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Tests and Questions > Bio/biochem > Flashcards

Bio/biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid hormones and what do the numbers mean

A

T3 and T4 the numbers are the number of iodines bonded to each molecule

T3 is more biologically active so often the liver or cells of target cleave it back to T4

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2
Q

Without CO2 how can the body still have respiratory drive

A

Cells have chemoreceptors for O2 so when the O2 levels dec respiratory drive for more O2 occurs

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3
Q

Skeletal muscles and smooth muscles use what respectively to open the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Skeletal muscles use depolarization of t-tubule system

Smooth muscles- utilizes a second messenger system

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4
Q

Location of microfilaments

A

Are located in the cytoplasm of cells

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5
Q

Umbilical vein

A

The umbilical vein carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus

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6
Q

Umbilical artery

A

Carrie carbon dioxide and metabolic waste from the fetus to the placenta

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7
Q

Spermatogenesis

A 
Spermatogonium (diploid)
Primary spermatocyte (diploid)
Secondary spermatocyte (haploid)
Spermatid (haploid)
Spermatozoan (haploid)
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8
Q

What do retroviruses contain?

A

DNA, reverse transcriptase, integrase

They do not contain RNA

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9
Q

The counter-current multiplier effect

A

Is a mechanism for establishing and maintaining the steep osmolarity gradient between the cortex and medulla of the kidney which is vital for the conservation of water via reabsorption in the loop of Henle

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10
Q

What region of sacromere does not change length during contraction

A

A-band everything else does change

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11
Q

Class 1 Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC1)

A

Are molecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body they display cytoplasmic proteins fragments to cytotoxic T cells and allow the T cells to recognize the fragments as yourself or non-self

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12
Q

Class two major histocompatibility protein complex

A

Are molecules located on antigen presenting cells only

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13
Q

Cell mediated immunity example

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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14
Q

Chyme

A

Partially digested food and gastric juices that are in the form of a semi liquid substance and it enters the duodenum where it encounters secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas

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15
Q

What characterizes the descending limb of Henle’s loop?

A

High permeability to water and low permeability to ions this is done in order to create a saw you concentration gradient between the renal cortex and medulla

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16
Q

What characterizes the ascending limb of Henle sleep?

A

The ascending limb of Henle’s Loop is where the tubule is impermeable to water and highly permeable to ions

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17
Q

Transformation in bacteria

A

Virus vector transfers the DNA from one bacterium to another

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18
Q

Transformation in bacteria

A

The incorporation of genetic material fragments in countered by a bacterium

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19
Q

Conjugation

A

Exchange genetic material via a physical bridge called the conjugation bridge between two bacteria

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20
Q

When is ATP hydrolyzed or bound in muscle contractions

A

ATP is involved in Dissociation of myosin from Acton, confirmation of change that moves actinomycin filaments relative to one another, and the reuptake of calcium into the psych up as him via an ATP hydrolyzing pump

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21
Q

What cell(s) do not have nuclei in body

A

Platelets and RBCs

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22
Q

Neutrophils

A

are phagocytic granulocytes that are no invovled in protection from a virus and are unable to present antigens likes macrophages/dendritic cells. However are able to use chemotaxis to follow bacterial products back to the source

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23
Q

B-cells

A

Eventually make antibodies but are not involved in combatting against a virus And sometimes can exhibit MCH class to molecules on their cell surface

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24
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Activate T cells

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25
Q

Cytotoxic T-Cells

A

Adaptive immune response that is directly related to combatting a virus and are highly specific

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26
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Innate immune response that monitors MHC Class I expression

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27
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

Is slow because memory cells have not been developed for new pathogen

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28
Q

Secondary Immune Response

A

Is specific, quick and efficient due to memory cells from a previous pathogen

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29
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Is immunity generated when one receives antibodies from outside sources

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30
Q

Naïve

A

Did not receive treatment and research experiment

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31
Q

Helper T Cells

A

Are very specific lymphocytes that aid in the removal of cancer cells by preventing wrong for activation or by activating B cells

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32
Q

What are good vaccine targets for bacteria and viruses?

A

Membrane protiens So the antibodies in the bloodstream can access the protein informant immune response to them

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33
Q

Where does B-lymphocyte production occur?

