Psych/Soc Flashcards
1
Q
pgroupthink definition
A
a group of well-intentioned people makes irrational or non-optimal decisions spurred by the urge to conform
2
Q
method of loci
A
remember new information in sequential order, along an imaginary journey.
3
Q
two types of interference in memory are:
A
proactive (old disrupt new) and retroactive
4
Q
rods are responsible for what vision?
A
night vision
5
Q
Memorized facts and ideas are stored in what kind of memory?
A
Semantic
6
Q
Prevalence vs incidents
A
prevalence (currently diagnosed)
incidents (will be diagnosed)
7
Q
Pre-conventional stage
A
decisions made based on direct consequences
8
Q
conventional stage
A
decision made by comparing with current expectations
9
Q
what is lalent function?
A
secondary role, indirect role
10
Q
what is the function of pons
(regulates waking)
A
prevent us from physically responding to our dreams
11
Q
internal locus of control vs external locus control
A
People who develop an internal locus of control believe that they are responsible for their own success. Those with an external locus of control believe that external forces, like luck, determine their outcomes.
12
Q
retrograde memory
A
ability to recall events that occurred or information that was acquired prior to a particular point in time
13
Q
anterograde memory
A
the ability to retain events, experiences, and other information following a particular point in time
14
Q
cerebellum function
A
maintain balance, complex motor function
15
Q
hippocampus function
A
learning and memory
16
Q
thalamus function
A
body’s senses (except smell). Your thalamus also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory
17
Q
vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
A
what a learner is capable of doing unsupported, and what they can do supported.
18
Q
limbic system
A
behavioural and emotional responses
19
Q
basal ganglia
A
motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions, movements (dopamine pathway)
20
Q
bipolar II disorder
A
manic episodes that alternative with intervals of major depression
21
Q
representativeness heuristic
A
involves predicting the outcome of events based on similar events that have occured
22
Q
self-fulfilling
A
an attitude or prediction leads to itself becoming true
23
Q
food deserts
A
lack access to fresh and healthy food
24
Q
primary appraisal vs secondary appraisal
A
Primary appraisal involves determining whether the stressor poses a threat. Secondary appraisal involves the individual’s evaluation of the resources or coping strategies at his or her disposal for addressing any perceived threats.
25
habituation
a decrease in the magnitude of the response after repeated exposures
26
self discrepancy theory
The self-discrepancy theory states that individuals compare their "actual" self to internalized standards or the "ideal/ought self". Inconsistencies between "actual", "ideal" and "ought" are associated with emotional discomforts
27
sensory bias
female have mating preferences
28
binocular cue
images taken in by both eyes to give depth perception, or stereopsis.
There are two types of binocular depth cues: convergence and retinal disparity.
29
broca area
motor speech area
30
conversion disorder
a condition in which a person experiences physical and sensory problems, such as paralysis, numbness, blindness, deafness or seizures, with no underlying neurologic pathology.
31
somatic disorder
when a person has a significant concerns on physical symptoms
32
social loafing
social loafing is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone
33
social facilitation
Social facilitation is a psychological concept relating to the tendency for the presence of others to improve a person's performance
34
temporal lobe
interpreting sounds from the ears and plays a significant role in recognizing and using language
learning and memory
35
frontal love
frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function.
36
parietal lobe
touch, taste, and temperature, touch, touch
responsible for spatial processing as well
37
impression management theorists define self as who the person actually is (T OR F)
true
38
cohort study
an approach that follows research participants over a period of time (often many years). Specifically, cohort studies recruit and follow participants who share a common characteristic
39
retrospective study
A study that compares two groups of people
A prospective cohort study moves forward in time, following a group of participants to track the development of an outcome of interest. A retrospective cohort study moves backward in time, first identifying a group of people who already possess the outcome of interest, and then looking backwards to assess their exposure to a risk factor.
40
absolute threshold
smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by human senses
41
thalamus function
All information from your body's senses (except smell) must be processed through your thalamus
42
opponent process theory
1.ability to perceive color is controlled by three receptor complexes with opposing actions.
