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Lessons Learned Deck > Psych/Soc > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Flashcards

1
Q

Archival Research

A

A type of primary research that involves extracting evidence from original records.

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2
Q

Value-free Sociology

A

The view that sociologists won’t allow their personal biases affect their research.

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3
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

People are more likely to remember the first and last thing in a series.

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4
Q

Instinctual Drift

A

A phenomenon that animals (and sometimes humans) can go back to their instincts/habits after undergoing operant conditioning.

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5
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

A type of reinforcement that UNAMBIGUOUSLY tells the individual which behavior is “right” because they are continuously getting reinforcements following good behavior.

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6
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

Functions of the thalamus

A

Involved in learning and memory

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8
Q

Function of Amygdala

A

Involved in regulating emotions such as anger

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9
Q

Function of the Basal Ganglia

A

Involved in coordinating smooth movements. If this area of the brain is damaged, jerky movements may occur (Ex: Huntington’s disease)

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10
Q

Shadowing

A

Allows one to test for selective attention by repeating a selective message out loud when given more than one stimulus.

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11
Q

Primacy Effect

A

When first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions.

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12
Q

Social Facilitation

A

When people perform better in front of a crowd/ public.

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13
Q

Approach-Approach Conflict

A

When you are weighing between two appealing decisions

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14
Q

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

A

Option in one decision has both pros and cons

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15
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

A

Choosing between two sets of cons (lesser of two evils)

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16
Q

Double-Approach Avoidance

A

Conflict consists of two options and each has both pros and cons

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17
Q

Case Studies

A

Studies that usually involve interviews or reports about ONE person

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18
Q

Informational Influence

A

An influence to accept information from others as evidence of reality this can occur when you might not know what is correct for example.

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19
Q

Normative Influence

A

An influence to conform with the expectations of society and gain social approval.

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20
Q

What is the difference between discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping?

A

Discrimination is a BEHAVIOR.
Prejudice is an ATTITUDE.
Stereotyping is a COGNITIVE BELIEF.

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21
Q

What is the biggest limitation of observational studies?

A

There are confounding variables that may be influencing the relationships observed.

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22
Q

Urbanization

A

Pattern of moving from rural areas to cities.

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23
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to believe that an event in the past was highly predictable when at the time before it occurred, it wasn’t as predictable.

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24
Q

Construct validity

A

The researchers definition of the dependent variable. Are the methods measuring what they are intended to measure?

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25
Q

Criterion validity

A

Is the variable able to predict a certain outcome. Sometimes compared to a standard or more conventional variable that predicts a similar outcome.

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26
Q

Sensory memory

A

Instantaneous and short-term memory that helps perceive the world around us.

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27
Q

Working memory

A

Mental operations performed on information in short-term memory.

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28
Q

Implicit memory

A

A type of long-term memory that helps with a certain activity or “how to do something”

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29
Q

Explicit memory

A

A type of long-term memory that refers to recalling specific pieces of information.

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30
Q

What type of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

A

Variable-ratio reinforcement. Overall, variable is more resistant than fixed, and ratio is more resistant than interval.

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31
Q

Social Capital

A

Potential ability to obtain resources from one’s network/connections.

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32
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

A stimulus triggers a physiological response, which then leads to the subjective, conscious experience of emotion.

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33
Q

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Cognitive and physiological responses to a stimulus occur simultaneously and independently of one another, with a behavioral response following them.

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34
Q

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

A

Stimulus first leads to physiological arousal, then a cognitive interpretation of the circumstances, and finally a perception of emotion

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35
Q

Educational stratification vs. Educational segregation

A

Educational segregation describes the imbalance distribution of students in schools. Educational stratification describes the common situation where people with more resources have access to more educational opportunities

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36
Q

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

A

Reinforcement is to INCREASE a behavior. Punishment is to DECREASE a behavior.

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37
Q

Negative vs. Positive Reinforcement/Punishment

A

Negative takes away an unwanted stimulus, while positive adds an appealing or desired stimulus.

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38
Q

Attrition Bias

A

Selective dropout of participants from a study.

