PSYCH SOC Flashcards
Chomsky proposed that every child was born with an
LAD that holds the fundamental rules for language. - synon to liguistic universalism - staes thoughts determine language - thoughts are universal
what did whorfian state
language influce/dtermines our thoughts or cognition process
Objective measurements use some sort of ______to arrive at an observation, and they’re therefore resistant to personal biases
formalized system - use scientific instrument
subjective measurements have an individual just make an observation based on
personal judgment. So for example, asking someone how bright something is on a scale of 1-10 is subjective because it could vary
this method: Analyze social phenomena through the content of media, texts, and communications.
Content Analysis:
this study: Collect data at a single point in time to analyze the prevalence of a condition or behavior.
Cross-Sectional Studies:
: Follow a group over time to see who develops the outcome of interest.
Cohort Studies
: Follow the same group of individuals over an extended period.
Longitudinal Studies
: In-depth investigations of a single case or group, often with rare conditions.
Case Studies
: Examine the relationship between variables without determining cause and effect.
Correlational Studies
: Resemble experimental studies but lack random assignment to experimental and control groups.
Quasi-Experimental Design
water is
incompressible
venturi effect bascially explains
constricted section will have greater velocity but LOW PRESSURE
when water is not moving or like air in pitot tube then what is the pressure
stagnation pressure where that velicity is zero, so now Ps = P1 + 1/2pv2 = can slove for v2
what is boyle law (boil my bp)
pressure and volume, inverse, greater pressure, is lower volume - down exponential graph
what is charles law
volume and temp (KELVIN), direct relation
explain avogradro law for gas
volume and number of moles when temp and pressure are constant - direct relation
heinsburg uncertianity principle says
cant know the exact position or speed of object - all things exist particle/wave – particle in certain place and wave is like distrubance - one quantum object is like wave packet - waves on top of each other
what is precent yielf formula
Actual/theoretical X 100%
how to calculate percent error
theoretical - experiment/ theoretical
To measure the vapour pressure of a liquid we use
bp
conjugate acid has extra
H
Conjugate base has
less H - ex Cl- from HCl
. Ammonia is a ______base that reacts with hydrochloric acid, forming a compound called
weak , ammonium chloride.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced during _____ at the ______in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
oxidative phosphorylation, electron transport chain
So basically ROS are ____for the cell because they cause _____ so ______reduce ROS so they can “cancel” their damaging effect
bad, oxidative damage, antioxidants (glutathione)
Reactive oxygen species are
free radicals - oxygen radicals
Inihibtion of PFK is what kind of inhibition
allosteric and feedback - allosteric because of the ATP - could bind on the side
Absolute poverty is when people do not have enough ______
money to purchase what is needed for survival (think of the “poverty line”).This is something that is the same as across different countries, i.e. the same minimum standard for everyone across the world.
Relative poverty is when people are _____relative to those
poor , around them (think of like how someone might be poor my America’s standards, but that equivalent in a third world country would actually not be poor for that country).
So intersectionality means that a person is
discriminated based on multiple factors, so a black woman being discriminated by being black and also a woman.
_______ occurs when differences lead to greater status, power, or privilege for some groups over others.”
social stratification
For personality disorders specifically, it helps to know the disorders classified under clusters A, B, and C.
You can use the memory trick of weird, wild, and worried to help remember these.