2. The more you engage in the sport, the more the initial fear gets suppressed to the opposing reaction of relief and exhilaration
43
gestalt principle
laws of human perception that describe how humans group similar elements
44
multistability
ability to perceive image two or more ways
45
Stimulus generalization
the ability to behave in a new situation in a way that has been learned in other similar situations
46
Stimulus discrimination
responding only to certain stimuli, and not responding to those that are similar
ex: curse with friends but not grandpa
47
cognitive dissonance
It refers to the mental conflict that occurs when a person's behaviors and beliefs do not align. It may also happen when a person holds two beliefs that contradict one another.
ex: should i eat pizza while I'm working out
causes a state of discomfort and then a motivation to fix it
48
hidden curriculum
implicit or unspoken values taught in school
49
aerosolize compounds
compounds detected by nose
50
deductive reasoning
All atoms have mass; calcium is an atom, so calcium has mass
51
Asch (from studies of conformity showed that)
lack of unanimity (no consensus) reduces the pressure to conform
52
role conflict
a person plays a criminal and a judge
53
Howard Gardner (in psychology) proposed what?
multiple intelligences
54
master status vs ascribed status
Ascribed statuses are statuses born with—e.g., race, sex, etc
Master status is the social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual
55
Sect meaning in religious
A sect is a collection of individuals with distinct, often extreme religious beliefs. Typically, sects arise by “splitting off” from a more mainstream, larger religion.
56
Freud theory of personality (3 components)
The id represents a person’s base, animalistic, and often unconscious wants and urges, while the ego represents rational self-interest. Last of all, the superego contains the internalized moral codes of the individual’s society
57
Impression management meaning
Impression management is the effort (whether intentional or unconscious) to control the way that other people view oneself
58
Which stage of sleep does somnambulism (sleepwalk) occur
3 and 4
Note: the slowest sleep wave
59
Front stage vs back stage (impression management)
Front stage refers to a person’s behavior when he is performing for others, while back stage includes actions that occur when the person is acting freely.
60
Symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism deals with how the perceived meanings of objects (or symbols) interact with each other and with larger institutions
Ex: a stick figure with dress symbolize woman
Example: when you see a doctor, you expect him to be professional and keep it confidential
61
Treisman’s model
Treisman’s model requires that stimuli at least be perceived by the subject, albeit at low levels if they are not relevant to the task at hand.
Note:
Treisman = incomplete filter
Broadbent = complete filter
62
Normative vs coercive vs utilitarian organization
Normative- voluntarily
Utilitarian-compensated for their efforts (employees)
Coercive- involuntarily
63
Later dysfunction
Unable to erect
64
Cognitive dissonance
refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors
(Consistency is the basis for this theory)
Note: people tend to change attitudes to match behavior than change behaviors
65
ambivalent attachment style example
mother displays unpredictable and inconsistent responses to her child, sometimes with appropriate attention, sometimes neglectfully
66
Immediately before sleep, EEG shows a shift to patterns of larger and slower waves called __________ waves.
During periods of relaxation, while a person is still awake, brain waves become slower, increase in amplitude, and become more synchronous. These types of waves are called alpha waves
67
kohlberg's stages of moral development'
68
attribution theory
deals with how individuals perceive the causes of everyday experience, as being either external or internal
69
anticipatory socialization
occurs when we start learning new norms and values in anticipation of a role we'll occupy in the future
70
Primary socialization
Primary socialization occurs early in a child's life and is primarily due to the influence of family and close friends
71
developmental socialization
involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills
72
resocialization
the process of learning new attitudes and norms required for a new social role
73
Treisman's attenuation model
the selective filter distinguishes between two messages on the basis of their physical characteristics, such as location, intensity and pitch
ex. pianist ignores the
74
self-serving bias
A student gets a good grade on a test and tells herself that she studied hard or is good at the material. She gets a bad grade on another test and says the teacher doesn't like her or the test was unfair.
75
fundamental attribution error
we tend to believe that others do bad things because they are bad people
76
borderline personality disorder
emotionally unstable
77
external validity
how well the experimental results may be generalized to other situations
78
conversion disorder
a mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation
79
retrospective vs prospective method
retrospective means looking backwards (into the past) while prospective means looking forward (into the future)
80
mediating variable vs moderating variable
A mediating variable (or mediator) explains the process through which two variables are related, while a moderating variable (or moderator) affects the strength and direction of that relationship.
81
anterior pituitary vs posterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the brain by short blood vessels. The posterior pituitary gland forms part of the brain and secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream under the command of the brain.
82
drive-reduction theory
Drive-reduction theory is based on the idea that the primary motivation behind all human behaviour is to reduce 'drives
ex. We eat when we're hungry to reduce the discomfort that hunger causes within our bodies
83
hypothalamus function
hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body's temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing and in stress control.