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39
Q

Response bias

A

Relates to self-reports, where participants are answering inaccurately. Example: Acquiescence bias (answering yes more often)

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40
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

Tendency to make decisions or estimate probability of an event based on our standard representation or experience with similar events.

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41
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Tendency to make decisions about how likely an event is based on availability of similar information to you.

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42
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency that people have to focus on information that agree with beliefs you already have.

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43
Q

Reconstructive bias

A

Type of bias based on memory, where our memory is not as accurate as we think especially when recalling moments of high stress

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44
Q

Social Desirability bias

A

A type of bias that occurs when people answer research questions, where participants answer in a way that makes it more socially acceptable.

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45
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

A world view where one views other cultures through the lens of their own culture

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46
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

Studies genetics of personality, specifically related to neuroticism

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47
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Took a humanistic perspective on personality

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48
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Took a behaviorist perspective on personality

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49
Q

Gordon Allport

A

Focused on trait perspective of personality

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50
Q

What are the three main high-level sociological theories of sociology?

A

1) Symbolic Interactionism
2) Conflict Theory
3) Functionalism

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51
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Focuses on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interactions. (Ex: smoking being a symbol of trendiness or ignorance)

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52
Q

Conflict Theory

A

Sees society as in constant competition over limited resources.

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53
Q

Functionalism

A

Views society as a system of interconnected parts that carry out specific roles that enables them to cooperate to maintain social equilibrium for society as a whole

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54
Q

Social Constructionism

A

Asserts that people develop knowledge and understanding of the world through interactions with other people, primarily through language. Example, ideas about gender are constructed and transmitted through countless language-based interactions with members of the society.

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55
Q

Gender Schemata

A

Mental structures that organize incoming information according to gender categories, and in turn, lead people to perceive the world in terms of gender.

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56
Q

Cohort Study

A

A type of observational research design that follows a group to assess the impact of a risk factor of interest on health outcomes.

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57
Q

Case control study

A

An experimental design that compares a group with a condition of interest with a similar group without the condition of interest.

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58
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

Design opposite of longitudinal, where a group or event is observed at a single point in time.

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59
Q

Drive-reduction Theory

A

Idea that the primary motivation behind all human behavior is to reduce ‘drives. ‘ A ‘drive’ is a state of arousal or discomfort that is triggered by a person’s physiological or biological needs, such as hunger, thirst, and the need for warmth.

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60
Q

What hormones are secreted by the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Endorphins, LH, GH, and FSH

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61
Q

What hormones are secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

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62
Q

What hormones are secreted by Adrenal Cortex?

A

Cortisol and aldosterone

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63
Q

What hormones are secreted by Adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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64
Q

Retrospective vs. prospective research design

A

Retrospective looks at past data or records, while prospective looks at future or incoming data, records, or results

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65
Q

Differences in seeking medical attention between males and females

A

Males visit primary care doctors less frequently than females

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66
Q

Process of experiencing external stimulus

A

Stimulus is considered “distal” –> stimulus activates sensory receptor (proximal stimulus) –> Information travels through PNS via sensory neurons –> travels through CNS –> processed in the brain

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67
Q

Continuity

A

One of Gestalts Principles that states when we see objects in a line, we are more likely to perceive it as a line than individual objects

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68
Q

Monocular cues

A

Cues that can be detected with one eye: color, shape, size, height

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69
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Cue for depth perception. A binocular cue

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70
Q

Weber’s Law

A

In terms of percentage, the just noticeable difference will be a constant proportion of original input. When given a problem, see the initial proportion in percentage, then find that percentage of the new input.

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71
Q

Absolute threshold vs. conscious perception

A

Threshold for conscious perception is always higher than absolute threshold

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72
Q

Contact of light with different structures of the eye

A

Light first contacts the cornea –> passes through anterior chamber and aqueous humor –> pupil constricts or dilates to allow enough light in through the iris’ adjustment –> corrected light passes though posterior chamber to the lens –> lens changes shape to focus light –> light passes through vitreous humor to the retina which begins the process of phototransduction

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73
Q

Limbic system

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala

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74
Q

Denser rod distribution

A

Periphery of the retina, making periphery vision best for seeing dimly-lit objects at night

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75
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

A drawing of a person where the scale of each body part is proportional to the nerve density and the relative amount of space dedicated to processing the corresponding input in the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe.

