Psych/Socio Flashcards
1
Q
Scapegoating
A
Is the practice Of singling out a person for unmerited negative treatment or blame
2
Q
More
A
It’s a informal norm regarded by society as highly important and common which govern our everyday behavior
3
Q
Convergence
A
Is a binocular vision Q because how tense I muscles are gives the brain an idea of how far away something is
4
Q
Interposition
A
One object overlaps another and therefore must be in front of it and is a monocular vision
5
Q
Semicircular canals
A
Response to angular acceleration in the vestibular system
6
Q
Otolithic organs
A
Responds to linear acceleration in the vestibular system
7
Q
Assimilate (Piaget)
A
Sensorimotor stage where new information is placed into an existing schemer
8
Q
Accommodate (Piaget)
A
Part of the sensorimotor stage where intense make sense of new information by Changing the existing schemer
9
Q
Internal validity
A
Refers to whether or not there may be con founded in the study
10
Q
External validity
A
Refers to the degree which the results of the study may be generalized
11
Q
Statistical conclusion
A
Refers to whether results are statistically significant enough to draw conclusions
12
Q
Construct validity
A
Refers to how accurate each measured variable represents the conceptual variable
13
Q
Social Learning Theory
A
States that behavior is learned primarily through modeling or observation and is a part of social cognitive theory
14
Q
Specific Real Area Bias
A
Occurs when sampling for a study occurs at one location such as a university which results in omission of other populations
15
Q
Systematic Desensitization
A
Process of gradually exposing a stimulus with increasing intensity each time in hopes that the stimulus becomes desensitized
16
Q
Social cognitive theory
A
Focuses on modeling behavior observed in others (aka social learning)
17
Q
Reliability
A
Results from a study mu be replicable
18
Q
Primary reinforcer
A
Act to reinforce the behavior without previous conditioning
19
Q
Secondary reinforcers
A
Only take on their reinforcing value as a function of their association with a primary reinforcer
20
Q
Within-Subject Design
A
When measurements are taken from the same participants over a period of time. Each. Subject is essentially their own control
21
Q
Normative social influence
A
Originate from a person’s desire to gain approval or to avoid disapproval
22
Q
Merton’s strain theory
A
Not everyone has the means to achieve cultural goals in a legitimate way or achieves culturally accepted goals
23
Q
Conformity (Merton)
A
When someone accepts the conventional means to obtain culturally acceptable goals
24
Q
Ritualism (Merton)
A
When someone accepts conventional means but rejects cultural goals (I.e.gettingrich)
25
Retreating (Merton)
When someone rejects both conventional means as well as cultural goals and drops out of society
26
Innovation (Merton)
Rejecting conventional means to achieve a culturally accepted goal
27
Taboos
Are the most deeply had norms in our society these norms prohibit actions thought to be either too scared or too dangerous awful to be performed by anybody
28
Folkways
Casual norms like picking your nose in public is gross but ppl really don’t care that much
29
Peer pressure
When peers influence a person to changes their attitude beliefs or behaviors and can be positive or negative
30
Self-Discrepancy theory
Includes our personal thoughts about how we should be or how we wish we were
31
Learned Helplessness
Occurs when an individual gives up or stop trying to avoid an aversive consequence it generally happens over time after long periods during which the individuals actions do not have the desired results an external locus of control is correlated with this
32
George Herbert Mead “I” vs “Me”
I- free will and individuality that one uses to uniquely respond to a situation generally within the constraints of societal norms
Me- Represents our internalized set of societal values and attitudes “how we should be”
33
Mead development of self
Imitation
Play
Game
The generalized other (assuming perspective of other)
34
Self-serving Bias
When bad things happen to us we tend to blame them on societal factors such as bad luck
35
Correspondent Interference Theory
Focuses on the perception of a persons behavior as “corresponding“ to his or her personality in other words it attempts to dictate when we will make dispositional attributions which is when we believe the attributions directly hurt or benefit us
36
Kelley’s covariation model
We make attributions based on three factors distinctiveness cues, consensus cue, And consistency cues
37
Defensive attribution
Stems from human fear that terrible consequences might happen to us and to avoid being scared by this weekend to blame the victims of an accident or dry distinctions between ourselves and then as an “she was behaving in a way that I never would so this could never happen to me”
38
Heuristic
Are mental shortcuts that help people come to decisions quickly
39
Representativeness heuristic
Involves predict the outcomes of events based on similar events that have occurred in the past
40
Acute stress disorder
Can be conceptualizes mild form of PTSD as it usually stems from specific mentally Traumatic or fear inducing events
41
Ego-syntonic conditions
And are those that align with the persons self-concept in other words instead of feeling sick or abnormal the patient feels good and may even enjoy the disease examples are anorexia nervosa
42
Somatic symptom Disorder
Individuals with disorder perceive pain or other symptoms that cannot be explained by known cases previously was called hypocondriasis
43
Envious sterotype
Hi competence lo warm
44
Paternalistic stereotype
Low competence and high warmth
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Contemptuous stereotype
Low warmth and low contempetance
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Admiration stereotype
Hi confidence high warmth
47
Type I Error
False Positive
48
Type II Error
False Negative
49
Predictor variable
