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Jonathan's MCAT Flashcards > Psych/Soc > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between the push and pull factors of migration and migrational forces?

A

Push and Pull Factors of migration vs Migrational forces (honestly not sure what the difference between the two terms are)

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2
Q

Primary and recency effects show what about ST and LT memory?

A

They are 2 separate systems

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3
Q

Gardner’s 8 intelligences would identify?

A

troubles with emotion and mental states but ok with language and cognitive skills

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4
Q

Mead’s I vs me?

A

I identifies spontaneous and autonomous self. Me identifies self formed by interactions with others and general social environment.

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5
Q

Emotional arousal during commotion is a?

A

unconditioned response

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6
Q

Most likely reason people face discrimination due to health?

A

Social integration

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7
Q

Controlling patient and hospital characteristics means?

A

Account for confounding factors

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8
Q

How to identify which explanation to use for charts?

A

use axis

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9
Q

According to US census, people from middle east are called?

A

White american

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10
Q

Proactive vs reactive social movement?

A

Proactive= create and enact change Reactive= resist change

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11
Q

Effect of economic downfall?

A

Formation of slums for poor people (not ghettos because those are racially segregated) and will not effect globalization

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12
Q

Age 5 what cognitive limitation??

A

Egocentrism

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13
Q

What are factors of interpersonal attraction?

A

similary of activities people enjoy, physical attractiveness, number of times people interact with eachother before study. NOT neuroticism personality test.

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14
Q

What are false memories that are thought to be true called?

A

Reconstructive memories

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15
Q

What is concern with generalizability for emotional events in lab?

A

Memory of emtional events is different in lab, not confounding variables

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16
Q

What does an emotional event do to memory?

A

Causes a restriction of the focus of attention. Does not impare coding of peripheral details.

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17
Q

Symptoms include a pounding heart, chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, and feeling dizzy. Medical tests reveal that the man did not have a heart attack. Which psychiatric diagnosis provides the most likely explanation for the man’s symptoms

A

Panic disorder (not anxiety disorder)

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18
Q

What are 3 components of Socioeconomic status?

A

occupation, income, and education

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19
Q

What controls endocrine system?

A

hypothalamus

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20
Q

What is standard condition of dichotic listening?

A

Presenting 2 different auditory messages, one in each ear

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21
Q

What would hurt the idea that race/ethnicity is socially constructed?

A

Social construction refers to idea that race/ethnicity comes from history, culture, and society. A biological finding would hurt this idea like finding a different genome.

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22
Q

What brain imaging system used for meauring brain activation (function)

A

PET

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23
Q

Alcohol for enjoyment and then later for dependence relates to behavior methods?

A

First positive reinforcement, then negative reinforcement

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24
Q

lack of support for predictive models for discrimination/prejudice is explained by?

A

unmeasured predictive factors, such as social support, reduce impact of discrimination on alcohol consumption

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25
Q

Functionalist view of religion?

A

helps increase social solidarity

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26
Q

Why would glutamate be more damaging in hippocampus than cortex?

A

Hippocampus has expression of NMDA receptors (glutamate receptors) than cortex

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27
Q

rine from inbred strain (Strain A) male mice was swabbed every day for one week on the nostrils of female mice of inbred strain (Strain B). Compared to unswabbed, female Strain B mice, uterine weight, but not total body weight, increased in the swabbed mice. Strain A male urine had no effect on uterine weight or body weight of inbred, female Strain C mice. Which statement best explains these results?

A

The molecular profile of puberty-accelerating, chemosensory neurons differs between mouse strains.

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28
Q

self verification refers to?

A

tendency to seek out information that agrees with self concept

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29
Q

Aggression and oppositional behaviors had strongest association with hunger, which hormone?

A

serotonin

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30
Q

Food insecurity related to conscientiousness and neuroticism?

A

Conscientiousness- responsibility and planning Neuroticism- insecurtity and anxiety. Food insecurity would be negatively associated with consientiousness and positively with neuroticism

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31
Q

actor observer bias

A

attribute own characteristics to situation and others to a disposition

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32
Q

habituation vs dishabituation

A

lemon juice on tongue switch to lime

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33
Q

selye’s general adaptation syndrome

A

peoples response to stressors is similar

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34
Q

primary vs secondary appraisal?

A

During primary appraisal, the person analyzes the potential stressor along with the surrounding environment to determine whether it represents a threat. secondary appraisal would have ensued, in which Eric would have decided whether and how he could reasonably cope with the situation.

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35
Q

mindfulness?

A

non judgementally evaluate herself and environment.. Subliminal distraction is when subtle moving stimuli in one’s periphery are registered by the brain and possibly influence perception and behavioral performance.

36
Q

During the experiment a participant in the Suppress Negative condition fights back negative feelings by closing her eyes to prevent the release of tears, noting afterwards that the image makes her feel sad. This is an example of:

A

Schachter-Singer theory

37
Q

amygdala facts?

A

. The amygdala is heavily involved in fear conditioning, located in temporal lobe (not parietal), there are 2, one in each hemisphere, considered part of limbic system

38
Q

The release and serum levels of which neurotransmitter would be LEAST affected during stress response

A

serotonin. acetylcholine would be decreased because used for parasym

39
Q

mediating vs moderating variable?

