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Drew's MCAT Flashcards > Chem-Phys > Flashcards

Chem-Phys Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the graph of a competitive inhibitor look like?

A
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2
Q

How do you rank relative densities

A

look at informaiton in passage

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3
Q

Draw sulfonyl and urea functional groups

A
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4
Q

What is Poiselle’s Law

A

Flow = ∆Pπr^4 / 8Ln

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5
Q

what is the formula for work & what is the scientific notation of a nm

A

work = F*d*cosø & nm = 10^-9

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6
Q

What is the effect of lower air density on sound waves

A

Higher perceived frequency

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7
Q

Draw an imine functional group

A
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8
Q

What is the absolute configuration for C1

A
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9
Q

Identify the fatty acid from the following options: (a)(NH2)6COOH (b)CH3(CH2)8OCH3 (c) C6H6 (d) CH3(CH2)10COOH

A

(d) CH3(CH2)10COOH

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10
Q

What are the three types of decay and what particles do they emit?

A
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11
Q

How many grams of a 300g/mol compound does it take to prepare a 5mL 1.5M solution?

A

2g

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12
Q

What is the property where sound wave velocity increases as it moves from air to water?

A

Bulk Modulus

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13
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

IT requires energy to break bonds. Energy is absorbed to break bonds, while forming bonds releases energy

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14
Q

What is enthalpy of vaporization?

A

Heat energy required per mole to change from the liquid to gas phase

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15
Q

how does the melting point of water change with altitude?

A

Water’s melting point increases with decreasing pressure. At higher altitude with lower air pressure, water will have a higher melting temperature.

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16
Q

How can you change the Keq of a reaction?

A

changing temperature

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17
Q

Q>Keq?

A

products>reactants and the reaction will move in reverse

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18
Q

Q

A

products

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19
Q

How does Keq change when you add heat to an exothermic reaction?

A

Keq decreases causing a shift toward the reactants

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20
Q

How does the Ksp of KI differ in propanol vs. propane?

A

KI is polar so it is more soluble in propanol. KI would have a very small Ksp in propane

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21
Q

At STP how many liters of gas is 1 mol?

A

22.4L

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22
Q

Henderson Hasselbach formula for acids

A

pH=pKa+[base]/[acid]

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23
Q

What is the relationship between the Ka and Kb values?

A

They are inversely related through the dissociation constant for water

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24
Q

What is an enantiomer

A

stereoisomers with stereocenters completely inverted

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25
Q

what is a diastereomer

A

stereoisomers with at least one, but not all, inverted chiral centers

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26
Q

What is required for self aldol condensation reactions?

A

the molecule must have an alpha hydrogen

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27
Q

What is sin30

A

1/2

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28
Q

What is sin45

A

sqrt2/2

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29
Q

What is sin60

A

sqrt3/2

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30
Q

What is cos30

A

sqrt3/2

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31
Q

What is cos45

A

sqrt2/2

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32
Q

What is cos60

A

1/2

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33
Q

What is the formula for gravitational force between planets

A

F=Gmm/r^2

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34
Q

Formula for torque

A

T=rFsinø

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35
Q

Formula for centripetal acceleration

A

a=v^2/r

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36
Q

Formula for circular velocity

A

v=2πr/t

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37
Q

Where are nonmetals on the periodic table

A

Right side (noble gases and halogens)

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38
Q

How is boiling point defined?

A

Pvap = Patm

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39
Q

Why would researchers study the pediatric cancer incidence as a result of I-131 radiation?

A

Thyroid cancer is most likely to be caused by I-131 in children than in adults and children receive a relatively higher dose than adults at the same contamination level

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40
Q

In certain situations why would a small dose of radiation be more likely to cause cancer than large doses of radiation?

A

Small doses are more likely to damage DNA without killing cells whereas large doses will result in cell death

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41
Q

How are compounds separated in vacuum distillation and which compound is separated first: aldehyde or carboxylic acid?

A

They are separated by boiling point and the carboxylic acid has a higher boiling point because it has more hydrogen bonding

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42
Q

What is the formula for torque?

A

T=RFsinø

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43
Q

How do you calculate a runner’s force exerted by the foot to the ground?