Is the variable in a correlational study on the X-axis and is in correlation with the criterion on the Y-axis
50
Altercasting
Involves projecting an Identity on another individual in a way that is congruent with ones own goal
51
Indicator traits
Are phenotypic expression is that convey the health well-being and fitness of an organism to potential mates
52
Foraging behavior
Behavior that relates to the act searching and hunting for resources
53
Self-monitoring
It’s a long-term strategy that usually involves self reflection and taking regular notes on your behavior thoughts and attitudes overtime
54
Relapse prevention
Involves programs such as peer support groups and teaching coping skills to avoid relapse or maladaptive coping mechanisms
55
Memetic org
Is an organization that attempts to copy another one
56
Utilitarian organization
Our organizations were members are compensated for their involvement
57
Coercive organization
Our organizations in which members are forced to join
58
Implicit memory
Is the memory that his subconscious and it usually pertains to you a procedural behavior or conditioned response
59
Echoic memory
Is a type of sensory memory that pertains only to the Auditory information
60
Sublimation (psychodynamic theory)
Occurs when a person channel is unacceptable urges like a craving to smoke into something more acceptable like helping others to quit
61
Reaction formation
Because when you express the opposite of your true motivations or desires
62
Intellectualization
Is the use of cognitive processes to separate oneself from the real problem and avoid emotions and impulses that may arise
63
Rationalization
Happens when a person uses false but logical reasons to explain a feeling or desire
64
Anomie
Is the notion that there’s a breakdown between individuals and cultural norms leading to a widespread sense of alienation between individuals and their society
65
Hans Eysenck
Is noted for the first empirical study he published on genetics of personality and is commonly grouped in the biological perspective for the development of personality
66
Gordon Alport
Is known in connection to treat perspective of personality he argued that three key traits contribute to personality cardinal treats central traits and secondary traits
67
Limbic system structures
Include the amygdala hippocampus limbic cortex septal area and hypothalamus
68
Cluster B personality disorders
Conditions may include lack of empathy or disregard for rules
69
Borderline personality disorder
Is characterized by impulsivity
70
Antisocial personality disorder
Is characterized by a fixation on intentional malevolence or sadism
71
Histrionic personality disorder
Is characterized by inappropriately seductive behavior
72
Perspective
In sociology refers to what an individual Believe should occur
73
Descriptive
Refers to what one perceives as actually occurring
74
Transference
Is the inappropriate transferring your feelings about one relationship to another the classic example as a patient transferring childhood feelings about a parent onto their therapist
75
Primacy affect
Is a phenomenon in which information that is presented first has a disproportionate influence on your perception of a person
76
Personal constructs
Are beliefs about which attributes are most important in making judgments about people
77
Incentive theory of motivation
Takes into account factors outside the individual that influence motivation
78
Symbolic interactionism
Examine small scale or micro level social interactions focusing attention on how shared meeting is established among individuals or small groups
79
Looking-glass self
Suggest that the self-concept is influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us for example someone who acquires a stigmatized illness is likely to internalize that stigmatization directed against him or her
80
Stage 1 of the demographic transition model
Pre-industrial, less developed societies is marked by high mortality and fertility
81
Law of diminishing return
Refers to the lesson and results gained from some action overtime
82
Social Control
Is defined as the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms
83
Alpha waves
A detective and an individual is awake but fatigued and less fully alert
84
Theta waves
Stage one sleep waves
85
Beta waves
Are emitted when an individual is awake and fully aware and are also admitted during REM sleep
86
Stage one of demographic transition
Hey society is pre-industrial has high fertility and mortality rates
87
Stage two of the demographic transition
Hey society see significant enough improvement in healthcare sanitation nutrition and wage is that the mortality rate drops however the fertility rate remains high and the population rapidly expands
88
Stage III of the demographic transition
A society sees a decrease in fertility rate due to a move from an agricultural to an industrial economy as well as improvements in contraception and women’s rights and mortality is still low
89
Stage four of demographic transition
A society becomes fully industrialized and both fertility and mortality rates are low
90
Cross sectional study
Studies population at a single point in time
91
Cognitive theories of behavior
Focus on healthy ways of thinking negatively manifest as behavioral and emotional disorders
92
Diffusion
Refers to the process being transmitted across groups
93
Social transmission
Occurs within one group we are transmission of ideas and behaviors are transmitted throughout a single group
94
Sleep spindles
Characteristic of waves in stage 2 of sleep cycle
95
Place theory
Posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane
96
Counterbalancing
Is a method to control for any effect that the order of Presenting stimuli might have on the Dependant variable
97
Implicit memory
Includes procedure memory and priming
98
Neuroleptics
Are drugs that decrease nervous system function and were used to first treat schizophrenia positive symptoms but in turn make negative symptoms worse
99
What did groupthink and confirmation bias have in common?