84
frontal lobe function
The frontal lobe controls high-level cognitive skills like: planning; self-control; memory formation; empathy; attention
Project future consequences of current actions
85
temporal lobe function
processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory
86
operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.
87
ethnocentrism
evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
88
Attrition bias
the way participants are lost from a study
89
distress vs eustress vs neustress
distress is negative stress, detrimental to your health
eustress is positive stress, motivate you
neustress is negative, but it doesn't influence you
90
three core components of emotions
physiological arousal: how your body reacts to emotions
expressive displays: how you express your emotions
subjective experience: how you feel and interpret your emotions
91
Schachter-Singer theory of emotions
exposure to stimulus, physiological arousal, then cognitive interpretation, then experience of emotion
92
construct validity
your test or measure accurately assesses what it's supposed to
the degree to which a test or instrument is capable of measuring a concept, trait, or other theoretical entity.
93
availability heuristic vs representative heuristic
Representative heuristic is where people use existing memories to identify associated characteristics of an object or a person. By contrast, the availability heuristic is where we use existing memories to identify the likelihood of an outcome occurring.
94
hindsight bias
tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were
95
normative influence vs informational influence
Normative Influence is conformity based on one's desire to fulfill others' expectations and gain acceptance. Informational influence is conformity under acceptance of evidence about reality which has been provided by others
96
belief perserverance
tendency to maintain one's beliefs, even in the face of evidence to the contrary
97
approach-avoidance conflict
when one option has both positive and negative aspects
98
asch study on conformity
line A is bigger than line B, no it's not!
99
fundamental attribution error
is the tendency for people to under-emphasize situational and environmental explanations for an individual's observed behavior while overemphasizing dispositional- and personality-based explanations
100
Absolute threshold
Absolute threshold is the smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses, including vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.
101
Fundamental attribution error
She caught that ball in front of me, she's trying to embarrass me!
102
Sensory neurons in joint muscles is what type of sense
Kinesthesia (also known as proprioception) is the sense we have of our body position, movements, and relationships between movements of different body parts. Sensory neurons in the joints and muscles convey kinesthetic information to the brain.
103
Is birth rate lower than mortality rate a post industrial age or mature industrial age?
Post industrial age
104
prospective memory
involves remembering that you need to do something in the future
105
dissociative disorder
lack of continuity in memories
106
synaptic pruning
removal of synapses that are not heavily used durin development,therefore enchancing strong connection
(similar to long-term potentiation, except synaptic pruning responsible for structural chances, whereas long-term potentiation is resulted from repeated behavior)
107
long-term potentiation
strengthening of synaptic connections due to high frequency stimulation
108
ego
according to reality principle, and try to avoid socially unacceptable behaviors
109
moderating variable
influence the strength of a relationship between separate independent and dependent variables
110
stapes (in ear)
111
vestibule (in ear)
feel the acceleration
112
Wernicke area in temporal lobe
logical sentence. Wernicke aphasia would then result in nonsense sentences
113
globalization does not increase job security (T OR F)
True
114
Hypersensitivity to light touch may indicate a disorder that involves
Meissner corpuscles
115
narcissistic vs paranoid vs borderline personality disorder
narcissistic: self-image
borderline: emotional instability
paranoid : distrust
116
Mores definition
It is expected that one would hold the door for a person behind him or her when entering a building.
117
folkways definition
less severe than mores (ex. sneeze and cover up)
118
deindividuazation
when people are in a mosh pit at a concert, they're punching the air and shaking their heads frantically-behaviors they wouldn't engage in if they weren't a part of a crowd
119
which personality trait determines one's behavior
cardinal trait
120
industry vs. inferiority stage of development
when a child learns how to use skills to get into society
121
Goldberg’s five factors of personality
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness (to experience), Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.
122
looking-glass self
we form our “selves” based not on how others actually view us, but on our perceptions of those viewpoints. For example, if his friends view him successful, he will form the identity of a successful person
123
development of the "I" and the "me,"
he "me" is our social self and the "I" is our response to the "me.
124
Humanistic theory of personality
people are intrinsically good, with an innate drive to make themselves better (have self-actualization)
125
A case study describes a patient who has hair cells only in part of his cochlea. Which symptom is most likely to be caused by this deficiency?
