Psych Test 3 Flashcards
Memory
The retention of information or experiences over a long period of time through key processes
Encode
Taking in information through attention
Storage
Store the information in some manner: Long-Short term memory
Retrieval
Retrieve the stored information for later purposes
Divided Attention
Concentrating on more than one thing at the same time
Multitasking
Dividing attention to two or more things
Sustained Attention
Ability to maintain attention (Staying Vigilant)
Levels of Proccessing
Shallow: Remember color or shape
Intermediate: Recognize words
Deep: Links the word to meaning
Elaboration
Examples, narratives to help the brain remember
Imagery
Adding imagery increases number of neural traces can can help retrieval of information
Self-Referential Encoding
Personal examples are easier to remember
Rehearsal
Repetition is useful for memory
Verbal Mnemonics
Acrostics,Acronyms SAT, MCAT, LSAT
Encoding Specificity Principle
Memory is better when retrieval context matches the encoding context
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
Theory Stating that memory storage involves three systems
Sensory Memory
Memory system that involves holding information for only an instant (fraction of second to several seconds)
Short-Term memory
Memory system in which information is retained for only as long as 30 seconds unless the individual uses strategies to retain the information (Up to 30 seconds)
Long-Term Memory
Memory system that stores huge amount of information for a long time (Up to lifespan)
Explicit Memory
Remembering who,what,where,when,why , how
Implicit Memory
Remembering how
Episodic Memory
How individuals remember lifes episodes
Semantic Memory
General Knowledge such as everyday knowledge
Priming
The activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information
Schema
mental concept that helps people to organize and interpret information
Connectionionsim
Memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons
Where are memories stored?
Memories are not stored in the brain, memories are processes which recreate brain activity
Memory Retrieval
information that was retained in memory comes out of storage
Difference between recall and recognition
Recall is retrieving previously learned information while recognition is identifying learned items
How is memory affected by traumatic events?
traumatic events are retained due to stress-related hormones involved
Repression
Person is so traumatized by the event, that they forget it, athen forget the act of forgetting
Encoding Failure
Information never enters long-term memory
Interference Theory
People forget not because memories are lost but because other information gets in the way
Decay Theory
A neurochemical memory trace forms but over time this trace disintegrates
Prospective Memory
Remembering information about doing something in the future
Amnesia
Loss of Memory
Thinking
Process of manipulating information mentally
Problem Solving
Mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal
Reasoning
Transforming information to reach conclusions
Decision Making
Mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them
Critical Thinking
Process of reflecting deeply and asking questions and evaluating evidence
Mindfulness
State of being alert and mentally present
Open-mindedness
State of being receptive to other ways of looking at things
Creativity
Ability to think about something in novel/ unusual ways
Divergent Thinking
Many solutions to the same problem
Convergent Thinking
single best solution to a problem
Cognition
Way information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking and knowing
Intelligence
Ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems and learn from experience
How do we measure intelligence?
Measure using intelligence quotient (IQ) devised by William Sterm
Gifted
Possessing high intelligence in a particular area
What contributes to low intelligence
Conceptual Skills: Language,Reading,Math
Social Skills: Personality
Practical:
What are two theories of Multiple Intelligence?
Sternberg develop Triarchic theory of intelligence. Garnder suggests nine types of intelligence (Frames of mind)
Language
System of symbols, sounds, meanings that allows for communication
What are the basic properties of Language?
Phonology: Sound System
Morphology: Word Structure
Syntax: Sentence Rules
Semantics: Word Meaning
Pragmatics: Language Use
Development
Pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occur throughout
Development three levels
Physical Changes, Cognitive Changes, Socioemotional Changes
Cross Sectional Studies
Different ages assessed at one time and differences noticed
Cohort Effect
Difference not because of age but because of time period they were born
Longitudinal Studies
Asses same people, multiple times over a lengthy period
Nature vs Nurture
Nature is an individuals biological inheritance while Nurture is an individuals environmental and social exposures
Maturation
The biologically determined changes that follow an orderly sequence
Critical Period
Brain is set to acquire a function during a period of time
Conception
Male sperm and Female egg produce a zygote
What are the periods of prenatal development?
Geminal Period (1st two weeks after conception)
Embryonic Period (Week 3-8)
Fetal Period ( Weeks 3-birth)
Teratogens
are any environmental agents that harm the fetus and cause a birth defect (diseases, viruses, chemicals)
What is Piaget’s Theory Of Cognitive Development?
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development describes how children construct knowledge through four stages—sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Sensorimotor
Experience Through senses
Preoperational
Symbolic thinking develops
Concrete operational
Logical reasoning begins
Formal Operational
Abstract thinking emerges
Temperament
An individuals behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding
Infant Attachment
Close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver
What is Eriksons Theory of Socioemotional Development?
Erikson’s theory describes eight stages of socioemotional development, each involving a key conflict that shapes personality and growth
What is Kohlbergs Theory?
Kohlberg’s theory outlines moral development in three stages—pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional—based on reasoning rather than behavior
Puberty
Period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs in early adolescence when hormones change
Androgens and Estrogens
Androgens male hormones( testosterone) and Estrogens are female hormones ( Estradiol)