A

Calculate the component of mg and then the component of m*a and find the hypotenuse of these components

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44
Q

What is likely to cause an ankle injury?

A

An anterior force away from the pivot point of the ankle that involves torque

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45
Q

What is the inflection point on a titration curve and how can you figure out the number of moles tested?

A

The inflection point is the equivalence point where the moles of titrant equal the moles of solutionof unkown concentration. Knowing this point, calculate the number of moles of titrant added by multiplying the molarity by the volume of liquid added.

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46
Q

How do you calculate the mass of 220g/mol substance with a molarity of .012µM in 3L of solution?

A

(0.012*10^-6)(3L)(220g) = 7.9µg = 7.9*10^-6

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47
Q

What is Newton’s third law and what does it say about the earth exerting a force of mg on a book?

A

F a on b = -F b on a. Therefore the book exerts a gravitational force of mg on the earth

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48
Q

How do you calculate the resistance in parallel?

A

1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + … + 1/Rn

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49
Q

What type of reagent is LiAlH4? What type of reagent is H2 with Pd? What type of reagent is KMnO4?

A

Reducing agent, super strong reducing agent, oxidizing agent

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50
Q

An enzyme that adds an oxygen to a compound is what category of enzyme?

A

It is an oxidoreductase

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51
Q

What are the stretching freuqencies for hydroxide and carbonyl funcitonal groups in infrared spectroscopy?

A

-OH: 3200-3500; -C=O: 1700-1750

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52
Q

How does the reduction potential for the final electron acceptor compare with the reduction potentials of the other electron acceptors in the electron transport chain?

A

As the final electron acceptor, O2 must have the highest standard reduction potential. The passage states that +.22 V is the most positive in the chain so the answer has to be greater than +.22V.

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53
Q

If 50% of the -52.5 kcal/mol generated from transporting electrons across the ETC, and it take 7 kcal/mol of ATP, can you make 3 molecules of ATP?

A

Yes because 3 molecules of ATP take ~21kcal/mol and we have 26kcal/mol of free energy. The energy not used in this reaction will be lost mainly as heat.

54
Q

What does the angle of incidence equal? What is the angle of refraction in a more dense medium compared to the angle of incidence? What is total internal reflection?

A

The angle of reflection. The angle of refraction will be smaller than the angle of incidence. The angle of internal reflection will only occur when a ray moved from a higher index material to the lower index material such as when the ray moves from water to air.

55
Q

What is the hybridization of XeF4?

A

It makes 4 bonds and has 2 lone pairs for a valence shell of 8 electrons. Xe supplies 8 electrons while 4 F molecules provide 7 each so there are 36 total electrons. Without lone pairs, drawing the structure for XeF4 only has 32 electrons, so you know there must be 2 lone pairs to get to 36 electrons. This gives 6 regions of electron density which is s, p, p, p, d, d sp3d2

56
Q

When will a reaction be spontaneous?

A

Negative ∆G. ∆G = ∆H - T∆S

57
Q

Which type of electromagnetic radiation would have the shortest wavelength?

A

One that ejects an electron from an sp orbital because it has the most s character, which means the electrons are closest to the nucleus and require the most energy to be ejected

58
Q

What are the rows and columns called on the periodic table

A

Rows are called periods and the columns are called groups

59
Q

What does the pKa represent?

A

The pH where the concentration of acid and conjugate base are equal. Ka=[A][H]/[AH] can be used to calculate the pH of a solution given the pKa

60
Q

What is a farad?

A

Farad is a measure of capacitance (C) and represents the amount of charge stored per volt. This can be calulated using the formula C=q/v or rewritten as q=VC (like the home shopping network QVC)

61
Q

at what points of cardiac contraction does sodium flow into the cell?

A

when the atria contract at the p wave followed by ventricular contraciton at the q and r waves

62
Q

What is the volume of 1 mole of gas at STP?

A

22.4L

63
Q

What is Charles’s Law?

A

It relates the volume and temperature of a gas. V1/T1 = V2/T2 with T in degrees Kelvin

64
Q

What is left out of the eqjuilibrium constant expression?