A

In bone marrow

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34
Q

Clonal deletion

A

Elimination of self reactive B-cells in the bone marrow from the population

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35
Q

Where are B-cells activated

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

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36
Q

How does Clonal Selection work

A

Only B-cells that can correctly bind to the antigen survive providing a mechanism for generating specificity. The antigen binding region of the B-cell undergoes hypermutation in order to find the best match for the antigen

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37
Q

Immune system Phagocytes

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

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38
Q

First step in alerting immune system of potential invaders

A

Phagocytes ingeet invader and then present a MHC class II molecule on its surface. Then cell travels to lymph nodes expressing the invader to B-cells where clonal selction takes time to match the antigen to a proper anitbody

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39
Q

Th1 cells

A

Helper T cells that are CD4+ respond to MHC class II and coordinate the rest of the immune response through secretions of lymphocytes specifically interferon and gamma which activate macrophages. Mainly involved in the extracellular pathogen infections

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40
Q

Th2 cells

A

Helper T cells that are CD4+ respond to MHC II and coordinate the rest of the immune response by activating B cells primarily in parasitic infections. Mainly involved in extracellular pathogen infections

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41
Q

Mast cells

A

Have antibodies on their surface and when triggered can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals

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42
Q

Interferons

A

Are immune mediators that are responsible got triggering surrounding cells to be less permeable to antigens and upregulate MHC I and II. This causes feelings of sickness as well as parts of the fever pathway

43
Q

Complement

A

Is an immune mediator that consists of protiens that act as non specific defense against bacteria by poking poles in the cell wall

44
Q

Bacterial (Extracellular Pathogen) Infections

A

Macrophages are always on the lookout for potential invaders where the macrophages in golf bacteria and release inflammatory mediators. The mediators can also digest and present antigens on their surfaces. Cytokines then trigger inflammatory response which triggers mast cell degranulation. Histamine triggers leaky capillaries so that immune cells can move to affected tissue. Dendritc cells go to nearest lymphocyte and to get B cells to produce correct antibody

45
Q

Mast cell degranulation

A

Results in histamine release with which causes increased lateness of capillaries

46
Q

Extravastion

A

The movement of immune cells from the bloodstream into affected tissues

47
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies in the lymph nodes and proliferate through clonal selection

48
Q

Memory B cells

A

Amplify the antibody response and are proliferated through clonal selection. Help To recognize foreign molecules and to produce antibodies in a rapid immediate response

49
Q

Interferon gamma

A

Molecule that activates macrophages and enhances their ability to kill bacteria and is released by Th1 sells

50
Q

Viral (Intracellular Pathogen)

A

Fairly infected cells will begin to produce interferons which reduce the permeability of nearby cells causing sickness symptoms these infected cells also present intracellular proteins on their surface in conjunction with MHC1. CD8+ T cells recognize The MHC one and antigen complex as foreign and inject substances into the cells to induce aPoptosis. Memory T cells are generated so that the next time a much faster response can be obtained

51
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

CD4+ cells that Monitor immune responses and help to prevent auto immunity

52
Q

What is the relationship between T cells and the thymus

A

T cells mature and undergo positive and negative selection here

53
Q

Eosinophils

A

Release histamine which helps drive the inflammatory response of The Body

54
Q

Crossing over

A

Occurs in prophase I of meiosis causing alleles to be swapped between homologous chromosomes however genes that are located very close together on a chromosome are less likely to be separated from each other and R said to not be linked

55
Q

How can you let that genes are linked?

A

They will have a low recombination frequency, the closer to 0% the frequency the more likely they are to be linked and the more likely they are to be located close together

56
Q

What is the role of fructose in Male Reproduction

A

The seminal vesicles contribute fructose to nourish sperm

57
Q

Lac operon

A

Is the segment of DNA that binds to the repressor

58
Q

What characteristic is unique to unicellular organisms either prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Their genomes have nearly all material codes for protiens

59
Q

What makes up cillia and flagella

A

Bundles of microtubules

60
Q

Microfilaments

A

I composed of actin and are found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells as well as in muscles

61
Q

S-phase

A

DNA synthesis stage

62
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

Restriction checkpoint that tells the cell if it will commit to division. Failure to pass checkpoint leads to no division

63
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Takes place before cell division and checks for DNA damage after replication and if the damage is detected it will pause division till damage is repaired

64
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Occurs in anaphase I or II when homologous pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate

65
Q

Dissociation constant relationship

A

Low Kd means the ES complex does not dissociate readily

High Kd means the ES complex does indeed readily dissociate

66
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Cells that nourish developing sperm cells and al located in the epithelial lining of seminiferous tubules and activated by FSH

67
Q

Leydig cells

A

Are adjacent to seminiferous tubules in testicles where they produce testosterone and other androgens when stimulated by LH.