one alpha helix turn is
3.5 amino acid residues
in order to have major depressive disorder oyu need to have exp
five symptoms over 2 week
disorder when person thought, behaviorus and perception are out of it with reality
szchiphorneia
cluster a type disorders are
paranoid, crazy,
type b is
antisocial, narcisttic, borderline
type c is
avoidant, obsessive,
neurodevelopment disorder contains
ADHD, intellucetul ones
neurocog disorders include
delirium, Alz
parainsomina are
night terror, sleep walking
dysoinsomina include
trouble falling or staying asleep
bipolar 1 disorder has
at least 1 manic episode
Bi 2 HAS
at least 1 hypomanic and 1 major depressive
cyclothymia disorder has
no extremes, middle depressive, and mania
for OCD explain obsession and complusions
obession ar eintruisive or persistent htoughts ,and compulsion are like repetitive task that relieve tension, but impair daily activity
some symotoms of PTSD
intruisive, (nightmares), avoidance, inc arousal, change in thoughts and feelings
dissociative disorder is
disrupt you perception of reality or memory
conversion - somatic disorder
change your perception in life, your bodily funciton - mom and kid dies - blindness
hypochondrias is when
feel like have disease but no symptoms at all
Agoraphobia is
an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in places or situations where it might be difficult for an individual to escape. D
Borderline personality disorder is
impulsinve, unstable relations, emotionally unstable personality disorder,Self-harm. …
Extreme mood swings. fear of abdonement
what word used for dom traits
cardinal traits - we all different mix of traits
Piaget believed that newborn babies have a small number of innate schemas
Secretory proteins are synthesized and folded in the _____
RER
THIS SIGNAL TO GUIDE PROTEIN TO NUCLEUS
Nuclear localization sequence
*β-catenin example: one way is ubiquination, other is transcription factors for target genes
nodes of Ranvier =
need saltatory conduction in order to keep the AP alive.
This cell does not need to secrete its cytoplasm because it is not trying to hug the neuron.
oligo - mylien for CNS - for schwaan
myelinate PNS neurons by tightly wrapping around a neuron as it secretes its cytoplasm.
schwann
____is that they can respond to external stimuli and fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside of the cell.
Secretory Lysosomes
folding of secretory proteins occurs in the
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Wnt proteins are a family of secretory proteins with isoelectric points around 9, implying that they are
positively charged at physiological pH.
monosynaptic: afferent/sensory neuron and efferent/motor neuron. this is done by the ____ nervous system, despite synapsing in the spinal cord. -
peripheral (not parasympathetic) - ex. knee-jerk reaction. when a doctor hits your patella tendon, the afferent neuron registers a stretching motion, goes to the spinal cord where the efferent neuron will tell that same muscle to contract further and/or tell the antagonist muscle to relax/inhibit contraction (called reciprocal inhibition)
polysynaptic: afferent neuron, interneuron(s), and an efferent (which is made up of a preganglionic and postganglionic neuron). this is when ______is required, meaning it will use both the _______. interneurons is the main thing that differentiates the two because using the CNS requires them.
cognition , peripheral NS and the CNS. - withdrawal reflex. imagine you put your hand on a hot stove. the afferent neurons will tell your brain that something is being damaged, which will then tell your arm to remove itself from the harm. it requires your brain understanding nociception (pain), or else nothing would happen and your hand would just burn off. there’s no antagonistic system to automatically get you to remove your hand, like there is in the knee jerk.
examples of permanent reflexs - need for survival
breathing, swalloing, eye blink, pupillary
example of neonatal reflexes - babinski, rooting and moro, tonic neck, galent
bab - toe fan out, big toe is ip, dis b4 1
moro - startle, arms out - 4-6m
rooting - stroke cheek and turn there - weeks,
tonic neck: one arm bend, one strauight
galent: stroke back and move
digoxin will block the
Na/K pump and the Na/Ca pump but caclium will still flow in causing positive inotropic effect
Okay, so the monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) has an additional H+ compared to the disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4), which has one less H+ since there are two Na+. This makes the monosodium the acid for this problem. You can solve this from this point in one of two ways: 1) Intuition: Monosodium phosphate is the acid in this case and will decrease the pH if more is added 2) pH = pKa + log (base/acid). If you increase acid, you have a smaller log value which decreases the pH
what action to contribute to the positve inotropic effect
dec transport of Ca to extracelluar
inc availbility of intracellular Ca to bind to troponin
increase overall Ca stores in SR
ryandonin receptor for
receptor for ca bind toleave
Bacteria that can survive and grow in the presence of oxygen are called
obligate aerobes
Without o2, ____begins to build up and dumps its hydrogen onto pyruvate, which creates
NADH , lactate. - NADH cannot go to the electron transport chain.