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76
Q

Piaget’s First Stage of Development

A

Sensorimotor Stage (birth- 2): infants experience the world through sensing and movement. At this stage, object permanence develops.

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77
Q

Piaget’s Second Stage of Development

A

Preoperational stage (2-7): Develops symbolic thinking. They tend to focus on one aspect (contraption) and lack understanding of conservation. Egocentric, they do not understand that other people have thoughts and opinions of their own.

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78
Q

Piaget’s Third Stage of Development

A

Concrete operational stage (7-12): Understand conservation and less egocentric. They also begin to understand mathematics.

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79
Q

Piaget’s Fourth Stage of Development

A

Formal Operational stage (12+): moral reasoning and understand abstract.

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80
Q

Erikson’s Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

A
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81
Q

Socialization

A

The process of internalizing the social norms and values expected in one’s society, and mass media (such as popular music) is one source of normal socialization

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82
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency in results

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83
Q

Validity

A

Is it a true measure of the content researchers are trying to measure?

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84
Q

Maslow’s self-actualization Theory

A

A level of high achievement and personal fulfillment, in which you have done all you can and accomplished your goals to the best of your ability. According to Maslow, this can only be accomplished after an individual fulfilled their “lower needs” in the hierarchy of needs.

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85
Q

Skinner’s Incentive Theory

A

External rewards and punishments are the principal factors that drive behavior.

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86
Q

Folkways

A

Norms that govern everyday behavior.

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87
Q

Mores

A

Norms that are necessary to the welfare of a society and have consequences if violated. A moral significance.

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88
Q

Kinship affinity

A

Individuals are related by choice instead of blood (Ex: Marriage, adoption)

89
Q

Consanguineal kinship

A

Blood or genetic relationship (Ex: Siblings, children)

90
Q

Primary kinship

A

Direct family (Ex: parents, siblings)

91
Q

Secondary kinship

A

Primary kin of primary kin (Ex: grandparents)

92
Q

Tertiary kinship

A

Secondary kin of a primary kin (Ex: husband’s grandmother)

93
Q

Harry Harlow’s experiment with Rhesus Monkeys

A

Infant monkeys preferred spending their time clinging to the Cloth Mother. Even when only the Wire Mother could provide food, the monkeys visited her just to eat. Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother/infant relationship than milk and that this “contact comfort” was crucial to the psychological development and health of infants. After monkeys were paired with a Wire Mother, they showed abnormal behavior, which could not be corrected later in life by pairing them with a Cloth Mother.

94
Q

Anomie

A

Breakdown of social bonds, where society feels fragmented and lacking cohesiveness.

95
Q

Self-serving bias

A

A person interprets an event to boost their self-esteem

96
Q

Social Desirability Bias

A

Answering survey questions in a way that one believes will be viewed favorably by others

97
Q

Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

A

A theory that states that our emotions are significantly impacted by our interpretation and appraisal. Two types of appraisal: Primary and secondary

98
Q

Thinning in operant conditioning

A

Reducing frequency of rewards for an action

99
Q

Primary aging

A

Physiological aging

100
Q

Secondary aging

A

Aging related to behavioral factors (Ex: diet & exercise)

101
Q

When is a reward given in operant conditioning?

A

Reward is given AFTER a BEHAVIOR in operant conditioning

102
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Theory by Hans Selye, describing body’s short-term and long-term reactions to stress

103
Q

House Money Effect

A

A concept where individuals tend to take more risks with money they won rather than money they invested because they think of the money won as “house money” rather than their own.