68
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

69
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Facilitates the pairing of homologous chromosomes

70
Q

Nucleolus

A

Is the nuclear sub domain that assembles ribosomal unit and eukaryotic cells. The nucleolus organizeher region of chromosomes which contain the jeans for pre-ribosomal ribonucleic acid serves as the function of the nucleolus structure

71
Q

IgG

A

Is an antibody that gets transferred from the mother through umbilicus circulation or breast milk to help protect the infant from pathogens

72
Q

CCK

A

In small intestines Suppresses hunger stimualtes acinar pancreatic cells to realease digestive enzymes and lowers gastric secretions. Think saitey

73
Q

Somatostatin

A

Is growth hormone and it inhibits CCK

74
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Stop codon mutation

75
Q

CDNA librayr

A

Contains only coding regions (exons)

76
Q

Genomics library

A

Contains both coding a non-coding regions HA intron and exons

77
Q

Negative control

A

Is a control in which we expect to see no result

78
Q

Positive control

A

Control in Which an known result is expected

79
Q

Opputilunistic virus

A

When cells are trying to maintain homeostasis and the virus infects these cells

80
Q

Lytic phase

A

Host cell machinate taken over to create more phage protiens

81
Q

Lysogenic phase

A

Occurs when phage genome is incorporated into host genome allowing it to replicate as the host replicates. In this phase there is no active infection but can transition to lutic phase during certian environmental conditions

82
Q

Vasopressin

A

Adds aquaporins to collecting ducts to inc water reabsorption

83
Q

Nuclear localization sequence

A

Sequence that allows proteins to translocate into the nucleus

84
Q

Ubiquitination

A

Targets a pro team for degradation buy a proteosome

85
Q

Proteasome

A

Is a protein complex in a cell that contains proteases. It degrades proteins that have been tagged by ubiquitin

86
Q

Where do microtubules radiate from

A

Centrosomes

87
Q

Dependency ratio

A

of econmically dependent ppl/# of economically productive ppl

Or

Ppl too young/old to work/ppl 18-65

88
Q

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Suggest that human cognition is affected by language such as humans are better at distinguishing colors from their language which has a name for that color

89
Q

Source monitoring error

A

When the source of one thing is miss identified as another source and is typically experienced with previous knowledge

90
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

When a patient selectively is forgetting distracting elements of his or her life

91
Q

Relative poverty

A

Having less income than required to maintain a certian standard of living

92
Q

Structural poverty

A

Poverty due to economic structure

93
Q

Absolute poverty

A

Below the poverty line and have deficient income

94
Q

Marginal poverty

A

Lack certain stable employment

95
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes antigen specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the various cytokines in the response to an antigen

96
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

Is the rate limiting step in glycogenolysis

97
Q

Glycerol abd metabolism

A

It can be a gluconeogenesis in glycolysis substrate

98
Q

Cytochrome P450

A

Acts as a monooxygenase where in oxygen atom is inserted into a substrate thereby resulting in the oxidation of the substrate

99
Q

Henries law constant KH

A

S= Kh x Pg

Solutbility = henries law constant × the partial pressure of gas

100
Q

What are the units of the ribosome

A

it is EPA

E stands for exit, P stands for peptide, and A stands for amino acid

Amino acid and proteins flow from Starting at A to Ending at E

101
Q

Gel filtration chromatography vs Native PAGE

A

Native PAGE is used to separate molecules based on their electrophoretic mobility relying on length confirmation in charge while girl filtration chromatography separate proteins only on the basis of their size

102
Q

What is true about the in active X chromosome replication

A

It is one of the last chromosomes to replicate

103
Q

Microglia

A

Are phagocytic innate immune cells specific to the brain

104
Q

Progression of protein synthesis

A

Rough ER to go to complex and then secretory transport vesicles

Tests and Questions (3 decks)

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