Psych/Soc Flashcards
Rumination
Rumination refers to continuously thinking about or replaying in one’s mind aspects of a situation that are upsetting. It is thought to maintain negative emotions and lead to depressive symptoms.
An example of this would be after a breakup, someone might listen repeatedly to a sad song with lyrics about failed romantic relationships. This behavior is an example of the emotion regulation, rumination.
Coping
Coping refers to “problem-focused coping,” which involves ACTIVE attempts to resolve the source of a stressor or problem. An active coping behavior might be, for example, attempting to resolve mutual differences to reconcile with the romantic partner.
Reappraisal
Reappraisal refers to a strategy for emotion regulation that involves reinterpreting a situation in a less negative manner. For example, that relationship was toxic anyway its a good thing we broke up.
Depressive realism
Although depressed individuals are thought to have a negative cognitive bias that results in recurrent, negative automatic thoughts, maladaptive behaviors, and dysfunctional world beliefs, depressive realism argues not only that this negativity may reflect a more accurate appraisal of the world but also that non-depressed individuals’ appraisals are positively biased.
What is the coefficient of determination and how does it relate to variance?
A squared-correlation coefficient is known as the coefficient of determination and explains how much variability in one variable is accounted for by variability in the other variable.
So when a table gives you the value for correlation (r) you square that value (r^2) and that tells you the amount of variance for that variable.
Single-payer healthcare system
Single-payer healthcare systems have one single entity, such as the government or an insurance provider, to which all citizens pay premiums. In single-payer systems the actual providers (doctors, hospitals) remain private, but ALL of the medical bills are paid for by that “single-payer” entity, be it a government-supervised insurer or the government itself.
Direct-fees healthcare model
This requires that the patient pay for medical costs directly to the health care provider.
Socialized medicine model
This healthcare model has the government directly control both the insurance/payments and the delivery. In truly socialized systems, the doctors and hospitals will be government employees and government-owned facilities, respectively.
Free market Healthcare model
This is the model where the government is not involved directly in healthcare insurance or delivery.
Explain these stats variables (p, r, r^2, t).
r^2: A squared correlation coefficient value (r^2) explains how much variability in one variable is accounted for by variability in the other variable.
p-value: represents the probability that the null hypothesis is true; it is also referred to as the likelihood that the results were due to random chance.
r-value: is the correlation coefficient that explains how closely two variables are related.
t-value: measures the difference between an observed sample statistic and its hypothesized population parameter.
Stigmatization
Stigma is defined as being discredited in the eyes of others. It is a profoundly negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity. Finally, stigmatization is usually quite permanent and will persist indefinitely unless the stigmatized character trait disappears completely. Being labeled a criminal fits this definition.
Ethnophaulisms
Ethnophaulisms are ethnic or racial slurs.
Function of the Basal ganglia:
The basal ganglia is involved in initiating and controlling voluntary movement.
Explain the difference between belief perseverance, the Gambler’s fallacy, functional fixedness, and overconfidence.
Belief perseverance occurs when an individual continues to hold a given belief even in the face of evidence to the contrary.
The Gambler’s fallacy is the erroneous belief that future probabilities are affected by past events.
Functional fixedness refers to a situation in which an individual cannot imagine using an object in any way other than its traditional use.
Overconfidence is the tendency to overestimate one’s own ability to make accurate decisions.
Describe Janis’ eight symptoms of groupthink:
1) Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks based on the assumption that the group cannot be wrong.
2) Collective rationalization – Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions. The group ignores warnings and fail to double-check or reconsider their assumptions.
3) Belief in inherent morality – Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions.
4) Stereotyped views of out-groups – Negative views of “enemy” make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary.
5) Direct pressure on dissenters – Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views.
6) Self-censorship – Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed. Individuals choose not to voice concerns or info that contradicts the group.
7) Illusion of unanimity – The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous.
8) Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ – Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s cohesiveness, view, and/or decisions.