The inability to hear sounds of certain frequencies
126
PTSD
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that's triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it
127
Fisherian selection
peacocks showing feathers
128
mnemonics technique in memories
a way to help you memorize a phrase or idea with patterns. Mnemonic techniques can include songs, poems, rhymes, outlines, images and acronyms.
129
Gestalt principle of good continuation
we perceive this image as two lines instead of four separate lines
130
George Herbert Mead described four stages of the development of the “self (in order )
imitation, play, game, and the generalized other
131
Kelley’s covariation model
An attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain way
The concept of using consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency cues to make attributions
132
Parallel play (observe others and do not influence behavior) is most common for which group of people
preschool kids
133
Cannon-bard emotion theory
physiological arousal and a subjective feeling of aggression are separate
134
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
135
Maslow’s theory (include self-actualization)
136
kinship of affinity in psychology
when individuals get together by choice
137
anomie meaning in psychology
no moral or social principles in a society.
Also, it is an alienation that individuals feel when social norms and social bonds are weak
138
cultural taboos example
people are prohibited from eating pork
139
internal validity
extent of causal relationship
140
role strains
come from too many stress from too many demands within a single role
141
inclusive fitness
animal behave in certain way to ensurer the propagation of its or similar gene
142
Erikson’s stages of development,
143
house money effect
the tendency for investors to take more and greater risks when investing with profits from previous trading
144
anomie theory
those who experience low appreciation from the society less likely to contribute to the society
145
relative deprivation theory
individuals seek out resources they perceive themselves as lacking relative to others
146
reciprocal determinism
a person's behavior influences and is influenced by the environment and personal factors
147
an ideal bureaucracy organization has what
explicit well written rules
148
diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires at least one of the two symptoms
depressed mood (sadness) and lack of pleasure (anhedonia)
149
Authoritarian vs authoritative
Authoritarian- high control low warmth
Authoritative- high control high warmth
150
somatic symptoms
symptoms experience in the body, not psychological
151
Gardner's multiple intelligence
152
agoraphobia in psychology
anxiety symptoms in reaction to situations where the sufferer perceives the environment to be dangerous
153
ataxia in psychology
impaired coordination of muscle movements
154
in which stage of sleep would patient display beta waves
when awake or REM sleep
155
mirror neurons roles
observational learning and empathy or emotions for others
156
acute stress
stress arise from daily activities that are unpredictable
157
fixed ratio vs variable ratio vs fixed interval vs variable interval
158
group polarization
Phenomenon where group members take a stronger/more extreme view point as a group
159
what is an example of scapegoat
expressing anger about bikers even though they didn't commit the crime
160
Broca's area is in the frontal lobe, while wernicke's is part of the temporal lobe
True
161
James-Lange theory vs Cannon-Bard theory. vs Schachter-Singer theory
162
amygdala is located in the temporal lobe
True
163
primary group vs secondary group
A primary group is a small group based largely on long-term face-to-face interaction
A secondary group is one based on shared goals or interests in which the members are rarely if ever in face-to-face contact
164
Function of horizontal cells
discerns edges of objects and detect visual contrasts
165
the elaboration likelihood model
information may be processed peripherally (shallowly) or centrally (more thorough)
166
The mesolimbic pathway
NOTE:it's reward pathway
responsible for addictive behaviors like drug use or gambling
167
Ego-syntonic disorder
instead of feeling sick, she feels normal
168
role playing
cause individuals to adopt new attitudes that were not previously presented
169
Negotiation vs adjustment phase of cultural shock
Signs of anxiety, loneliness are second stage (negotiation)
Justing used to the new environment (adjustment)
170
0-24 month (according to Piaget stage), children know objects exist even when hidden
True
171
2-7 years, children think egocentric (self-center) and symbolic
True
172
activity theory
old people want to be involved as much as young people
173
central vision vs peripheral vision
Central (cones)
peripheral (rods): night and motion
174
religiosity vs religious affiliation
religiosity: individual internalizes and incorporates religion into their life
religious affiliation: identify with certain religion
175
dyad (group of two) vs triad (group of three)
two is more intimate but less stable
176
objective measures vs subjective measures
objective- direct measure
subjective- what they say
177
posterior pituitary function
release oxytocin and vasopressin
Oxytocin is involved primarily in attachment and pair bonding. Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone, regulates the reabsorption of water from the kidneys.
