Psych Terms Flashcards
1
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Psychodynamic Therapy
A
Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self insight
2
Q
Lobotomy
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A now- rare psychosurgical procedure once used to control (calm) uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting to frontal lobes to the emotion- controlling centers of the inner brain
3
Q
Subjective Well-Being
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Self- perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well- being (for example; physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life
4
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Drive Reduction Theory
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The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state ( a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
5
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Basal Metabolic Rate
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The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
6
Q
Scapegoat Theory
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The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
7
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Structured Interview
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Interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of that asks the same job- relevant questions, each of whom is related on established scales
8
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Standardization
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Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
9
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Canon-Bard Theory
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The theory that an emotion- arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
10
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Incentive
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A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
11
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Validity
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The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
12
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Reliability
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The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting
13
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WAIS (Adult Intelligence Scale)
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The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test, contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
14
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Creativity
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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
15
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Content Validity
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The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
16
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Instinct
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A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
17
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Aptitude Test
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A test designed to predict a person’s future performance
18
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Savant Syndrome
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A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing
19
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Industrial Organizing (I/O) Psychology
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The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
20
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Adaptation Level Phenomenon
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Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, lights, income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
21
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Predictive Validity (Criterion Related Validity)
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The Success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
22
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Intelligence Test
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A method for assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes & comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
23
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Intelligence
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Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
24
Q
Self-Actualization
A
According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after the basic physical and psychological needs are met and self- esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill ones potential
25
Phoneme
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
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Morpheme
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or a part of a word ( such as a prefix)
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Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind ( because of vividness), we presume such events are common
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Concept
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
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Insight
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
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Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
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Representativeness Heuristic
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
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Functional Fixedness
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving
34
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
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Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
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Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
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Language
Our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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One Word Stage
The stage in speech development, from about age 1-2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
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Two-Word Stage
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two- word statements
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Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
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Cognition
The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
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Telegraphic Speech
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-" go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs
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Babbling Stage
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
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Syntax
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
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Grammar
In a Language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others
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Linguistic Determination
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
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Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category. Provides quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
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Fixation
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set
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Heuristic
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
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Belief Perseverance
Clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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Attitude
Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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Lymphocytes
The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system
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Coronary Heart Disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish he heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
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Type B Personality
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
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Type A Personality
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger prone people
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Deindividuation
The loss of self- awareness and self- restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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Health Psychology
A subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
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Stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
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Social Responsibility Norm
An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
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Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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Psychological Illness
Literally "mind-body" illness, any stress- related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches
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Aerobic Exercise
Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also reduce stress, depression and anxiety
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Counter-Conditioning
A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
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Resistance
In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden- material
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, exhaustion
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Self-Disclosure
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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Biomedical Therapy
Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patients nervous system
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Emotion-Focused Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
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Group Polarization
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
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Problem Focused Coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
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Coping
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods
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Social Facilitation
Stronger responses on simple or well- learned tasks in the presence of others
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Biofeedback
A system for electronically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
The study of how psychological, neural and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
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Insight Therapies
A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the clients awareness of underlying motives and defenses
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Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
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Behavioural Medicine
An interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
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Complementary Alternative Medicine (CAM)
As yet unproven health care treatments intended to supplement or serve as alternatives to conventional medicine, and which typically are not widely taught in medical schools, used in hospitals, or reimbursed by insurance companies when research shows a therapy to be safe and effective, it usually then becomes part of accepted medical practice:
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Conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Evidence Based Practice
Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
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Feel Good Do Good Phenomenon
People's tendency to be helpful with already in a good mood
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Catharsis
Emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
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James-Lange Theory
The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion- arousing stimuli
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Emotion
A response of the whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience
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Task Leadership
Goal achieved leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
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Personal Psychology
A subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development
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Testosterone
The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional amount in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
88
Sexual Disorder
A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
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Estrogens
Sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity
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Sexual Orientation
An Enduring sexual attraction toward members of either ones one sex (Homosexual) or the opposite sex ( Heterosexual)
91
Refractory Period
A resting period after orgasm. During which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
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Sexual Response Cycle
The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
93
Set Point
The point at which an individual's " weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lost weight
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Binge Eating Disorder
Significant binge- eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
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Glucose
The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues when the level is low, we feel hunger
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Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
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Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high- calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
98
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
99
Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher- level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
100
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
101
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
102
Stanford-Binet
The widely used American revision ( By Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test
103
Achievement Test
A test designed to assess what a person has learned
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Intellectual Disability
A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 10 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound
105
Polygraph
Lie detector. Measures the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity and perspiration that accompany emotion
106
Social Leadership
Group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict and offers support
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Organizational Psychology
A subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organization change
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Relative Deprivation
The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
109
Flow
A completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time resulting from optimal engagement to one's skills
110
Two-Factor Theory
The schachter- Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
111
Stereotype Threat
A self- confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
112
Intelligence Quotient (IQ = (ma/ca) x 100)
Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by two
113
Down Syndrome
A condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
114
Mental Age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.
