Psych/Soci

Question 1

Assimilation

Answer 1

Assimilation is the process by which a minority group’s culture adopts aspects of the majority group. Often times their culture is simply lost.

Question 2

Social Reproduction

Answer 2

Social reproduction is a theory proposed by Karl Marx to describe the tendency of inequality to be passed down through the generations due to certain structures or activities. This theory states that over generations socioeconomic status remains the same, limiting any social mobility.

Question 3

Horizontal Mobility

Answer 3

Horizontal mobility describes the change of an individual’s role or status within the same socioeconomic level, often called a stratum.

Question 4

Vertical Mobility

Answer 4

Vertical mobility describes the change of an individual’s role or status to a different level of the socioeconomic gradient, entering a different stratum. This is like the transition of a premedical student to a doctor. There is little evidence in the passage that this is occurring and does not match how the immigrants are discussed.

Question 5

Social epidemiology

Answer 5

Social epidemiology focuses on the social determinants of health and how social factors influence patterns of health and disease in populations. While the study may have implications for the overall well-being of surgeons, its primary focus is on the treatment they receive from their employer rather than health outcomes.

Question 6

Intersectionality

Answer 6

Intersectionality is the recognition of how various aspects of an individual’s identity intersect and interact to shape their experiences and social inequalities. This perspective acknowledges that race, gender, and other social identities are interconnected and mutually influence each other. Given that the study aims to investigate the impact of both race and gender on the treatment received by surgeons, the concept of intersectionality is highly relevant.

Question 7

Conflict theory

Answer 7

Conflict theory examines social inequalities and power dynamics within society, focusing on how conflicts arise due to competing interests and unequal distribution of resources. In the context of the study, the researcher is interested in exploring how race and gender influence the treatment received by surgeons, which aligns with the core ideas of conflict theory.

Question 8

Instinctive drift

Answer 8

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors or instincts rather than performing learned behaviors, especially when there is a conflict between the learned behavior and the instinctual behavior. In the given scenario, the raccoon has been trained to drop a metal coin into a box for a food reward. In this example, the raccoon began displaying instinctive behavior (“washing” the coins, which they have associated with food) instead of conditioned behavior (dropping the coins). The raccoon’s behavior of dipping the coins instead of dropping them aligns with a typical food-washing behavior observed in raccoons. This demonstrates the influence of the raccoon’s natural instincts overriding the learned behavior of dropping the coin.

Question 9

The elaboration likelihood model predicts that there are two routes to persuade individuals:

Answer 9

Central route & Peripheral route

Question 10

Central route

Answer 10

which is used to convince a more attentive and motivated audience and which produces longer-lasting change.

tends to involve persuasive techniques that focus on credibility, accuracy, and facts instead of more superficial details.

Question 11

Peripheral route

Answer 11

which is used to convince a less motivated audience and which produces shorter-term change.

Question 12

Elements of persuasion

Answer 12

Source
Message
Target characteristics

Question 13

Source characteristics

Answer 13

include credibility, attractiveness, and expertise of the source. In the peripheral route, an attractive or credible source might be more persuasive regardless of the argument’s strength.

Question 14

Message characteristics

Answer 14

include the quality of the arguments, the logic used, and the length and complexity of the message.

Question 15

Target characteristics

Answer 15

include the audience’s mood, intelligence, alertness, and prior knowledge.

Question 16

Differencial Association

Answer 16

Individuals learn deviant behaviors, values, and norms by interacting with others that have similar behaviors, values, and norms

Question 17

Strain

Answer 17

The disconnect between goals and the means for achieving those goals casuses deviant behavior

Question 18

Labeling

Answer 18

Primary deviance, or a small social norm violation, leads to a deviant label & social stigma, subsequently leading to secondary deviance (more serious violations)

Question 19

Phonological loop

Answer 19

Component of working memory associated with the storage of verbal information.

Question 20

Divided attention

Answer 20

Ability to process multiple streams of information or carry out several tasks at once.

