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Drew's MCAT Flashcards > Psych-Soc > Flashcards

Psych-Soc Flashcards

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1
Q

What is conversion disorder?

A

A somatoform disorder where a person displays blindness, deafness, or other symptoms of sensory or motor failure without a physical cause

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2
Q

What is cognitave dissonance theory?

A

People have a bias to seek consonance between their thoughts and beliefs. They undergo dissonance reduction when two of their cognitions are incompatible like being vegan but falling in love with a meat eater.

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3
Q

what is catatonic type schizophrenia?

A

There are only negative symptoms such as flat affect and rigidity. Hallucinations are considered “positive” symptoms so they are not involved in catatonic type schizophrenia

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4
Q

What is repression?

A

A stretegy employed to keep painful thoughts out of conscious awareness

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5
Q

what is regression?

A

it involves the use of coping mechanisms that are characteristic of an earlier point in psychological development, such as reverting to bedwetting after a traumatic incident

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6
Q

what is dissociative fugue?

A

A type of dissociative disorder where a person suffers personal amnesia. Sufferers tend to wander, travel, and establish new identities based on who they believe they are

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7
Q

what are somatoform disorders?

A

They involve physical illness or injury

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8
Q

What does Parkinson’s disease involve?

A

results in the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, primarily cuased by cellular death of neurons in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra of the brain (which are dopamine-producing and inhibitory, stabilizing movement in contact with motor cortices of the brain and inhibit excessive movement thats why Parkinson folks shake)

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9
Q

What is the principle of aggregation?

A

Explains how attitudes are better at predicting general patterns of behavior, but cannot always account for specific behaviors (such as the inconsistent eating tendencies of anorexi people where they will binge eat on occasion)

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10
Q

What does psychoanalytic therapy focus on?

A

Helping the patient gain awareness of his or her unconscious motives and then make choices that are based on rality rather than instincts (id) or guilt (superego)

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11
Q

What is attachment theory?

A

It maintains that parent-child relationships strongly influence the child’s attitudes about the self and the world. With the anorexia case, because family oriented therapy was shown to be an effective treatment, the graph implies that family relationships play a role in AN pathology which is consistent with attachment theory

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12
Q

What is dramaturgy?

A

The concept that individual’s lives are a stage and they use the appropriate props to portray their respective roles

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13
Q

What is an aggregate?

A

People who exist in the same space but do not share a common sense of identity

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14
Q

What is altruism?

A

Altruism is the when an organism behaves in such a way as to benefit the group, even at a potential cost to itself

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15
Q

What is social loafing theory?

A

When people in groups will exert less effort when they are not held individually accountable, downplaying the role of their own contribution while assuming someone else will take up the slack.

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16
Q

What is parallel play?

A

normal behavior in preschool children where they play by themselves but change their behavior after observing someone else play

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17
Q

What is the Canon-Bard theory of emotion?

A

physiological arousal and the subjective feeling of emotion arise from different parts of the brain and are separate and independent of one another

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18
Q

What is the James Lange theory of emotion?

A

A stimulus triggers a physiological response like in a scary movie when your heart beats faster and you interpret that as fear

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19
Q

What is the Schacter-Singer theory of emotion?

A

A stimulus first triggers physiological arousal, then a cognitive interpretation of the circumstances, then the perception of emotion. Similar to James Lange but adds an element of cognitive assessment

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20
Q

What are Eckman’s seven universal emotions?

A

anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

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21
Q

What are piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A
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22
Q

What are functionalist theories?

A

They assert that certain aspects of culture are necessary and need-based

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23
Q

What is the difference between mores, folkways, taboos, and laws?

A

Folkways are norms that govern every day behavior like holding the door for someone; taboos are considered unacceptable by culture like cannibalism or incest; laws are established standards of behavior that are written and have clear consequences; mores are norms that are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society and may have consequences if violated

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24
Q

What is kinship by affinity

A

When individuals are related by choice rather than blood

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25
Q

What was harry harlows experiments with monkeys?