178
vicarious emotion
同情心
179
weber law
If you can barely perceive the difference between 10 lb and 11 lb (a 10% difference), you can also just barely detect a difference between 50 lb and 55 lb (a 10% difference)
180
Piaget stages of cognitive development
181
place theory
Place theory explains the perception of sound pitch (how high or low a tone is). Inside the cochlea
182
motion parallax
object in the back moves slower than objects in the front
183
general adaptation syndrome
184
cognitive-behavioral therapy vs humanistic therapy
185
actor-observer bias
The actor-observer bias is an attributional bias that describes the tendency to attribute one's own actions to external factors but the actions of others to internal factors.
186
brain lobes functions
187
taste aversion is long lasting
True
188
types of kinship
189
Major theories of human development
190
regression
a child going through a stressful divorce may start wetting the bed again
191
elaboration likelihood model
we attempt to change a person's attitude through communication (such as catch phrase)
peripherial vs central procesisng
192
Gestalt principle of perception
193
Monocular depth cue
194
fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence is your ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems. Crystallized intelligence is your stored knowledge
195
context dependent memory
Context-dependent memory refers to the fact that individuals are better able to remember information when they are in the same context in which that information was learned
196
proximal stimulus
proximal stimulus is the stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g., the pattern of light falling on the retina)
197
Psychophysical Discrimination Testing
varying a physical stimulus slightly and observing the effect on a subject's experience or behavior in order to better understand perceptual processing
198
practice effect
Practice effects refers to when you have subjects repeatedly doing something, they are bound to get better for it.
199
context effect
the apparent brightness of a stimulus depends not only on its own luminance but also on that of the surrounding stimulation
200
rationalization
Rationalization occurs when an individual unconsciously generates an acceptable excuse for an unacceptable behavior or thought
201
overextension
is the term for applying a term for one class of objects to other objects that bear only a superficial resemblance (for example, “doggie” for a cow).
202
Patients with Parkinson’s disease already have insufficient dopamine levels. Therefore, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors will further reduce dopamine’s impact, and worsen the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as decreased mobility and increased frequency of tremors.
True
203
Auditory hair cells are what type of receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
204
Humanistic Theory (Maslow's)
people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs such as esteem
205
neuroleptic treat schezophrenia but causes negative symptoms
TRue
note: it only treat positive symptoms, not negative
206
avoidant attachment vs anxious-ambivalent attachment
207
defense mechanism: projection, rationalization, reaction formation, emotion displacement
208
differential association theory
interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
209
Demographic transition
shift from high birth rates and high death rates in societies
210
corpus callosum
connect the two hemispheres
211
left vs right brain
212
agent of socialization
Agents of socialization include people such as family, friends, and neighbours, social institutions such as religion and school, consumption of mass media
213
cross sectional study
collect data from many different individuals at a single point in time
214
ethnographic study
the researcher immerses himself in the environment. (observe their behavior and interactions up close)
215
morphine
relief from physical pain, decrease in hunger, and inhibition of the cough reflex.
216
Withdrawal symptoms
Abnormal physical or psychological features that follow the abrupt discontinuation of a drug that has the capability of producing physical dependence
217
oxytocin released by what
produced by hypothalamus and released by pituitary gland (reproductive )
218
hypothalamus control what
Control endocrine system, which produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, blood pressure, body temperature, appetite, and sleep
219
sapir whorf hypothesis
structure of a language determines a native speaker's perception and categorization of experience.
220
obedience is in which an individual carries out orders given by an authority figure
True
221
young helmholtz theory
all colors we see are the results of combined activity of three photoreceptors
222
social stratification three components
social class, social status, power
223
hawthorne effect
participants behave differently as a result of knowing they are being obsereved
224
push and pull factors
push factor describe why people move away from native country, pull factors describe why they move to a new country
225
cultural relativism
there are no right or wrong culture
226
source monitoring error
An example of a source monitoring error would be incorrectly recalling a conversation that occurred in a dream as reality.
227
humanistic approach vs behavioral approach
Behaviorists treat only the behavior of their clients, applying positive consequences for desirable behavior and removing positive consequences for undesirable behavior. Humanists target people's intentions, focusing on discovering a client's personal perceptions, motives, and self-concept.
228
psychodynamic approach
The psychodynamic approach to psychology focuses on the internal, unconscious mental forces that individuals are largely unaware of, but drive emotions and actions
229
reticular formation
deep in the brainstem, is concerned with functions involving arousal, particularly the sleep-wake cycle
230
somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activities.