c). Glycolysis is an process that produces ATP
anaerobic , 2
inc in nadh, h+ and fadh2 from no oxygen as the last acceptor will inhibit what processes
beta ox, glycolysis, PDC, CAC
to create 2 ADP to AMP and ATP what enzyme is used
adenylate kinase rx
most important generation of ATP during anerobic
GLYCOLYSIS
Lacatate used and prodces
use NAHD, H+ and produce NAD+ - will oxideize 2 of them
lactate is activate elimnated by th ebody
is a saturated long-chain fatty acid (LCFA), a term for fatty acids containing 13 to 21 carbons
Palmitic acid
altenative to energy sources when no glucose
- e, liver glycogen stores
-Fat is the body’s most concentrated source of energy (slow)
-Provides energy in late stages of prolonged exercise - ketone bodies - also made in liver from fat
Hypoxia diminishes ___utilization by downregulating protein translation and the
ATP , and activity of the Na-K-ATPase.
so imprinted genes is basically you express one allele in a parent specific way. Meaning that before development, you get 2 alleles from parents for 1 gene. Now one of these allele is methylated, so it is off before you even develop. Hence every cell in your body will express the nonmethylated allele for that gene, hence parent specific.
for example, Gene X has 2 alelles A and B. So you get allele A from mom, and allele B from dad. But Dad’s is methylated to turned off it will never transcribe. So the only allele that is expressed is allele A which is maternal. So you will have paternal ___ and maternal .
imprinting, expressivity
example of muscle tissue
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
exmample of connective tissue
fat, padding, bon, tendon, blood
ex of epithelial tissue
lining of GI tract, ovarian, skin, lining hollow organs - proliferative, outside of liver - to protect
___________appears to have multiple layers, but are actually composed of one cell layer.
pseudostratified epithelial
Social constructionism theory suggests that learning and development are derived from ___________. It is rooted in the idea that reality is constructed, or established, through one’s interactions with society and culture.
one’s interactions with others
The central route to persuasion uses
facts and information to persuade potential consumers.
The peripheral route of persusaion uses positive association with cues
such as beauty, fame, and positive emotions.,
this model descrbes the dynamics of persuasion - consider attitde change, content of passage, characterisitc of aduience too
elaboration likelihood model
this route is log drive and uses data and facts to convivne one of argument worthiness
central (motivated, anlaytical – high effort – long term audience is willing to engage in)
this route is indirect route that use peripheral cues to assocaitae positivity with mesaages
perioheral - relies on associations, positive emotions, celeb (not motivated audience, low effort, temporary) - So having someone hot or someone with a white coat on present the message is peripheral. Celebrity status is also peripheral. - anything credible
An example of ___characteristics could be someone with a notable academic pedigree or with a lot of “ethos,” which would make them appear more knowledgeable, trustworthy,
source
_______could be if someone just lost a friend in a car accident and are now more easily persuaded to sign a petition to make technology use behind the wheel illegal.
Audience characteristics - those who you are perceive th epersusive message
this characterisitc include the aspects content of persusive message, incl the quality of evidence and the explicitness of conclusion
message
______ characteristic of person who delivers a persuasive message like attractiveness, credibility, and certainty - ex famous person
source
____ what mood will inc persuasion
happiness
The _____is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche that responds directly and immediately to basic urges, needs, and desires
id - newborn, no comprehension thinking, will operatie on the ***pleasure principle
____is the rational part of the psyche that mediates between the instinctual desires of the id and the moral constraints of the superego, operating primarily at the _________level.
ego , conscious - ego follows the reality principle as it operates in both the conscious and unconscious mind. - seek defense, tension reduction
_____incorporates the values and morals of society, which are learned from one’s parents and others. what priniciple
superego - morality - motivates us to behave in a socially responsible and acceptable manner. part of the unconscious that is the voice of conscience (
with george herbert, the I relates to
spont, how we respond to the me, observer
the Me is
conforming version - society sees in congruence with society expectations, actins
The__________proposes that one member of the color pair suppresses the other color. For example, we do see yellowish-greens and reddish-yellows, but we never see reddish-green or yellowish-blue color hues.
opponent process theory : black white, red green, blue yellow
the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic or biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating or facilitating role. ex. a person with a familial history of depression becomes depressed after a divorce.
diathesis stress model
The ________ is a way of evaluating an individual as a whole, rather than looking at them only through a smaller aspect of their person.
humanistic perspective - maslow + roger, strive to reach self-actualization , congruence between ideal self and self concept. - focus on the conscious
________effect is a phenomenon where people tend to recall information better when they are presented with similar stimuli as when they first acquired that information.