115
Achievement Motivation
A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people or ideas, for rapidly attaining a high standard
116
Normal Curve
The symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
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Psychoanalysis
Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapists interpretation of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self- insight
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Role
A set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example: When our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions dash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
120
Electro-Cognitive Therapy
A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
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Stereotype
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often over-generalized) belief about a group of people
122
Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe though disorder
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Foot in the Door Phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
124
Bystander Effect
The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
125
Anti-Anxiety Drugs
Drugs used to control and agitation
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Anti-Depressant Drugs
Drugs used to treat depression, also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters
127
Meta-Analysis
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
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Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy
A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self- defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
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Prejudice
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotype beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to a discriminatory action
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Attribution Theory
The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
131
Tardiv Dyskinesia
Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long term use of anti- psychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors
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Psychotherapy
Treatment involving psychological techniques, consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMs)
The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
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Super-Ordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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Out-Group
"Them"- Those perceived as different or apart from our in-group
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Social Exchange Theory
The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
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Social Trap
A Situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self- interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavio
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In-Group
"Us"- people with whom we share a common identity
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In-Group Bias
The tendency to favor our own group
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Mirror-Image Perceptions
Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
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Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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Regression Toward the Mean
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average
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Active Listening
Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates and clarifies. A feature of Roger's client- center therapy
144
Equity
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
145
Other Race Effect
The tendency to recall faces of one's one race more accurately than faces of other races
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Conflict
A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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Group Think
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternative
148
Psycho Pharmocology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
149
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension (GRIT)
A strategy designed to decrease international tensions
150
Passionate Love
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
151
Peripheral Route to Persuasion
Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
152
Just-World Phenomenon
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
153
Reciprocity Norm
An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
154
Discrimination
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
155
Psychosurgery
Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior
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Compassionate Love
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
157
Transference
In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)
158
Normal Social Influence
Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
159
Frustration Aggression Principle
The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression
160
Central Route to Persuasion
Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
161
Altruism
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
162
Token Economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
163
Information Social Influence
Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality:
164
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears, such as airplanes, spiders or public speaking
165
Denial
Defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
166
Terror-Management Theory
A theory of death- related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of the impending death
167
Self-Serving bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
168
Regression
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
169
Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of the meaning
170
Self Concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, " who am I?"
171
Unconditional Positive Regard
According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. A caring, accepting, non- judgmental attitude which develops self- awareness and self acceptance
172
Defense Mechanisms
In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
173
Identification
The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
174
Self
In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
175
Learned Helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
176
Personal Control
The extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless
177
Collective Unconscious
Carl Jung's concept of a shared , inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species theory
178
Spotlight Effect
Overestimating other's noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance and blunders
179
B Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
180
Personality Inventory
A questionnaire (often with true or false, or agree/ disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
181
Rationalization
Defense mechanism that offers self- justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
182
Reaction Formation
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, People may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety- arousing unconscious feelings
183
Exposure Therapies
Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people ( In imagination or reality) to the things they fear and avoid
184
Self-Esteem
One's feelings of high or low self- worth
185
Phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational, fear and avoidance or a specific object or situation
186
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, and/ or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
187
Post-Traumatic Growth
Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
188
Panic Disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes- long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking or other frightening sensations
189
Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
190
Dissociative Disorders
Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (Dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts and feelings
191
Major Depressive Disorder
A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
192
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
193
External Locus of Control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
194
Medical Model
The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital
195
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes
196
Bi-Polar Disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
197
Fixation
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure- seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were resolved
198
Mania
A mood disorder marked by hyperactive, widely optimistic state
199
Trait
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self- report inventories and peer reports
200
Internal Locus of Control
The perception that you can control your own fate
201
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions
202
D5M- IV- TR (The American Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition With an Updated "Text Revision")
A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
203
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity
204
Anti-Social Disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong doing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
205
Conversion Disorder
A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found
206
Mood Disorders
Psychological Disorders characterized by emotional extremes
207
Empirically Derived Tests
A test (such as MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
208
Hypochondrias
A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
209
Social Cognitive Perspective
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits and their social context
210
Psychological Disorder
Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thought, feelings or behaviors
211
Somatoform Disorder
Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause
212
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities
213
Behaviour Therapy
Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
214
Schizophrenia
A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate emotions and actions
215
Family Therapy
Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
216
Delusions
False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
217
Personality Disorder
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
218
Reciprocal Determinism
The interacting influences of behavior, Internal cognition and environment
219
Interpretation
In psychoanalysis, the analyst's nothing supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight
220
Cognitive Therapy
Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
221
Eclectic Approach
An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
222
Drive Reduction Therapy
The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
223
Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias
224
Aversive Conditioning
A type of counter- Conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)
225
Client-Centered/ Person-Centered Therapy
A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rodgers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth.
226
General Intelligence (g)
According to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test
227
Displacement
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
228
Id (Freud)
Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive driver; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
229
Free Association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mine, how trivial or embarrassing
230
T Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses and foreign substances
231
Factor Analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions or performance that underlie a person's total score
232
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions
233
Oedipus Complex
According to Freud, A boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
234
Unconscious
According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologist, information processing of which we are unaware
235
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interest through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
236
Projection
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
237
Projective Test
A personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli, designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
238
Psychosexual Stages
The childhood stages of development (Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the Id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
239
Ego
The largely conscious , "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, Mediates among the demands of the ID, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the ID's desire in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
240
Rorschach Inkblot Test
The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
241
Wernicke's Area
Controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
242
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate one another
243
Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
244
Broca's Area
Controls language expression- an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
245
Superego
The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
246
Aphasia
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area ( Impairing Understanding)