231
olfaction and gustation are chemically gated ion channels
True
232
general adaptation syndrome
person's stress response always follow similar pattern. Has three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
233
reliability vs validity
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure
Validity refers to the accuracy of a measure
234
shadowing
a participant repeats aloud a message word for word at the same time that the message is being presented
235
MRI vs pET vs CT (CAT) scans vs fMRI
MRI looks at structural anatomy
fMRI measure which areas are most activated
PET detect for tumors, localized structural activity
CT is similar to MRI
236
what are universal emotions
fear, anger, surprise, happiness, disgust, sadness
237
fovea vs periphery of retina
fovea (more cones) is for daytime vision, the periphery (more rods) is for night vision
238
negative symptoms: absence of appropriate behaviors
Such as emotional flattening
239
neuroleptics
drugs to treat schizophrenia but also triggers negative symptoms
240
visual field are presented to the opposite hemisphere of the brain
True
241
diathesis-stress model
had a genetic predisposition to depression and unemployment acted as the trigger
242
Memory specificity
The encoding specificity principle shows that memories are linked to the context in which they are created
243
rational choice perspective
individual behavior will be based on implicit analysis of the costs and benefits
244
dramaturgical approach
one theory of impression management that uses theater as a metaphor to explain how people behave in front of others/the "audience"
245
dramaturgical approach
one theory of impression management that uses theater as a metaphor to explain how people behave in front of others/the "audience"
246
nociceptor
pain receptors
247
the only drug that is endorphins agonist is
morphine
248
Malthusian theory (positive vs negative check)
overpopulate, so disasters like famine will occur to bring down the population to a stable level
249
the mere exposure effect
preferences for things simply because we are familiar with them
250
mass hysteria
refers to collective delusions about threats to society that spread rapidly through rumors and fear.
251
spreading activation theory
For example, you could see a Coca-Cola can in the background of a movie you're watching and suddenly feel an urge to drink a can yourself. Spreading activation is mostly a concept that describes an association network of similar concepts.
252
sensory adaptation
a constant odor becomes less noticeable over time
253
symptoms depression
254
somatic disorders
255
behaviorist approach emphasizes changes in behavior due to desirable and undesirable outcomes.
True (largely unconscious/automatic learning processes)
256
Incongruence refers to the gap between a person’s actual self and ideal self
True
257
“glass escalator” suggests that men who pursue occupations that have high proportions of women (such as teaching or nursing) will quickly ascend the career ladder with promotions
True
258
binocular cues vs monocular cues
For binocular cues- you have retinal disparity (where the image from each eye is compared and the difference between the two images in where things are located gives your brain info on the depth of something) theres convergence, which is the degree to which your eyes bend or rotate to look at something, which tells your brain how close or far away it is. Things that are closer require our eyes to bend inward more to focus it, and so if your eyes bend more, your brain knows its closer to you.
For monocular cues, you have motion parallax, which says that things closer to you move faster than those farther away (on a road trip the road moves much much faster than the clouds) and relative size (things closer to you are bigger than those far away, like a skyscraper), theres light and shade (basically shading gives you ideas of form and depth) and interposition (things that are partially covered by an object are behind that object).
259
hyperarousal is a symptom for what
PTSD
260
The kinesthetic system is focused on balance and an individual’s sense of his body in the world.
True
261
The pineal gland primarily produces melatonin.
True
262
Tactile perception involves perceiving information related to touch
true
263
The affect heuristic is
the process of making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked.
264
Old age person loves granchildren
265
drugs
266
pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease involves amyloid plaque buildup (in the extracellular fluid) and neurofibrillary tangles (occur intracellularly), along with hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins.