Both similarly try to confirm his or her existing point of view with her individually or for the group and ignore disconfirming evidence
100
Right hemisphere lateralized processes
Visio spatial skills music perception and emotion processing
101
Emotional intelligence
Refers to the ability perceive express understand and manage one’s emotions
102
Escape learning
Involves an aversive stimulus that eventually conditions a participant to perform a certain response
103
Avoidant learning
Averaive stimulus is used to see how long it takes a participant to avoid a response by exhibiting a certain behavior
104
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Address is maladaptive behavior and is corrected via therapy
105
The Hawthorne effect
Describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed
106
The Thomas theorem
States that if an individual believe something to be real then it is real and it’s consequences
107
Impression management
Refers to individuals actively managing how they are perceived by others
108
Horizontal mobility
Describe the situation in which an individual changes some aspect of social identity such as employment but maintains the same relative status for instance income remains the same
109
Role conflict versus role strain
The difference is role conflict is the competition or conflicts of two different statuses while role strain is the fulfilling of all expectations within only one status
110
Activity theory
Posits that elderly individuals desire to remain involved in activities As much as younger people but the meaning in the focus of these activities will change
111
Disengagement theory
Is the process of the division for trying and I said in sales from prior social interactions due to age
112
Adaptive attitude
Is a widely held in likely to be excepted attitude within a group
113
Dependency theory of globalization
States that peripheral countries are poor and are positioned in the economy by exporting commodities to coronations the theory also states that peripheral countries will not further develop from their position
114
Ethnic or cultural enclaves
Are the formation of areas or neighborhoods with a high concentration of people from one distinct culture or ethnicity
115
Reverse transcriptase
Users are in a dependent DNA polymerase to create DNA and RNA hybrid. RNA degrades and then that DNA is moved to DNA dependent DNA polymerase to make it’s complementary strand
116
Incongruence
Refers to the gap between a persons actual self an ideal self
117
Public verifiability
Is the reason other scientists are attempting to replicate the Original findings
118
Glass escalator
Suggests that men who perceive occupations that high proportions of women or quickly ascend the career ladder with promotions
119
Maladaptiveness
Takes into account with her behavior negatively impacts the persons life or poses a threat to others
120
Overextension
Is the term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that Bear only a superficial resemblance such as a dog for a cow
121
The naming explosion
A words Bert that leads to large increases in an infants spoken vocabulary
122
Bootstrapping
Refers to the initial stages of grammatical development
123
Categorical perception
Is a phenomenon through which the categories understood by an observer influence the observer’s perception
124
Elaborative encoding
Refers to combining new to be remembered information with existing memory representations which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information
125
retinal disparity
Use distance of an object of focus as a depth cue and is associated with Differences in muscle construction between eyes
126
Social stigmas and mental health
Healthcare utilization and health seeking behaviors are likely to be affected whenever a disease or disorder is stigmatized
127
Disinhibition
Is the phenomena of losing inhibition and increasing the probability of partaking in risky behavior and is often associated with binge drinking
128
Symbolic interactionism
Posits that individuals develop a sense of self or identity through the interactions and relationships that they have with others
129
Drive reduction
Gaining a need to maintain homeostasis
130
Incentive theory
A reward tangible or intangible is presented after the occurrence of an action with the intention of causing the behavior to occur again and this is done by associating a positive meaning to the behavior
131
Theory of planned behavio
We consider our implications of our actions before we decide how to behavl
132
Traditionalism
Tendency to follow authority
133
Social potency
The degree to which a person assumes leader ship and mastery roles in a social situation
134
Temperament
Is the innate mood and activity level that typically sticks with a person for their entire life and can influence many personality theories
135
Trait theory
Describes personality through identifiable Patterns of behavior
136
Learning performance distinction
Learning a behavior and performing a behavior are distinct because you can learn a behavior but not perform the behavio
137
Social cognitive theory
Involves attention and memory and imitation along with motivation to perform a task because you need attention to follow the task in a memory do you remember what the task is along with imitation of the task all the while you need to be motivated to do the task in the first place otherwise the task will not be completed
138
Dichotic listening test
Presenting two diff auditory stimulus into each ear
139
Self verification
Refers to the tendency to seek out and agree with information that is consistent with one’s self concept
140
Sensory interaction
Is the idea that one sensory modalities such as vision that influence another such as balance
