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Tests and Questions > Psych/Socio > Flashcards

Psych/Socio Flashcards

1
Q

Scapegoating

A

Is the practice Of singling out a person for unmerited negative treatment or blame

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2
Q

More

A

It’s a informal norm regarded by society as highly important and common which govern our everyday behavior

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3
Q

Convergence

A

Is a binocular vision Q because how tense I muscles are gives the brain an idea of how far away something is

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4
Q

Interposition

A

One object overlaps another and therefore must be in front of it and is a monocular vision

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5
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Response to angular acceleration in the vestibular system

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6
Q

Otolithic organs

A

Responds to linear acceleration in the vestibular system

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7
Q

Assimilate (Piaget)

A

Sensorimotor stage where new information is placed into an existing schemer

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8
Q

Accommodate (Piaget)

A

Part of the sensorimotor stage where intense make sense of new information by Changing the existing schemer

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9
Q

Internal validity

A

Refers to whether or not there may be con founded in the study

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10
Q

External validity

A

Refers to the degree which the results of the study may be generalized

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11
Q

Statistical conclusion

A

Refers to whether results are statistically significant enough to draw conclusions

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12
Q

Construct validity

A

Refers to how accurate each measured variable represents the conceptual variable

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13
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

States that behavior is learned primarily through modeling or observation and is a part of social cognitive theory

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14
Q

Specific Real Area Bias

A

Occurs when sampling for a study occurs at one location such as a university which results in omission of other populations

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15
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

Process of gradually exposing a stimulus with increasing intensity each time in hopes that the stimulus becomes desensitized

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16
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Focuses on modeling behavior observed in others (aka social learning)

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17
Q

Reliability

A

Results from a study mu be replicable

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18
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Act to reinforce the behavior without previous conditioning

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19
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Only take on their reinforcing value as a function of their association with a primary reinforcer

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20
Q

Within-Subject Design

A

When measurements are taken from the same participants over a period of time. Each. Subject is essentially their own control

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21
Q

Normative social influence

A

Originate from a person’s desire to gain approval or to avoid disapproval

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22
Q

Merton’s strain theory

A

Not everyone has the means to achieve cultural goals in a legitimate way or achieves culturally accepted goals

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23
Q

Conformity (Merton)

A

When someone accepts the conventional means to obtain culturally acceptable goals

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24
Q

Ritualism (Merton)

A

When someone accepts conventional means but rejects cultural goals (I.e.gettingrich)

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25
Q

Retreating (Merton)

A

When someone rejects both conventional means as well as cultural goals and drops out of society

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26
Q

Innovation (Merton)

A

Rejecting conventional means to achieve a culturally accepted goal

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27
Q

Taboos

A

Are the most deeply had norms in our society these norms prohibit actions thought to be either too scared or too dangerous awful to be performed by anybody

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28
Q

Folkways

A

Casual norms like picking your nose in public is gross but ppl really don’t care that much

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29
Q

Peer pressure

A

When peers influence a person to changes their attitude beliefs or behaviors and can be positive or negative

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30
Q

Self-Discrepancy theory

A

Includes our personal thoughts about how we should be or how we wish we were

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31
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Occurs when an individual gives up or stop trying to avoid an aversive consequence it generally happens over time after long periods during which the individuals actions do not have the desired results an external locus of control is correlated with this

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32
Q

George Herbert Mead “I” vs “Me”

A

I- free will and individuality that one uses to uniquely respond to a situation generally within the constraints of societal norms

Me- Represents our internalized set of societal values and attitudes “how we should be”

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33
Q

Mead development of self

A

Imitation
Play
Game
The generalized other (assuming perspective of other)

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34
Q

Self-serving Bias

A

When bad things happen to us we tend to blame them on societal factors such as bad luck

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35
Q

Correspondent Interference Theory

A

Focuses on the perception of a persons behavior as “corresponding“ to his or her personality in other words it attempts to dictate when we will make dispositional attributions which is when we believe the attributions directly hurt or benefit us

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36
Q

Kelley’s covariation model

A

We make attributions based on three factors distinctiveness cues, consensus cue, And consistency cues

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37
Q

Defensive attribution

A

Stems from human fear that terrible consequences might happen to us and to avoid being scared by this weekend to blame the victims of an accident or dry distinctions between ourselves and then as an “she was behaving in a way that I never would so this could never happen to me”

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38
Q

Heuristic

A

Are mental shortcuts that help people come to decisions quickly

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39
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Involves predict the outcomes of events based on similar events that have occurred in the past

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40
Q

Acute stress disorder

A

Can be conceptualizes mild form of PTSD as it usually stems from specific mentally Traumatic or fear inducing events

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41
Q

Ego-syntonic conditions

A

And are those that align with the persons self-concept in other words instead of feeling sick or abnormal the patient feels good and may even enjoy the disease examples are anorexia nervosa

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42
Q

Somatic symptom Disorder

A

Individuals with disorder perceive pain or other symptoms that cannot be explained by known cases previously was called hypocondriasis