True
267
Galton intelligence
Binet intelligence
Spearman intelligence
Thorndikes intelligence
Galton: genetic/biological
Binet: IQ
Spearman: one general factor
Thorndikes: social (language, understand, speak_
268
Yerkes-dodson law
intermediate stress would lead to max performance
269
REM rebound is a response to sleep deprivation
REM rebound results in increasing REM duration
270
false consciousness
false: this article is right, health is entirely my fault
class: this article doesn't consider how hard for people in my class to be healthy
271
Trait theorists attempt to explain personality in terms of observable personality characteristics, or traits,
True
272
neuroticism
emotional instability
273
psychoanalytic theory
personality change is possible when a person has a strong ego that can successfully mediate between one's impulsive, pleasure-seeking id and the goals of the idealistic superego. (unconscious)
274
dishabituation
habituation: decreased response to a stimulus over time (eg, no longer noticing that a sweater feels scratchy after wearing it for a few minutes)
dishabituation: A renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus (eg, after taking off the sweater & then putting it back on, it feels scratchy again)
275
intersectionality
we hold multiple, interconnected identity that will impact our life
276
Escape learning occurs when an organism learns how to terminate an ongoing unpleasant stimulus. Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns how to prevent coming into contact with an unpleasant stimulus before it occurs.
True
277
strain theory
Person blocked from attaining a culturally accepted goal (negative events) thru legit means which results in frustration (negative feelings) and would lead to deviance (negative behaviors)
278
Differential association theory
Differential association theory suggests deviance is learned through interaction with others engaging in deviance.
279
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
by hypothalamus, is used to regulate the circadian pacemaker that controls circadian rhythms
280
monoamine hypothesis
The monoamine hypothesis states that a depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the central nervous system causes depression symptoms.
281
anhedonia
Anhedonia refers to the loss of ability to feel pleasure (typical symptom in depression)
282
An aggregate is a collection of individuals who share a common location but do not identify as a group
True
283
cognitive appraisal
emotion reacting to a stigma
284
gambler fallacy
mistaken belief that if something happen more frequently now, it will less likely to occur in the future
285
signal detection vs features detection
Feature detection: we break up motion, color, and form into separate components which are processed separately in our brains. Signal detection is more about detecting stimuli when there is a certain threshold of noise in the background
For signal detection: A hit would be if you feel your phone vibrate and it actually did, a miss would be your phone vibrates and you don't notice it, and a correct rejection is if your phone doesn't vibrate and you don't feel it vibrate.
286
The halo effect
is an attributional error that occurs when an individual with a positive quality (eg, physical attractiveness) is assumed to have other positive qualities (eg, intelligence)
287
desensitization vs habituation
Habituation: Decreased response to a stimulus over time (eg, no longer noticing that a sweater feels scratchy after wearing it for a few minutes)
Dishabituation: A renewed response to a previously habituated stimulus (eg, after taking off the sweater & then putting it back on, it feels scratchy again)
Sensitization: Increased response to a stimulus over time (eg, sweater's scratchiness becomes more irritating until it is unbearable)
Desensitization:Decreased response to a previously sensitized stimulus over time (eg, irritation from previously unbearable scratchiness diminishes over time)
288
Social exchange theory is a microsociological perspective that asserts that individuals interact with each other to maximize personal gain and minimize personal cost.
True
Another term for this is rational choice theory
289
baroreceptor
sense for change in pressure
290
fads
A social movement that gains and loses popularity quickly, lasting for a short period of time but reaching a large number of people.
291
mechanoreceptor is when
we hear stuff (with hair )
292
Identity diffusion (low commitment, low exploration): People at this level lack direction, have not explored options, and have not committed to a particular career path or future.
Identity foreclosure (high commitment, low exploration): People at this level have accepted an identity that they have been assigned (typically by a parent or authority figure) without contemplation or exploration.
Identity moratorium (low commitment, high exploration): People at this level are still trying new activities and thinking about a career path, but have not yet arrived at a decision.
Identity achievement (high commitment, high exploration): People at this level have explored their options and typically feel confident about who they are and what they want to do in the future.
True
293
The illness experience discusses how chronically ill individuals make sense of and manage their illness in daily life and what effect illness has on their sense of self-identity.
True
294
what is in the temporal lobe
amygdala and hypocampus
295
limbic system mnomonic
hippo wears HAT
296
The visuospatial sketchpad is employed when manipulating visual and/or spatial information (eg, reading a map). The phonological loop is employed when manipulating spoken and written information (eg, reading a book). The episodic buffer is responsible for temporal processing (understanding the timeline of events)
True
297
consanguineal kinship
(genetically related individuals
298
somatosensory system
Somatosensory input: Proprioceptors, found in skeletal muscles, tendons, skin, and joints, provide information about the location and movement of our body in space
299
Interactionist perspective vs nativist perspective vs learning perspective
interactionist: biological and social
nativist: biological
learning: operant condition & language imitation
300
Language Theories
Universalism - thought determines language fully
Vygotsky's theory - thought and language develop separately but converge later on
301
From the structural functionalist perspective, social institutions have manifest functions, which are expected, and latent functions, which are unintended
True
302
praise is primary or secondary reinforcer ?
secondary
303
proprioception
sense of position
different than kinesthesia (for movement)
304
Fertility is number of children a woman has in her lifetime. Fecundity is the potential to bear children.