A

He found that monkey infants preferred the cloth mother over the wire mother. The monkeys would still eat from the wire mother which shows that there is more to the mother/child relationship than just food which is “contact comfort”. Their abnormal behavior after being paired with the wire mother could not be corrected by switching them back to the cloth mother

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26
Q

What is the external, internal, face, and content validity of a study?

A

Internal validity is adding a control for confounding variables so that causal conclusions can be drawn from the study. External validity has more to do about overall populations and the size and representativeness of the sample. Face validity has to do with how much the study “seems right” to researchers and participants. Content validity refers to whether the study in question accounts for all facets of what it seeks to accomplish

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27
Q

What is the difference between funcitonal and structural MRI?

A

Functional MRI observes the structure and the operation of brain regions

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28
Q

What is the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion?

A

individuals make interpretations about a stimulus such as viewing it positively or negatively

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29
Q

What is thinning in operant conditioning?

A

reducing the frequency of rewards for a particular action

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30
Q

What is a moderating variable

A

One that either increases or decreases the strength of an associaiton

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31
Q

What are Erikson’s stages of development?

A
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32
Q

What is the acronym for the kubler ross model

A

Death always brings definite acceptance (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance)

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33
Q

How can a study be altered to assess operant conditioning

A

Present the reward after observing the behavior. Then have them perform the same behavior again to see how the reward affected their behavior

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34
Q

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

A

The body’s short and long term reactions to stress. IT has three stages which are the alarm reaction, the stage of resistance, and the stage of exhaustion

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35
Q

What is a measurement of religiosity?

A

How many times the last month someone has gone to church. This measurement is quantitative and possible to score zero

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36
Q

What is anomie theory?

A

Individuals are less likely to behave in ways that benefit society when they experienced weakened social values. Relative depravation theory says that individuals who see themselves as having less resources than others will act in ways to obtain these resources

37
Q

What is the relationship between the id, ego, and superego?

A

The id is one’s largely unconscious set of primal urges, the superego is one’s sense of moral purpose, and the ego is the logic-based, more conscious balance between the two with some unconscious elements

38
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

A person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment

39
Q

What is deindividuation?

A

When a person feels unaccountable for their actions based on the actions of others

40
Q

What is social cognitive theory?

A

People learn by watching others and if they see them rewarded for their behavior, they are more likely to behave that way also

41
Q

How will an ideal bueraucracy make decisions?

A

In accordance with its mission, with in the case of a business is to increase the value for the shareholders

42
Q

Increased skin conductivity is controlled by what system in your body?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

43
Q

What is a discriminating stimulus?

A

One that signals the availability of reinforcement or punishment

44
Q

What do traditional behaviorist approaches say about behavior?

A

They reject that cognitions can act as motivators for behavior. Only the outcomes of a given behavior will determine whether or not the behavior will be repeated

45
Q

What is extrinsic vs. external motivation?

A

External motivation is social pressure, just one example of extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is a much broader term which includes both positive and negative reinforcers, and refers to any motivation that results from incentives to perform a behavior

46
Q

What is incongruence?

A

It refers to the gap between a person’s actual self and their ideal self

47
Q

What is observer bias?

A

Any bias on the part of the observers recording the data could have contaminated the original results

48
Q

Name the stages of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.

A

Sensorimotor (0-2), Preoperational (2-7), Concrete operational (7-11), Formal operational (11 and older)

49
Q

Define implicit, procedural, semantic, and episodic memory.

A

Implicit memory does not involve any type of recall or recognition. Procedural memory is a form of implicit memory which is basically motor skills. Semantic memory refers to the processing of world knowledge. Episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events

50
Q

What is a strong indicator of alcohol use?

A

Alcohol dependence is most strongly indicated by the presence of withdrawal symptoms.

51
Q

What is overextension?

A

Overextension is the term for applying a term to other objects that only bear a superficial resemblance

52
Q

Depression, dementia, and alcohol abuse are disorders associated with what?

A

Social stigma, which causes the underuse of available healthcare services for these patients.

