Psych of Gender Test 2 Flashcards
Sex differences in Humans
Slide 1 physical comparison
The pathway to indifferent gonad to gender dimorphism
Phenotype differences between males and females of same species. (physical differences); both sexes have indifferent gonad is differentiated into testes or ovaries
significance of why chromosomes comes in pairs
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Sex Chromosomes
X and Y; Y gives only a few genes and controls maleness (SRY Gene); Y chromosomes synthesize protein called H-Y antigen which starts process of testis.
Wolfien Ducts
both sexes have;
Switch gene
SRY ; Y and Sox9
testis
produce testosterone and other androgen’s;
ovaries
estrogen and progesterone
Gonadal/Sex hormones
Ovaries and Testis
Androgen and Testosterone (dihy drotesterone)
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Estrogen and Progesterone
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Androgen: Estrogen ration
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MIS (mullarien inhibiting substance)
Testes only: poduced to keep mullarian ducts from forming
Hormones and differentiation: internal reproductive structures and genitalia
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sex of assignment
determined by physician and parent judgment unless there is a gender anomaly
Genotype and phenotype
Phenotype: anatomy; appearance of the body
Genotype: chromosome, genes (genetic description)
XY-genotype to Male phenotype
XX-genotype to female phenotype
Chromosomal Anomaly: Turners syndrome B XO characteristics
normal female genitalia but no ovaries and no normal puberty, need hormone injections;
X chromosomes and Ovaries; XX and Femaleness
XX is only neccessary for ovaries not for development of external genitalia.Ovaries required for normal puberty; 1 in 2000 births
Klinefelters Syndrome- XXY
1 in 500 births; most common in humans; delayed motor development; less than average testosterone production; normal male genitalia; taller than average; but low or absent fertility; vast majority normal adult lives
Conclusions about Y chromosomes; X chromosomes and Testes
Many X’s dilutes Y
XXY Male- Aggression and violence?
1 in 1000 males; less likely to commit violent crimes than XY, may have higher activity levels
Chromosomal Anomaly: intellectual and social vulnerability
more vulnerable to intellectual weakness; delayed social development, but can have normal social relationships; adjustment problems but not always.
Hormonal Anomalies
disorder in wich male and female fetuses are nto exposed to the complement sex hormones that is normal for there sex.
androgen insensitive syndrome
XY & XX Female; genetically transmitted; Cells unable to respond to androgen (partially or completely); Develops female external genitalia (labia or clit) internal short vaginal opening and ambigous genitals often a normal appearing female.
AIS, XY and the Female Phenotype
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Conclusions about testosterone and dihydrotestosterone & male vs. female phenotype
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AIS, XY, & internal reproductive structures
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Adreno-genital syndrome (or congenital adreno-hyperplasia (CAH)) & XX girls
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Sex hormones & the brain
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Regulation of sex hormones B negative feedback system
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Roles of hypothalamus, pituitary
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Sexually dimorphic nucleus of the hypothalamus
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Prenatal sex hormone surge
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Organizational and activational effects of gonadal/sex hormones
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Critical period
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Effects of hormones on sexual behavior in mice & rats
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Is the brain fixed in utero vis a vis sexual behavior? Why do we think so or not?
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Female CAH patients - in what ways is their behavior more similar to boys’ than that of unaffected girls?
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Pubertal sex hormone surge
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Gonadotropins & pituitary hormones
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Hormones of the menstrual cycle
Do humans have an estrous cycle?
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Joan/John & Money & Ehrhardt’s 1982 case
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Money’s theory of gender identity
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Who are intersexed?
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What is gender identity?
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Gender role identity
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Sexual orientation
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Transsexual
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Possible outcomes of transsexuality
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Transgender
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