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43
Q

Envious sterotype

A

Hi competence lo warm

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44
Q

Paternalistic stereotype

A

Low competence and high warmth

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45
Q

Contemptuous stereotype

A

Low warmth and low contempetance

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46
Q

Admiration stereotype

A

Hi confidence high warmth

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47
Q

Type I Error

A

False Positive

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48
Q

Type II Error

A

False Negative

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49
Q

Predictor variable

A

Is the variable in a correlational study on the X-axis and is in correlation with the criterion on the Y-axis

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50
Q

Altercasting

A

Involves projecting an Identity on another individual in a way that is congruent with ones own goal

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51
Q

Indicator traits

A

Are phenotypic expression is that convey the health well-being and fitness of an organism to potential mates

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52
Q

Foraging behavior

A

Behavior that relates to the act searching and hunting for resources

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53
Q

Self-monitoring

A

It’s a long-term strategy that usually involves self reflection and taking regular notes on your behavior thoughts and attitudes overtime

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54
Q

Relapse prevention

A

Involves programs such as peer support groups and teaching coping skills to avoid relapse or maladaptive coping mechanisms

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55
Q

Memetic org

A

Is an organization that attempts to copy another one

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56
Q

Utilitarian organization

A

Our organizations were members are compensated for their involvement

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57
Q

Coercive organization

A

Our organizations in which members are forced to join

58
Q

Implicit memory

A

Is the memory that his subconscious and it usually pertains to you a procedural behavior or conditioned response

59
Q

Echoic memory

A

Is a type of sensory memory that pertains only to the Auditory information

60
Q

Sublimation (psychodynamic theory)

A

Occurs when a person channel is unacceptable urges like a craving to smoke into something more acceptable like helping others to quit

61
Q

Reaction formation

A

Because when you express the opposite of your true motivations or desires

62
Q

Intellectualization

A

Is the use of cognitive processes to separate oneself from the real problem and avoid emotions and impulses that may arise

63
Q

Rationalization

A

Happens when a person uses false but logical reasons to explain a feeling or desire

64
Q

Anomie

A

Is the notion that there’s a breakdown between individuals and cultural norms leading to a widespread sense of alienation between individuals and their society

65
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Is noted for the first empirical study he published on genetics of personality and is commonly grouped in the biological perspective for the development of personality

66
Q

Gordon Alport

A

Is known in connection to treat perspective of personality he argued that three key traits contribute to personality cardinal treats central traits and secondary traits

67
Q

Limbic system structures

A

Include the amygdala hippocampus limbic cortex septal area and hypothalamus

68
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A

Conditions may include lack of empathy or disregard for rules

69
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Is characterized by impulsivity

70
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Is characterized by a fixation on intentional malevolence or sadism

71
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

Is characterized by inappropriately seductive behavior

72
Q

Perspective

A

In sociology refers to what an individual Believe should occur

73
Q

Descriptive

A

Refers to what one perceives as actually occurring

74
Q

Transference

A

Is the inappropriate transferring your feelings about one relationship to another the classic example as a patient transferring childhood feelings about a parent onto their therapist

75
Q

Primacy affect

A

Is a phenomenon in which information that is presented first has a disproportionate influence on your perception of a person

76
Q

Personal constructs

A

Are beliefs about which attributes are most important in making judgments about people

77
Q

Incentive theory of motivation

A

Takes into account factors outside the individual that influence motivation

78
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Examine small scale or micro level social interactions focusing attention on how shared meeting is established among individuals or small groups

79
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Suggest that the self-concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us for example someone who acquires a stigmatized illness is likely to internalize that stigmatization directed against him or her

80
Q

Stage 1 of the demographic transition model

A

Pre-industrial, less developed societies is marked by high mortality and fertility

81
Q

Law of diminishing return

A

Refers to the lesson and results gained from some action overtime

82
Q

Social Control

A

Is defined as the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms

83
Q

Alpha waves

A

A detective and an individual is awake but fatigued and less fully alert

84
Q

Theta waves

A

Stage one sleep waves

85
Q

Beta waves

A

Are emitted when an individual is awake and fully aware and are also admitted during REM sleep

86
Q

Stage one of demographic transition

A

Hey society is pre-industrial has high fertility and mortality rates

87
Q

Stage two of the demographic transition

A

Hey society see significant enough improvement in healthcare sanitation nutrition and wage is that the mortality rate drops however the fertility rate remains high and the population rapidly expands

88
Q

Stage III of the demographic transition

A

A society sees a decrease in fertility rate due to a move from an agricultural to an industrial economy as well as improvements in contraception and women’s rights and mortality is still low

89
Q

Stage four of demographic transition

A

A society becomes fully industrialized and both fertility and mortality rates are low

90
Q

Cross sectional study

A

Studies population at a single point in time

91
Q

Cognitive theories of behavior

A

Focus on healthy ways of thinking negatively manifest as behavioral and emotional disorders

92
Q

Diffusion

A

Refers to the process being transmitted across groups

93
Q

Social transmission

A

Occurs within one group we are transmission of ideas and behaviors are transmitted throughout a single group

94
Q

Sleep spindles

A

Characteristic of waves in stage 2 of sleep cycle

95
Q

Place theory

A

Posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane

96
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Is a method to control for any effect that the order of Presenting stimuli might have on the Dependant variable

97
Q

Implicit memory

A

Includes procedure memory and priming

98
Q

Neuroleptics

A

Are drugs that decrease nervous system function and were used to first treat schizophrenia positive symptoms but in turn make negative symptoms worse

99
Q

What did groupthink and confirmation bias have in common?