A

A good rule of thumb to differentiate between moderating and mediating variables is to view a moderating variable as one that influences the strength of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables, while a mediating variable is one that can be used to explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

40
Q

which is and is not a racial group recognized in america?

A

yes: white, black, hawaiin Not: latino (ethnicity)

41
Q

social clock? activity theory? disengagement theory? life review?

A

SC: timetable for events to occur in life AT: old people just as active as young DT: people isolate from prior activities due to age LR: old people reflect on life

42
Q

functional attitude theory?

A

adaptive attitude: fit into group ego defensive: justify actions ego expressive: how individual express themself

43
Q

semi periphery vs periphery country

A

periphery- highly dependent on others

44
Q

hospitals and schools are what type of capital?

A

economic

45
Q

cross sectional study?

A

analyze subsets of population at specific point in time

46
Q

female principals overcome stereotype of not being assertive leader and expectation of being a “token woman” through role strain or conflict?

A

role conflict

47
Q

Which of the following research findings about New York City least supports the idea that their education system is a meritocracy?

A

Staten Island students come from families of relatively high socioeconomic status.

48
Q

Which of the following is areason that positive punishment alone for pushing an incorrect button would likely be an effective strategy in teaching the cats to push the correct button?

A

here would be rapid extinction when the punishment is ceased. Learned helplessness might occur. The desired replacement behavior is not reinforced (punishment can be ineffective because replacement not taught). wrong answer- Because the buttons are secondary reinforcers, punishment would technically not occur. because the buttons are not reinforcers

49
Q

What is an example of a fixed-ratio reward system using secondary reinforcers?

A

Bonuses paid to employees after every 100 products are completed. NOT Employee-of-the-month awards when the boss feels the company needs a boost in morale

50
Q

social control definition?

A

Social control describes the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.

51
Q

Which of the following constructs can be defined and evaluated within the constructs of culture?

A

health, illness, patient sick role

52
Q

In an individualistic society, a person with a disability that decides to remain unemployed and to subside on disability and welfare checks would most likely be labeled

A

deviant becasue violates social norms. NOT egocentrism because that is paiget and focus on own perspective

53
Q

Which of the following represents the greatest challenge to the validity of the study?

A

Circumstances other than psychotic relapse can contribute to the outcome variable. (Validity has to do with measuring results, reliability is can it be repeated) NOT Caregivers tend to vary their answers on the burden posed by their relatives based on recent events.
(change over time)

54
Q

An activist uses the results of this study to argue that policies preventing downward social mobility should be adopted in order to reduce the incidence of psychiatric disorders. Is this conclusion supported by the study?

A

No, because the researchers did not show a causal relationship between downward mobility and the incidence of psychiatric disorders.

55
Q

Many veterans return from combat with serious mental health issues like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Which of the following is NOT a symptom of PTSD?

A

Cyclic hypomania is not a symptom of PTSD. Hypomania is typically experienced by a person with bipolar disorder. Dissociative reactions is a symptom

56
Q

Which of the following is NOT likely to cause MDD?

A

Decreased levels of THI, the main inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase (would make more) NOT increasing amount of receptors because each would activate less

57
Q

In this study, methamphetamine administration served as:

A

neither reinforcement or punishment. This study involved classical conditioning, not operant conditioning. The quickest rule of thumb for distinguishing between the two is that operant conditioning involves changing the frequency of a behavior, whereas classical conditioning involves changing the cues that a behavior is associated with.

58
Q

How long must a patient experience symptoms of depression before he or she can be diagnosed with major depressive disorder?

A

2 weeks

59
Q

Individuals who first experience a physiological response when asked to speak about being a victim of crime and then perceive a resultant emotion are demonstrating which theory of emotion or perception?

A

james lange

60
Q

Which of the following best exhibits how diffusion of education could help low-socioeconomic-status (SES) students?

A

High-SES school systems could expose them to new ways of learning. Not Parents of low-SES students could be taught parenting skills related to school. because this is social transmission (occurs within one group)

61
Q

shadowing definition?

A

repeating digits presented to specific ear

62
Q

Which basic cognitive process was used by the flight cadets who were required to repeat certain digits?

A

selective attention

63
Q

Researchers hypothesized that cocaine is pharmacologically active in the primate fetal brain when pregnant primates are administered cocaine at doses typically used by human drug users. Which experimental observation best supports their hypothesis?

A

glucose metabolism in the fetal brain increased. because cocaine is a stimulant it would have a physiological effect similar to stress and hence glucose metabolism is expected to increase. B is incorrect because transport of cocaine to the fetal circulation does not indicate whether the drug is pharmacologically active in the fetus

64
Q

The reminiscence bump is best described as an example of:

A

because cultural transmission addresses how culture is learned. Culture is passed along from generation to generation through various childrearing practices, including when parents expose children to music. As illustrated by the reminiscence bump, parents’ musical preferences affected their children’s memory of music.