104
Q

Gambler’s Fallacy

A

The mistaken belief that if something happens more frequently than normal over some period of time, it will happen less frequently in the future (Ex: if red shows up 5 times in a row, you guess black thinking red won’t show up as frequently)

105
Q

Prisoner’s Dilemma

A

Example from game theory where two individuals will not cooperate even if it is in their best interests to do so

106
Q

Assimilation

A

A strategy in which an individual seeks to interact with the new culture and reject native culture

107
Q

Anomie Theory

A

A state of social breakdown where individuals feel alienated due to a lack of social norms and values

108
Q

Relative Deprivation Theory

A

Individuals who perceive themselves as having fewer resources, will act in ways to obtain those resources

109
Q

General Strain Theory

A

Individuals who experienced various negative events feel negative emotions, leading to negative behavior

110
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

A theory that a person’s behavior both influences and is influences by personal factors and environment

111
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

People learn from watching others; if someone were to witness someone receiving a reward for their action, they are more likely to act that way in the future

112
Q

Characteristics of an ideal Bureaucracy

A

1) Hierarchy
2) Specialization
3) Formal rules & procedures
4) Impersonality
5) Merit-based Advancement
6) Documentation
7) Division of labor
8) Authority

113
Q

Looking glass self

A

Society or opinions of others impacts how we see ourselves

114
Q

Subculture

A

Groups that will have additional practices (Ex: Fan groups of a music artist)

115
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

When cultural elements are spread across cultures

116
Q

Internalization

A

Type of conformity where an individual outwardly changes their opinion to match the group and personally agrees with those ideas

117
Q

Functional MRI

A

A brain imaging technique that measures brain activity associated with changes in blood flow

118
Q

Cerebellum

A

Primarily known for its role in motor control/ movement

119
Q

Stranger Anxiety

A

Fear of strangers that infants begin to exhibit at ~8 months of age

120
Q

Place Theory

A

A theory that states that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane

121
Q

Reliability

A

The degree an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results (replicable)

122
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Associated with destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia

123
Q

What nervous system is involved in sexual arousal (erection) in males?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for sending impulses to male genitals. Damage of the Parasympathetic nervous system could cause erectile dysfunction

124
Q

Leak channels in the brain

A

Remain open, and allow ions to “leak” or move down their concentration gradient

125
Q

What sense does NOT pass through the Thalamus?

A

Smell is the only sense that does not pass the Thalamus and goes directly to the limbic system

126
Q

What nervous system is involved in ejaculation in males?

A

Sympathetic nervous system. Damage to the Sympathetic nervous system could cause the parasympathetic nervous system to go unchecked, resulting in persistent erection

127
Q

Base Rate Fallacy

A

A cognitive bias that occurs when people prioritize case-specific information over relevant statistical information

128
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

Proprioception or ability to tell where body parts are in 3-dimensional space

129
Q

Perceptual Narrowing

A

Losing the ability to discern certain stimuli from disuse. A result of Neuro plasticity

130
Q

Sensorimotor Stage of Piaget’s Theory of Development

A

0-2 years old: Infants learn object permanence

131
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

How awareness of a stereotype can affect performance

132
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

A person’s belief or expectation about something influences behavior to make it true

133
Q

Just-World Hypothesis

A

Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people

134
Q

Actor-observer Bias

A

The tendency to attribute others’ negative behavior to dispositional factors, but our own negative behavior to situational factors

135
Q

Prejudice

A

An immediate or instant EMOTIONAL reaction

136
Q

Envious stereotype

A

When regarding people with high competence but low warmth

137
Q

Contemptuous stereotype

A

When regarding people with low competence and low warmth

138
Q

Stereotype

A

An assumption made about a GROUP of people

139
Q

Self-serving bias

A

Tendency to use dispositional factors to explain success and situational factors to explain negative outcomes

140
Q

Halo effect

A

Impression in one area can affect impression in a separate area. Ex: attractiveness can affect tips earned

141
Q

Institutional Discrimination

A

Prevalent and systematic inequality mediated by institutions (Ex: banks)

142
Q

Gender Schema

A

How we cognitively organize what constitutes “masculinity” and “femininity”

143
Q

Gender Script

A

Specific expectations about how an individual should act in a given situation based on gender

144
Q

Proactive vs. Retroactive Social Movement

A

Proactive is a movement to make a certain type of change. Retroactive is a movement to prevent change

145
Q

Social Reproduction

A

The idea that wealth inequality is inherited

146
Q

Meritocracy

A

A system in which capable, hard-working people are rewarded with success

147
Q

When does a concave mirror form a virtual image?