Encoding specificity similar to state dependant
likely to recall a memory if you are in a similar environment to when you encoded a memory.
context
Heeded def
pay attentio to , take not of
theory: ll aspects of a society—institutions, roles, norms, etc. —serve a purpose and that all are indispensable for the long-term survival of the society.
functionalism
: degree to which a specific assessment tool produces stable, consistent, and replicable results
Reliability
: how well an experiment measures what it is trying to measure.
Validity
whether the results of a study properly demonstrate a causal relationship between two variables. A confounding variable hurts
internal validity:
Hold your breath? You’re holding in CO2, ______results
Hyperventilating? You’re getting rid of a lot of CO2, ______results
acidosis , alkalosis
bicarbonate buffer equation
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-,
Metabolic disorders will have an issue with HCO3-, either too much (alkalosis) or too little (acidosis).
Respiratory disorders will have an issue with CO2 either too much (acidosis) or too little (alkalosis)
hemiacetal has
1 OH and same carbon OR2 + carbon will H bc of aldehyde
acetal has
2 OR to the carbon
a hemiketal has
1 OH, 1 OR2 bind to two carbons
It is a reducing sugar if it has an ____________
OH group in its anomeric carbon. All monosaccharides, while only some disaccharides, can be classified as reducing sugars. A reducing sugar is a simple sugar containing a hemiacetal functional group.
lactose (di) is reducing or not, and what about sucrose
lactose is reducing, and sucrose is not
example of reducing sugars
glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, glyceraldyedye, xylose, (5C WITH ald) cellobiose,
structure of benzoin
2 benzene, 1 ketone, 1 Oh
Henry’s law is a gas law that states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is directly proportional to its
partial pressure above the liquid.
where is insulin and glucogen secreted
insulin - beta in pancreas, glucagon is alpha (first alpha) cells in pancreas
when does insulin and gluc secrete
insulin secretes when too high level of glucose - will want to reduce it - inc tissue uptake, so less glucose in the blood
what does insulin inhibit or acitivtae
inhibit gluconeogenisis, and glycogenlysis, activate, glycolysis, and glycogenesis (store that glucose)
when is glucagon secreted
secreted when too low level of glucose - want to inc blood glucose
what does glucagon inhibit and activate
inhibit, glycolysis, and glycogensis and activate, gluconeogensis and glycogenlysis
A ___control is a control group that is not expected to produce results.
negative (negative control would be to give the test to a group you know does NOT have HIV, as you would not expect the HIV test to indicate they have HIV., o rule out some placebo effect or can see if other factors are affecting your results.) ex. negative control would be to insert a plasmid that you know will not cause it to grow, such as a non coding sequence. help see if other factors playing
A _________control is a control group that is expected to produce results.
positive (The positive control would be giving the test to a group you know has HIV, as you would expect the HIV test to indicate they have HIV., ensure there wasn’t some problem in your experiment. ) - help with validity
the PCT reabsordb what 100%
glucose, a.a most mineral salts
descedning limb o f loop of henle
water
ascedning limd of loop of henle
na
alsdosteorne is secreted from where, and whats its effect in renal
cortex, take in Na and water, from DCT and collecting duct,
ADH effects on renal
from put galnd, just puts more water absord, mess up, cause blood to be hypotonic
______ cues are depth cues that are able to be perceived without both eyes._____
Monocular depth - example are - realtive height, where things at a distance look like their base is higher, relativ size: objects far away from other objects are smaller
monoculr depth cues:
1. more distant object appear____
2. obj texttures become ___apparent farther away
3.occulsion - if obj is blocking your view this means the
4. parallel line will ______ as distance___
5. distance obj tend to appear higher than _____
6. shadows tell us
smaller
less
obj in front has no blocking, and the blocking will be in back
converge as distance inc
closer objects
3d
binocular depth cues - need two eye - bc they are offeset they produce ____. larger disparities meaning _____ (jumping around), looking at closer obj causes our eye to ____
2 images, closer objects,
convergw
means that the slightly views of the object allow you to get an accurate picture of the object.
Retinal disparity - binocualr vision allow us to have retinal disparity
The Hardy-Weinberg genotype frequencies,
p2 + 2pq + q2, and p+q = 1