65
Q

The technical term for the type of stimulus registered by the sensory receptors, mentioned in the first paragraph, is:

A

proximal stimulus is the stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g., the pattern of light falling on the retina),

66
Q

Which term is used to describe a memory report that is inaccurate, but expressed with extreme confidence?

A

false memory

67
Q

In operant conditioning studies, the subject’s motivational state is most typically operationally defined by:

A

depriving the subject of some desirable stimulus item for a period of time. NOT using a type of reinforcement that the experimenter knows the subject usually likes.

68
Q

Which of the following perspectives is most likely to satisfy the researchers’ call for studies that supplement the biomedical approach to cancer?

A

social epidemiology (focuses on the contribution of social and cultural factors to disease patterns in populations. It is also well positioned to supplement the biomedical approach because social epidemiology is a sub-field of epidemiology.)

69
Q

cultural capital?

A

Cultural capital refers to knowledge, skills, education, and similar characteristics that are used to make social distinctions and that are associated with differences in social status.

70
Q

An example of intersectionality is the relationship between:

A

race/ethnicity and social class. Intersectionality calls attention to how identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification. For example, an individual’s position within a social hierarchy is determined not only by his or her social class, but also by his or her race/ethnicity. Intersectionality can also refer to intersections involving other identity categories such as age, gender, or sexual orientation.

71
Q

Which technique was most likely used to measure increased neural activation of specific brain regions when viewing the images of food?

A

fMRI (measures blood flow changes in brain)

72
Q

Negative priming requires which type of memory process?

A

implicit memory

73
Q

The researchers determined that two participants in the S group were taking medication that may have exacerbated their negative symptoms. Which classification of medication were these participants most likely taking?

A

neuroleptics. are the first antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia and though they are effective in treating positive symptoms, their side effects include cognitive dulling, which can exacerbate negative symptoms.

74
Q

How would participants with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) perform on the verbal fluency and negative priming tasks? AD will:

A

negatively affect performance on both the verbal fluency and negative priming tasks.

75
Q

Weberian stratification

A

wealth, power, prestige

76
Q

Which of the following could account for the high comorbidity between BPD and SUD?

A

Substance use is a diagnostic criterion of BPD. NOT . Both disorders can severely impact functioning.

77
Q

It seems likely that mindfulness techniques in DBT are designed to address which aspect of BPD?

A

thought suppression. NOT Executive processes

78
Q

Which of the following characterizes personality disorders from other psychological disorders?

A

They are seen to be relatively stable over an individual’s life

79
Q

A particular study repeatedly refers to the number of yearly births per 1000 people. What is the correct name for this measurement?

A

birth rate. The fertility rate also a common sociological term, but this refers to the number of children per woman, not per 1000 people.

80
Q

Jenny is 13 years old. She believes that smoking marijuana after school every day is a completely normal experience and assumes that all of her classmates do the same thing when they go home. What attribution bias is Jenny making?

A

False consensus effect- people tend to overestimate how common their behavior is and assume that others do the same things they do NOT self-serving bias-a tendency to make attributions that protect our self-esteem

81
Q

Some sociologists attribute the increase in inequality in the United States to a breakdown in social solidarity caused by excessive individualism and increasing social isolation. Which sociological concept is closest to this explanation?

A

Anomie, first used by the famed sociologist Emile Durkheim, describes the breakdown in social bonds in modern societies, which is the result of a loss of social norms and reciprocity

82
Q

Which of the following factors represents a potential threat to external validity in the study?

A

If the boy is not representative of other 10-year-olds. Threats to external validity involve application of the study to outside situations.

83
Q

transtheoretical change model?

A

represents the stages of change through which one progresses as one makes decisions regarding life changes. The order of the stages is: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Because it can be seen that the boy had a number of problematic behaviors before treatment, he was likely in pre-contemplation. He then improved his behavior and can be said to be in the action stage.

84
Q

short term memory?

A

15-30 seconds

85
Q

Upon admission to a hospital for a severe manic episode, a patient exhibits an excitable, cheerful demeanor as well as psychotic delusions of being a celebrity. These symptoms all disappear after six weeks of treatment. He experiences normal mood for seven more months before suffering a severe depressive episode. This patient would most likely be diagnosed with which form of bipolar disorder?

A

bipolar I. NOT bipolar II because mood does not reach mania

86
Q

The type of “blackout” amnesia produced by excess alcohol consumption is likely to be:

A

anterograde amnesia. Must recall events that happened while he or she was drinking, suggesting that he or she was unable to form memories while under the influence of alcohol. The inability to form new memories is called anterograde amnesia.

87
Q

A student who initially states, “I am not able to succeed at school because my teacher views me as dumb,” but later states, “We poor students are being unfairly judged by the education system,” has demonstrated what views, respectively?

A

False consciousness and class consciousness. False consciousness refers to internalizing oppressive narratives regarding unjust social structures (in this case, the idea that educational success is purely a property of personal intelligence rather than being affected by social structures), while class consciousness describes an awareness of how unjust social structures are mediated by the socioeconomic factor of class.

Jonathan's MCAT Flashcards (4 decks)

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