A

Both similarly try to confirm his or her existing point of view with her individually or for the group and ignore disconfirming evidence

100
Q

Right hemisphere lateralized processes

A

Visio spatial skills music perception and emotion processing

101
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

Refers to the ability perceive express understand and manage one’s emotions

102
Q

Escape learning

A

Involves an aversive stimulus that eventually conditions a participant to perform a certain response

103
Q

Avoidant learning

A

Averaive stimulus is used to see how long it takes a participant to avoid a response by exhibiting a certain behavior

104
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A

Address is maladaptive behavior and is corrected via therapy

105
Q

The Hawthorne effect

A

Describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed

106
Q

The Thomas theorem

A

States that if an individual believe something to be real then it is real and it’s consequences

107
Q

Impression management

A

Refers to individuals actively managing how they are perceived by others

108
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

Describe the situation in which an individual changes some aspect of social identity such as employment but maintains the same relative status for instance income remains the same

109
Q

Role conflict versus role strain

A

The difference is role conflict is the competition or conflicts of two different statuses while role strain is the fulfilling of all expectations within only one status

110
Q

Activity theory

A

Posits that elderly individuals desire to remain involved in activities As much as younger people but the meaning in the focus of these activities will change

111
Q

Disengagement theory

A

Is the process of the division for trying and I said in sales from prior social interactions due to age

112
Q

Adaptive attitude

A

Is a widely held in likely to be excepted attitude within a group

113
Q

Dependency theory of globalization

A

States that peripheral countries are poor and are positioned in the economy by exporting commodities to coronations the theory also states that peripheral countries will not further develop from their position

114
Q

Ethnic or cultural enclaves

A

Are the formation of areas or neighborhoods with a high concentration of people from one distinct culture or ethnicity

115
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

Users are in a dependent DNA polymerase to create DNA and RNA hybrid. RNA degrades and then that DNA is moved to DNA dependent DNA polymerase to make it’s complementary strand

116
Q

Incongruence

A

Refers to the gap between a persons actual self an ideal self

117
Q

Public verifiability

A

Is the reason other scientists are attempting to replicate the Original findings

118
Q

Glass escalator

A

Suggests that men who perceive occupations that high proportions of women or quickly ascend the career ladder with promotions

119
Q

Maladaptiveness

A

Takes into account with her behavior negatively impacts the persons life or poses a threat to others

120
Q

Overextension

A

Is the term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that Bear only a superficial resemblance such as a dog for a cow

121
Q

The naming explosion

A

A words Bert that leads to large increases in an infants spoken vocabulary

122
Q

Bootstrapping

A

Refers to the initial stages of grammatical development

123
Q

Categorical perception

A

Is a phenomenon through which the categories understood by an observer influence the observer’s perception

124
Q

Elaborative encoding

A

Refers to combining new to be remembered information with existing memory representations which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information

125
Q

retinal disparity

A

Use distance of an object of focus as a depth cue and is associated with Differences in muscle construction between eyes

126
Q

Social stigmas and mental health

A

Healthcare utilization and health seeking behaviors are likely to be affected whenever a disease or disorder is stigmatized

127
Q

Disinhibition

A

Is the phenomena of losing inhibition and increasing the probability of partaking in risky behavior and is often associated with binge drinking

128
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Posits that individuals develop a sense of self or identity through the interactions and relationships that they have with others

129
Q

Drive reduction

A

Gaining a need to maintain homeostasis

130
Q

Incentive theory

A

A reward tangible or intangible is presented after the occurrence of an action with the intention of causing the behavior to occur again and this is done by associating a positive meaning to the behavior

131
Q

Theory of planned behavio

A

We consider our implications of our actions before we decide how to behavl

132
Q

Traditionalism

A

Tendency to follow authority

133
Q

Social potency

A

The degree to which a person assumes leader ship and mastery roles in a social situation

134
Q

Temperament

A

Is the innate mood and activity level that typically sticks with a person for their entire life and can influence many personality theories

135
Q

Trait theory

A

Describes personality through identifiable Patterns of behavior

136
Q

Learning performance distinction

A

Learning a behavior and performing a behavior are distinct because you can learn a behavior but not perform the behavio

137
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Involves attention and memory and imitation along with motivation to perform a task because you need attention to follow the task in a memory do you remember what the task is along with imitation of the task all the while you need to be motivated to do the task in the first place otherwise the task will not be completed

138
Q

Dichotic listening test

A

Presenting two diff auditory stimulus into each ear

139
Q

Self verification

A

Refers to the tendency to seek out and agree with information that is consistent with one’s self concept

140
Q

Sensory interaction

A

Is the idea that one sensory modalities such as vision that influence another such as balance

Tests and Questions (3 decks)

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