

Androgens male hormones( testosterone) and Estrogens are female hormones ( Estradiol)

Psychology (3 decks)

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