True
305
drugs
stimulants: cocaine, ecstasy, caffeine, nicotine
depressants: alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates
hallucinogen: mushrooms, LSD
pain killers: opioids, opiates
marijuana can be ANY of the categories
306
ear structure
these three bones together are called ossicles
307
presbyopia & hyperopia vs myopia
presbyopia & hyperopia: farsighted (focus behind of retina)
myopia: nearsighted (focus in front of retina)
308
sacroplastic reticulum is ligand or voltage gated for Ca= release?
voltage gated
309
foot in door vs door in face
foot in door: small favor, then big favor
door in face: big favor, then small favor
310
autocommunication
dolphine send signal and then it comes back to itself
311
cross-sectional study measures
usually prevalence, such as percent of xxx, at a given time
312
magno pathway vs parvo pathways (in visual perception)
magno: depth and motion
parvo: form and color
Note: parallel processing will take longer
313
compliance
Compliance is a type of conformity whereby an individual publicly goes along with the group but privately maintains his or her own stance
314
sect vs cult
A sect is something that is culturally/society accepted but it’s not fully incorporated.
A cult is not socially accepted or incorporated. This is something that is off on its own. The society views it and frowns on it.
315
secularization vs modernization vs fundamentalism
316
racialization vs stereotype threat
Racialization is the process by which one group designates another group with a racial identity, often based on shared group qualities, such as physical attributes (eg, skin pigmentation) or behaviors (eg, religious practices). The designating group has more social power (dominant group) and exerts social control over the designated group, which has less social power (subordinate group).
stereotype threat: stereotype hinders performance
317
schizophrenia symptoms
neuroleptic drugs/ atypical antipsychotic drugs treat positive symptoms only
318
personality disorders
319
hallucinogens have the lowest risk of dependence
True
320
Emotionally intelligent people are self-aware and can delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards, rather than being overtaken by immediate impulses
True
321
Weber's ideal bureucracy
322
cultural diffusion vs cultural transmission
Cultural transmission refers to the transmission of values and practices from one generation to another. The prompt does not describe cultural transmission.
Cultural diffusion indicates the mutual exchange of cultural values and practices among cultural groups in a society or among societie
323
life course approach
how early childhood influence an individual's later life outcomes
324
how long does short-term memory last
Information is only maintained in short-term memory for approximately 20 seconds, unless it is actively rehearsed.
325
demand characteristics in research bias
if participants guess the hypothesis, then they more likely to do things that confirm it
326
big five of personality
327
EEG vs CT vs PET vs fMRI
328
drugs
329
329
general anxiety vs panic disorder
Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by repeated, uncontrollable, and unpredictable panic attacks, which are overwhelming surges of anxiety that peak within minutes. Repeated surges of overwhelming anxiety with racing heart, difficulty breathing, sweating, and a fear of losing one's mind are most consistent with a diagnosis of panic disorder, not GAD.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a range of events. People with GAD may experience muscle tension; difficulty concentrating or sleeping; and restlessness, fatigue, or irritability.
330
persuation level for elaboration likelyhood model
331
example of self-fulling bias
For example, a student believes he is terrible at chemistry, so he does not study very hard for the chemistry final because he thinks, "Why bother? I'm terrible at this subject, so what is the point in trying?" His lack of preparation causes him to fail the exam, thus reinforcing his belief that he is bad at chemistry.
332
spontanous recovery
Spontaneous recovery occurs when an extinct response reappears after a period of time.
333
behaviorism
Behaviorism is a theory in psychology that focuses on the role the environment plays in shaping human behavior. Specifically, behaviorism focuses on how reinforcement and punishment shape human behavior.
334
insomnia
trouble to sleep
335
reward pathway
336
type of stressor
337
instinctive drift
Instinctive drift describes an animal's reverting from a learned behavior to an innate behavior despite reinforcement
338
counterbalancing
counterbalancing is used to control for the potential effects that the order of intervention administration may have on the results
339
self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
340
social capital
social network (it's not part of SES)
