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Psych 201 exam > Psych study > Flashcards

Psych study Flashcards

1
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Consciousness is the awareness of ourselves and our environment.

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2
Q

What are the limitations of consciousness?

A

Consciousness has limitations: Limited, Serial conscious processing, Selective attention.

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3
Q

What are spontaneous states of consciousness?

A

Spontaneous states include: Daydreaming, Physiologically Hallucinations, Drowsiness, Orgasm, Dreaming, Food/Oxygen starvation.

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4
Q

What are psychologically induced states of consciousness?

A

Psychologically induced states include: Sensory deprivation, Hypnosis, Meditation.

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5
Q

What is the conscious level?

A

The conscious level is the state where one is aware of themselves.

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6
Q

What is the non-conscious level?

A

The non-conscious level refers to the subconscious; very occasionally unconscious.

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7
Q

What is dual processing?

A

Dual Processing is simultaneously processing information through both conscious and non-conscious tracks.

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8
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Selective attention is the limited conscious awareness of excess aspects of all that you experience.

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9
Q

What is change blindness?

A

Change blindness is when a person fails to detect large changes in a visual scene.

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10
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

Inattentional blindness is the failure to notice a fully-visible, but unexpected object.

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11
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Circadian rhythms are 24-hour cycles that include sleep and wakefulness.

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12
Q

What is reinforcement in learning?

A

Reinforcement is the process of identifying behavior and whether it is increasing or decreasing.

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13
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement outweighs punishment and is more effective.

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14
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Continuous reinforcement is when a consequence is delivered every time a response appears.

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15
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

Partial reinforcement involves changes in the strength of a conditioned response over time.

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16
Q

What is extinction in behavior?

A

Extinction is the gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to the elimination of rewards.

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17
Q

What is the partial reinforcement extinction effect?

A

Behaviors learned under partial reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those learned on a continuous schedule.

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18
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons are interconnected cells that form the information system of the nervous system.

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19
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A

The types of neurons include Motor Neurons, Sensory Neurons, and Interneurons.

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20
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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21
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

The PNS includes other nerves in the body.

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22
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Neurotransmitters are molecules that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.

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23
Q

What is grouping in perception?

A

Grouping is how we come together to perceive information.

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24
Q

What is figure-ground organization?

A

Figure-ground organization is the discrimination of an object from its background.

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25
What are the principles of grouping?
The principles of grouping include Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, and Connectedness.
26
What is multimodal perception?
Multimodal perception is when information from one sense influences how we perceive information from another.
27
What is bottom-up processing?
Bottom-up processing moves from the parts to a whole (Data Driven).
28
What is top-down processing?
Top-down processing uses conceptual knowledge to interpret information.
29
What is observational learning?
Observational learning is learning how to perform new behaviors by watching others.
30
What was Bandura's experiment?
Albert Bandura's experiment involved kids and inflatable 'Bobo Dolls' where models were punished or rewarded.
31
What are the effects of observational learning?
By watching aggressive models, people learn specific aggressive behaviors and develop attitudes about aggression.
32
What is the cerebral cortex?
The cerebral cortex is responsible for thinking and constitutes 80% of the brain.
33
What is the function of the thalamus?
The thalamus routes sensory information to the brain.
34
What does the corpus callosum do?
The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
35
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
The hypothalamus maintains basic functions of the body and is the reward center.
36
What is the role of the hippocampus?
The hippocampus processes conscious memory, including spatial navigation and episodic memories.
37
What is the pituitary gland?
The pituitary gland is the master gland that releases hormones to the Endocrine System.
38
What is the midbrain responsible for?
The midbrain is involved in motor movement, particularly eye movement.
39
What does the pons do?
The pons is responsible for subconscious movement.
40
What is the function of the medulla?
The medulla controls heart beating and breathing.
41
What is the brainstem?
The brainstem is responsible for basic life functions.
42
What is learning?
Learning is an adaptive process of modifying behavior and understanding as a result of experience.
43
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is when a dog can be conditioned to salivate upon hearing a certain sound.
44
What are the four basic principles of classical conditioning?
The principles are: Unconditioned Stimulus (US), Unconditioned Response (UR), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), and Conditioned Response (CR).
45
What is the axon terminal?
The axon terminal releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other neurons or cells.
46
What is the myelin sheath?
The myelin sheath wraps around axon cells, speeding up the rate of information travel inside the neuron.
47
What are axons?
Axons connect neurons to other neurons.
48
What is the cell body of a neuron?
The cell body houses the nucleus and organelles that produce essential proteins like neurotransmitters.
49
What is the function of the nucleus in a neuron?
The nucleus stores DNA.
50
What are dendrites?
Dendrites are branching pieces that connect to other cells, receiving information.
51
What is sensation?
Sensation is the initial message received from the senses.
52
What is perception?
Perception is the process by which messages from the senses are given meaning.
53
What is the primary motor cortex?
The primary motor cortex controls voluntary movement.
54
What is the somatosensory cortex?
The somatosensory cortex receives information about body sensations.
55
What does the primary auditory cortex do?
The primary auditory cortex processes auditory information.
56
What is the primary visual cortex?
The primary visual cortex processes visual information.
57
What is electroencephalography (EEG)?
EEG measures electrical activity in the brain.
58
What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
fMRI provides 3D structural imaging of the brain.
59
What is positron emission tomography (PET)?
PET involves injecting radioactive fluid into the brain to produce colored images.
60
What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
MRI provides cross-sectional images to see structures in the brain.
61
What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli, while operant conditioning forms associations between behaviors and resulting events.
62
What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?
Behaviors with satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated; those with annoying consequences are less likely.
63
What is REM sleep?
REM sleep is a stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; muscles are relaxed, but other body systems are active.
64
What is non-REM sleep?
Non-REM sleep contains 4 stages with 90-minute cycles.
65
What is hypnosis?
Hypnosis is the induction of a state of consciousness where a person appears to lose the power of voluntary action.
66
Can everyone experience hypnosis?
Yes, to some extent.
67
Can hypnosis enhance forgotten events?
No.
68
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
No.
69
Can hypnosis be therapeutic?
Yes, self-suggestion can alleviate pain.

Psych 201 exam (3 decks)

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