53
Q

Disinhibition leads to what?

A

Increased risk taking

54
Q

What do self-efficacy and collective-efficacy predict?

A

Self-efficacy predicts one’s coping ability, while collective-efficacy predicts the prosocail behavior of a group which benefits the group as a whole.

55
Q

What dermal layer do nerves derive from?

A

Nervous tissue arises from ectoderm

56
Q

What are Freud’s stages?

A

Oral: 0-1 years, kids put things in their mouth; Anal: 2-3 years, kids are potty training; Phallic: 3-6 years, boys are attracted to their mother while girls are attracted to their father; Latency: 6-puberty, kids spend more time with the same sex; Genital: beyond puberty, Individuals are attracted to the opposite sex

57
Q

Describe displacement as a defense mechanism.

A

Displacement is a neurotic defense mechanism that shifts aggressive impulses to a less threatening target.

58
Q

Who invented the humanist theory and what does it describe?

A

Carl Rogers, the view supports nurturing through genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

59
Q

What is linguistic determinism?

A

The idea that language influences thought.

60
Q

What is universalism?

A

The idea that thought determines language.

61
Q
A
62
Q

Kinocilium

A

What are stereocilia connected to?

63
Q

G0 or G1, not replicating DNA in S phase or dividing by mitosis

A

What cell cycle stage will a nondividing cell most likely be found?

64
Q

Which approach to psychological disorders is related to classical conditioning?

A

Behaviorist

65
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The part of the eye where the most light is concentrated and has the highest concentration of cone cells

66
Q

Which area of the brain is responsible for vision?

A

Occipital cortex

67
Q

What is ratio vs. interval in reinforcement schedules?

A

Interval is amount of time

68
Q

Which reinforcment schedules are the most and least resistant to extinction?

A

Variable-ratio is most resistant to extinction while fixed-interval is the easiest to extinguish

69
Q

What is responsible for the rise in people aged 65 and older in the US?

A

Baby boom after WWII

70
Q

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

The idea that human cognition is influenced by language

71
Q

Selectively forgetting distracting elements from your life indicates what?

A

A dissociative disorder

72
Q

What type of intelligence has the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards?

A

Emotional intelligence, they are self-aware and aren’t overtaken by immediate impulses

73
Q

What is escape behavior?

A

Any response designed to eliminate an already present aversive stimulus

74
Q

What causes Alzheimers

A

A buildup of beta amyloid and NFT prions

75
Q

What is the first phase in conditioning?

A

Acquisition

76
Q

What is congitive behavioral therapy?

A

It involves adressing maladaptive behaviors through behavior therapy to systematically modify individual behavior and make self-assessments. It can be applied even as treatment to schizophrenia

77
Q

What do structural functionalists believe?

A

That all social activities have a manifest, intended function and make a distinction between the latent, unintended functions that contribute to overall social stability

78
Q

What is a downfall of an observational study?

A

Unable to measure causality

79
Q

What is the Hawthorne effect?

A

It describes changes in research participants as a result of their awareness that they are being observed

80
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

It is an individual’s internalization of a label that leads to a fulfillment of that label

81
Q

What is the Thomas theorem?

A

It states that if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences

82
Q

Which area of the brain maintains homeostatic equilibrium?

A

The hypothalamus

83
Q

What is the sensitive period?

A

A point in early development, also called the critical period, that can have significant influence on physiological or behavioral functioning later in life

84
Q

What is intersectionality?

A

How identity categories intersect in systems of social stratification

85
Q

What is fMRI?

A

An imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

86
Q

What stage of sleep is classified by sleep spindles?

A

2

87
Q

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

A

A model of the body’s stress response that has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

88
Q

What are unidirectional and reciprocal relationships of stress?

A

A unidirectional relationship is where a stressor leads to depressive symptoms. A reciprocal relationship is one where a stressor both influences and is influenced by depression

89
Q

Without conscious effort, people are unlikely to autonomically visually process what information?

A

Novel information

Drew's MCAT Flashcards (8 decks)

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