A

When the focal length > object distance

148
Q

Why would counterbalancing be used in a research study?

A

Control for any effect that the order of presenting stimuli would have on the dependent variable

149
Q

Neuroleptics

A

Antipsychotics used to treat Schizophrenia. Reduce positive symptoms but may exacerbate negative symptoms

150
Q

How are symptoms of Schizophrenia & Alzheimer’s similar?

A

Both are characterized by cognitive dysfunction particularly in verbal fluency & negative priming

151
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

A model of the body’s stress response, consisting of 3 stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion. An individual enters the stage of exhaustion after prolonged exposure to stressors.

152
Q

Dependent stressors

A

Stressful events that are at least partially a result of a person’s behavior/characteristics

153
Q

What side of the brain are most language-processing centers on?

A

The left side

154
Q

What happens when someone is in a state of cognitive dissonance?

A

People are more likely to change their attitudes to match their behavior

155
Q

Characterization of Bipolar disorders

A

Bipolar disorders are associated with increased levels of norepinephrine & serotonin in the brain

156
Q

Criteria for Bipolar I diagnosis

A

Can be diagnosed with a single manic episode & does NOT require a major depressive disorder

157
Q

Criteria for Bipolar II diagnosis

A

Requires at least one hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode

158
Q

Characterization of Cyclothymic Disorder

A

Contains at least one hypomanic episode & dysthymia

159
Q

Ingratiation

A

A technique where someone attempts to influence someone by becoming more likable by using flattery or conformity

160
Q

Alter-casting

A

A persuasion technique by imposing a role on another person to encourage someone to act a certain way (Ex: A good friend would allow me to borrow their car)

161
Q

Symptoms of decreased dopamine levels

A

Associated with Parkinson’s, so impaired muscle control and slow movement may be symptoms of decreased dopamine levels

162
Q

Theory Vygotsky Developed

A

“Zone of proximal development” which states that skills below a child’s ability can be obtained with some support

163
Q

Ego-syntonic

A

When a person’s personality, behavior and attitude and goals are in sync

164
Q

Anhedonia

A

Lack of pleasure (Negative symptom for Schizophrenia & depression)

165
Q

What region of the brain is responsible for balance and motor coordination?

A

Hindbrain

166
Q

What region of the brain is responsible for memory, emotions, and high-order cognition?

A

Forebrain

167
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for?

A

Sensorimotor reflexes (Ex: Startle responses)

168
Q

Characteristics of short-term memory

A

Serial position effect & 7+/-2 effect

169
Q

Characteristic of iconic or sensory memory

A

Ability to remember specific portion of stimuli accurately but only for a few seconds after the stimulus was presented

170
Q

Looking Glass Self

A

When a person internalizes how other people perceive them, resulting in other people’s perception shaping their self-concept

171
Q

What part of the brain is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Temporal lobe

172
Q

What part of the brain is Broca’s Area located?

A

Frontal Lobe

173
Q

Which cells in Seminiferous tubules produce sperm?

A

Sertoli cells

174
Q

What behavior is observed in a fixed-interval or fixed-ratio schedule?

A

No response initially when the reward is given, but behavior increases closer to the time interval

175
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

Interpretation! When we interpret things based on interactions and relationships in society

176
Q

Back stage self

A

The way you act when you are not in public

177
Q

The “Me” component of the self according to Mead

A

The socialized self that acts according to social norms

178
Q

The “I” component of the self according to Mead

A

The impulsive, spontaneous self prior to taking social norms into account

179
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

States that there is an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform well. If arousal is too high, poor performance can be a result

180
Q

Heuristic

A

Cognitive rules of thumb that offer a shortcut to decision making and/or problem solving

181
Q

Chunking

A

A strategy used to increase capacity of short-term memory by separating the information into “chunks”

182
Q

Encoding Specificity

A

When the conditions or environment at encoding matches the conditions at retrieval, resulting in improved recall

183
Q

Intersectionality

A

The different aspect of someone’s social background (race, ethnicity, SES) combined can provide advantages or disadvantages

184
Q

Scaffolding

A

A more experienced individual supporting a less experienced individual

185
Q

Egocentrism

A

Characteristic of the pre-operational stage of Piaget’s development; the child views the world from their perspective only

186
Q

Display Rules

A

The rules that dictate cultural expectations of emotion.