A

solids and pure liquids (l)

65
Q

What is the equation for a photon’s energy?

A

E = hc / λ

66
Q

What causes boiling points to increase significantly?

A

Hydrogen bonding. An alcohol hydroxyl group allows for hydrogen bonding and increases the boiling point over a chloro group.

67
Q

Z vs. E ?

A

Z - zusammen, highest priority groups are on the same side of the double bond

68
Q

What is the scientific notation for nano and µ, respectively?

A

10^-9 and 10^-6

69
Q

Amine vs. amide

A

Amines have N bonded to 3 carbon (NOT C=O) while amides have N bonded to C=O

70
Q

What type of reagent is NaBH4?

A

It reduces ketones or aldehydes NOT carboxylic acids

71
Q

What is ordered vs. random vs. ping-pong substrate binding?

A

Ordered is when there is a specific order of substrate binding before catalysis. Random is when either substrate can bind in either order before catalysis. Ping-pong is when there is no ternary complex of the protein and two substrates

72
Q

What is the buffering capacity of a buffer?

A

1pH +/-

73
Q

What is diffraction?

A

The bending of light around obstacles that gives the banding pattern

74
Q

What is current? How can you calculate charge?

A

Current is Charge/time. Charge is measured in coulombs and equals the quantity of electricity per second at a given current

75
Q

How do electric field lines travel?

A

From positive to negative

76
Q

What is 100m/s * 1msec?

A

.1m

77
Q

What information do you need to calculate the current?

A

Voltage (potential), and resistance (resistance per unit length * length)

78
Q

How does a weak acid behave compared to a strong acid?

A

A weak acid only partially ionizes to form hydrogen ions. The concentration of hydrogen ions will be less than the original concentration of the weak base, but a strong base will have an equal concentration of hydrogen ions in solution as the original compound

79
Q

Squalene is a precursor to what class of molecules?

A

Steroid hormones

80
Q

What is the concentration of Cl- ions in a .1M Calcium Chloride solution?

A

.2M

81
Q

What must be the same for 3 enzymes who have the same bonding affinity for a substrate?

A

The Km values will be the same

82
Q

The principle quantum number measures what? What about the second quantum number?

A

The principle number is the approximate size of the electron cloud. The second is the shape of the cloud (s, p, d, etc.)

83
Q

What are the absorption spectra for carboxyl and hydroxyl groups respectively?

A

1700-1750 and 3200-3500 cm-1

84
Q

What type of lens helps focus light on the retina if myopia causes light to be focused somewhere between the lens and the retina?

A

A divergin lens will spread out the rays to focus them farther back at the retina

85
Q

What is buoyant force? How can you use this to measure the density of a human?

A

The difference between the weight of the object in air and the weight submerged in water. Which is another way to say the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The ratio of the weight in air and the volume of fluid displaced is the same thing as the ratio of the density of the object and the density of the fluid.

86
Q

At pH 7, what functional groups will be deprotonated?

A

Carboxylic acids will be deprotonated, and -OH of phosphate groups will be deprotonated

87
Q

Which amino acids form ionic bonds with ADP?

A

Basic, positively charged amino acids like Arg, His, Lys form ionic bonds with the negatively charged phosphates of ADP

88
Q

What is the Planck relation formula? What is the frequency of a gamma photon?

A

E=hf. Also, E is calculated by e(1.6*10^-19) * keV(given). The frequency of a gamma photon is around 10^19Hz

89
Q

How can you balance a red ox reaction?

A

Split it into separate oxidation/reduction half reactions

90
Q

What is isoelectric focusing?

A

It separates proteins on isoelectric point, which relates to knowing the pH

91
Q

What is the ring form of this molecule

A
92
Q

What are the components of this molecule

A
93
Q

On what basis does gas-liquid chromatograph separate compounds?

A

Vaporizes the compounds. The first peaks exhibit the lowest molecular weight and intermolecular forces.

94
Q

What is the thin lens formula?

A

The strength of the eye lens is given as the inverse of the focal length of the eye lens. 1/O + 1/I = S . O stands for the distance someone can see objects. I is the lens to retina distance.

95
Q

How do you calculate the index of refraction?