Question 21

Selective attention

Answer 21

The ability to focus on a specific stimulus while ignoring others. However, reading aloud involves processing multiple stimuli simultaneously, not selecting one over the others.

Question 22

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 22

The ability to distinguish between different stimuli. While reading might involve some form of this, especially in distinguishing between similar-looking words or phrases, it is not the primary cognitive process at play when reading aloud.

Question 23

Depth perception

Answer 23

The visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. It is not directly relevant to the act of reading aloud.

Question 24

The parietal lobe

Answer 24

Is primarily responsible for somatosensation and spatial awareness and is not significantly engaged when reading aloud.
Therefore, heightened activation of the parietal lobe is least likely when participants are reading aloud.

Question 25

The occipital lobe

Answer 25

Processes visual information, including the words and sentences on a page, when reading. As such, it would be expected to show heightened activation during the activity of reading aloud.

Question 26

Broca’s area (Frontal Lobe)

Answer 26

Is crucial for speech production.
Given that reading aloud involves producing speech, the frontal lobe would also be expected to be activated.

Question 27

Wernicke’s area (Temporal Lobe)

Answer 27

Responsible for language comprehension, as well as regions involved in auditory processing.
Given its role in understanding language and potentially processing one’s own spoken words, this lobe would be active during reading aloud.

Question 28

Chunking

Answer 28

process of breaking down information into smaller, manageable units to make it easier to remember. In the case of the man memorizing his phone number by remembering it 3-digits at a time, he is chunking the number into smaller groups to help him recall it more easily.

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

activation of certain mental associations by previous experience or exposure to related information.

Question 30

Rehearsal

Answer 30

repeating information over and over again in order to commit it to memory. However, the question stem does not say that the man is using repetition to learn the information.

Question 31

Encoding

Answer 31

refers to the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.

Question 32

Semantics

Answer 32

The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words and sentences, making it most relevant to learning definitions.

Question 33

Syntax

Answer 33

refers to rules governing word order in phrases and sentences.

Question 34

Pragmatics

Answer 34

refers to anything other than the literal meaning of a word that contributes to its meaning (e.g., tone of voice, body language, metaphorical usage, etc.)

Question 35

Morphology

Answer 35

refers to the rules by which constituents of words contribute to their meaning. Learning the meanings of entire words from index cards does not directly contribute to the understanding of morphology.

Question 36

Underextension

Answer 36

Occurs when a child uses a word too narrowly and fails to extend its use to other appropriate things.

Question 37

Overextension

Answer 37

occurs when a child uses a word too broadly, extending its meaning to include things that it does not apply to.

For example, a child might use the word “dog” to refer to all four-legged animals, not just dogs.

Question 38

Overregularization

Answer 38

refers to when a child applies grammatical rules too rigidly, even when the rules don’t fit the situation. For example, a child might say “I goed” instead of “I went.” This error is not related to the meaning of words, but to grammar.

Question 39

Underregularization

Answer 39

refers to when a child is too specific with their use of words or language, leading to errors in their speech. Like overregularization, underregularization is related to grammar, not the meaning of words.

Question 40

Heuristic

Answer 40

A type of mental shortcut or “rule of thumb” that allows individuals to make quick decisions and solve problems in a practical and efficient manner. Heuristics are often based on past experiences and are used when more formal or systematic problem-solving methods are not feasible or necessary. Heuristics are quick problem-solving strategies that yield practical solutions.

Question 41

Aphasia

Answer 41

A general term used to describe a language-specific disorder that may occur after a stroke, head injury, or disease.
There are multiple different aphasias, with the most common being damage to Broca’s Area, resulting in impaired speech, and damage to Wernicke’s Area, resulting in impaired comprehension. is a general term used to describe a language-specific disorder that may occur after a stroke, head injury, or disease.
There are multiple different aphasias, with the most common being damage to Broca’s Area, resulting in impaired speech, and damage to Wernicke’s Area, resulting in impaired comprehension.