187
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A

Characterized by separation, coldness, and apathy towards others

188
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

Less severe than schizophrenia; no hallucinations, but distrubed thought patterns and distortions that make an individual attribute significance to normal life events

189
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

Temporal lobe

190
Q

Primary vs. secondary appraisal

A

Primary appraisal: one determines if a stimulus is in fact a threat or not
Secondary appraisal: occurs if stimulus is a threat, when someone decides how to cope with a situation/threat

191
Q
A
192
Q

Retroactive interference

A

When old memories are changed by new ones

193
Q

Thorndike’s Theory of Intelligence

A

States three areas of intelligence:
1) abstract intelligence: language & symbolic thinking
2) Mechanical intelligence: control bodily movements
3) Social intelligence: ability to communicate with & understand others

194
Q

Galton’s theory of hereditary genius

A

States that intelligence is hereditary; passed from parent to offspring

195
Q

Binet’s theory of mental age

A

Proposed intelligence quotient (IQ) based on ability to complete tasks associated with memory & problem-solving

196
Q

Spearman’s theory of general intelligence

A

Focuses on g factor: predicts success in overall performance on mental ability tests

197
Q

Iconic Memory

A

A type of sensory, short-term memory (visual)

198
Q

Echoic Memory

A

A type of sensory, short-term memory (auditory)

199
Q

Social Cognitive Perspective

A

People’s thoughts, behavior, beliefs are influenced by their social environment

200
Q

Behavioral Perspective (Behaviorism)

A

Behavior impacted by rewards & punishments

201
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Genetic expression and behavior are linked

202
Q

Elaboration Likelihood model

A

Individuals that are motivated can be approached with central cues (facts, information, etc), while unmotivated individuals should be approached with peripheral cues (emotion-based & appearance)

203
Q

Fecundity

A

The physiological capability of female members of child-bearing age to produce live offspring, usually increases due to improved health & nutrition

204
Q

What type of learning are habituation and desensitization?

A

Non-associative learning

205
Q

Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcement

A

Primary is an innately desirable thing (food, praise, physical contact), while secondary is learned (money, good grades)

206
Q

Primary vs. secondary punishment

A

Primary is innately undesirable (shock, spanking), while secondary is learned (bad grades)

207
Q

Taste aversion

A

A typical, unique example of classical conditioning where one gets sick after consuming something, and associates it long-term with illness only after a one-time exposure

208
Q

Tonic Receptors

A

Sensory receptors that continue to produce action potentials throughout the duration of a stimulus; limited to peripheral nervous system NOT central nervous system

209
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Intensity of a stimulus that a human can detect 50% of the time

210
Q

Projection

A

Projecting/attributing one’s unacceptable behaviors/thoughts to something/someone else (Ex: A cheating spouse may accuse their partner for being unfaithful)

211
Q

Displacement

A

Taking out unacceptable thoughts/feelings on a safe target (Ex: hitting a pillow when angry)

212
Q

Sublimation

A

Transforming an unacceptable behavior/thought to acceptable behavior to cope (EX: boxing as a hobby to vent anger)

213
Q

What does electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?

A

Electrical signals of the cortex below the brain

214
Q

What does magnetoencephalgram (MEG) measure?

A

Magnetic fields produced by electrical brain activity

215
Q

What does positron emission tomography (PET) scan measure?

A

Glucose metabolism in the brain via a radio tracer attached to glucose analog

216
Q

What does functional MRI (fMRI) measure?

A

Blood oxygenation in the brain

217
Q

Fundamental Attribution error vs. actor-observer bias

A

Fundamental attribution error is the tendency to blame others’ behaviors on dispositional characteristics WITHOUT taking into account one’s own behavior, while actor-observer bias defines one’s behavior as external or situational factors

218
Q

Gentrification

A

Urban redevelopment of lower-income neighborhoods that occurs due to an influx of higher-income residents

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