Psych/Soc Flashcards
Visual Cues
Allow us to organize perceptually by taking into account depth, form, motion, constancy. Types- binocular and monocular cues
Binocular Cues
Give humans a sense of depth. Retinal disparity and convergence
Retinal Disparity
Different views of objects from diff eyes
Convergence
how much eyeballs re turned. Eye muscles relax when things far, contract when closeby
Monocular clues-form
Visual cues requiring only one eye and give humans a sense of form of an object
Relative size, interposition, relative height, shading/contour
Relative size
Closer objects percieved as larger
Interposition
One object is in front of another- front=closer
Relative height
higher objects percieved to be farther than lower
Shading/contour
lights and shadows show form/depth/contours
Monocular cues- motion
Farther away percieved to be moving slower, closer=faster (motion parallax)
Monocular cue- constancy
Even if image cast on retina is different, our perception of the object doesn’t change.
Types of Constancy (size, shape, color)
Size constancy- closer object appears larger, we think its the same size
Shape constancy- changing shape like door opening but we still percieve same shape- rectangle
Color constancy- despite light changes changing color on retina, percieve same color on object
Sensory Adaptation
Includes hearing, touch, smell, propioception,sight
Hearing adaptation
Inner ear muscle constracts with higher noise, dampening vibrations in ear- not for immediate but sustained noise
Touch
temperature receptors desensitized over time
Smell
receptors get desensitized over time to molecules
Propioception
sense of body position in space will adapt
Sight
down or up regulation to light intensity
Down regulation
Bright- pupils constrict so less light enter, rods/cones desensitized
Up regulation
Dark- pupils dilate, rods/cones start making light sensitize molecules
JND- just noticable difference
delta I= JND
the threshold at which you are able to notice a change in sensation (smallest difference in sensation that can be detected)
(2 vs 2.05 or 2 vs 2.05 lb)
Weber’s Law
(delta I) /(I)=k
JND/initial intensity of stimulus= constant
linear relationship between initial intensity and threshold to feel difference!!!
Absolute threshold of sensation
The minimum intensity of stimulus needed to detect that particular stimulus 50% of the time.
Factors Influencing Absolute Threshold
Expectations- expecting stimuli
Experience- familiarity of stimuli
Motivation- interest in stimuli
Alertness- droswy/not
Subliminal stimuli
stimuli below absolute threshold of sensation
Somatosensation- Type
Thermoception- temperature
Mechanoception- pressure
Nociception- pain
proprioception- position
Somatosensation-intensity
how quickly neurons fire so we can notice- slow=low intensity
fast=high intensity
Somatosensation- timing/adapting
Non-adapting- neuron fires at constant rate
Slow adapting- neuron fires in beginning and slows down
Fast adapting- neuron fires immediately and stop firing immediately and starts again when stimulus stops
Somatosensation-location
Relies on dermatomes
Vestibular System
Balance and spatial orientation. Type of sensation from innear ear and limbs
Vestibular System- inner ear- fluid- view image please
Semicircular canals filled with endolymph.
When we rotate, fluid shifts in canals so can detect direction and strength of rotation
Vestibular System- inner ear-otolithic organs- purpose and structure
Utricle and saccule- help detect linear acceleration and head position.
Contain CaCO3 crystals attached to air cells in gel- changing postion/orientation of body causing crystals to move and pull on hair cells- action potential——bouyancy and gravity crucial
Dizziness and vertigo- vestibular system
Endolymph doesn’t stop spinning when we do- indicates to brain still moving so we feel dizzy