A

It is equal to the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum / the speed of light in the medium

96
Q

What is intensity of radiation proportional to?

A

The number of photons emitted

97
Q

How do you calculate the work generated?

A

Power*time

98
Q

What is the difference between threonine and serine?

A

Threonine has a secondary alcohol while serine has a primary alcohol

99
Q

What is the hybridization of an octahedral compound?

A

sp3d2

100
Q

What bond does glycogen synthase catalyze?

A

The a-1,4-glycosidic linkage of an individual glucose molecule to the main chain of glycogen

101
Q

How can you use the thin lens equation to find the height of an image?

A

1/o + 1/i = 1/f . You can calculate the distance (i) of an image if you know F and O. The height of an image is the ratio of i/o

102
Q

What is +∆S?

A

An increase in entropy and more disorder as if 2 reactants became 3 products

103
Q

What will occur if a homogenous catalyst cannot be separated from the products at the end of a reaction?

A

The reaction will still occur, but the products will be contaminated with the catalyst

104
Q

Name the strong acids:

A

HCl, HNO3, HI, HClO4, HClO3

105
Q

Name the strong bases:

A

KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, CsOH, Sr(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, LiOH, RbOH

106
Q

Express the amount of light energy that is converted to other forms between the flouescence excitation and emission events in J/photon:

A

E=hc/(1/ye-1/yf)

107
Q

How do you calculate Kcat?

A

Kcat = Vmax/[E]

108
Q

Absorption of UV light by organic molecules always results in what process?

A

Excitation of bound electrons

109
Q

What is the half life of radioactive material?

A

The time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei

110
Q

Which phosphate is used by kinases in phosphoryl transfer?

A

gamma-Phosphate

111
Q

How is cooperativity expressed in a graph?

A

A sigmoidal curve

112
Q

What phenomenon causes static air to be drawn into the mask when oxygen flows?

A

Venturi effect

113
Q

Why do G-C residues have higher boiling points than A-T residues?

A

G-C bonds exhibit a higher π-stacking strength

114
Q

What are the difference between phospholipids and storage lipids?

A

Phospholipids consist of a glycerol molecule with two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group modified by an alcohol. Storage lipids have three fatty acid tails ester linked to a single glycerol

115
Q

What are Lewis bases?

A

Lone pair donors

116
Q

What is a coordinate covalent bond?

A

A lewis acid-base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor

117
Q

What will HCl react with first: ammonia or water?

A

NH3 because it is a much stronger base

118
Q

What is the coordination number?

A

The number of molecules that coordinate covalent bond to a central metal cation

119
Q

What is henderson hasselbach formula for acids and what is 10^-1?

A

pH=pKa+log[base/acid] ; 10^-1=.1

120
Q

What is the solubility product constant expression for CaCO3? What is the concentration of a saturated solution of CaCO3 if the Ksp=4.9*10^-9?

A

Ksp=[Ca][CO3] ; if the Ksp is 4.9*10^-9 then [Ca] is the sqrt of that: 7*10^-5

121
Q

What is the difference in sound intensities between 20 and 40dB?

A

A difference of 20dB is 2 factors of 10 so 100 times more intense

122
Q

How is energy converted in a battery that has a resistor?

A

Chemical to electrical to thermal energy

123
Q

What is the bond formed by protein secondary structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens

124
Q

What is the magnification formula and what would the di be for an object 20cm to the left of a lens?

A

M = -di/do . to the left of the lens the image has a negative value

125
Q

Where does a real image form?

A

To the opposite side of the lens as the object

126
Q

How do you calculate the kinetic energy of a photon?

A

E=hf - (work function if applicable)

127
Q

Which alcohol is most likely to undergo SN1 substitution in acidic conditions?

A

Tertiary alcohol

128
Q

What does ∆Gº’ equal?

A

-RTln(Keq)

129
Q

What is the elctron configuration of Co(II)

A

[Ar]3d7 (it loses the 4s2 electrons)

130
Q

How do you find the relative thermodynaic stability of isomeric compounds?5

A

Heat of combustion, less heat means greater stability

131
Q

What is the structure of a hydroxamic acid?

A

Drew's MCAT Flashcards (8 decks)

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