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Psychology of Gender > Psych of Gender Test 1 > Flashcards

Psych of Gender Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Minimalist

A

View Differences between men and women as trivial. i.e. men and women are different but the differences are not significant.

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2
Q

Maximalist

A

View Gender differences as significant

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3
Q

Medias effect of gender bias

A

Media ignores the idea of no sex differences because it is not “news” as in it doesnt sell or produce ratings, and is not interesting.

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4
Q

Culture and gender stereotypes

A

stereotypes can be more exaggerated in different cultures. Occurs when cultures separate the roles in an extreme fashion

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5
Q

Explaining Gender Patterns: Essentialist

A

Biological; Built in; Part of DNA, sex differences have evolved over time.

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6
Q

Explaining Gender Patterns: Environmentalist

A

Social learning; Women and Men are assigned different sociological functions; biology not important; pressured to fulfill assigned roles(socialized) because of different reproductive functioning and physical strength.

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7
Q

Explaining Gender Patterns:Constructionist

A

Cognitive theorists; gender is a set of socially constructed ideas, we shape behavior to fit our own ideas of what a man or women should be not from social pressure.

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8
Q

Feminist movement impact on psychology

A

women became included in studies (as researchers and participants) instead of gay men; spurred a critique on current research on women and started more research on gender.

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9
Q

Goal of women’s movement

A

to vote

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10
Q

Benevolent sexism

A

Treating well but is detrimental (pedestal)

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11
Q

Hostile sexism

A

harmful; act of control or view of superiority

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12
Q

Gender schema theory

A

based on preexisting ideas on how you should act or process by which you act like a make or female (schema tells you which way to behave).

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13
Q

Correlational study

A

association of two variables; cannot determine causality because it does not show whats causing what between the 3 variables (X, Y, Z)

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14
Q

Sex

A

Biological properties or physical characteristics

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15
Q

Gender

A

what you associate yourself as

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16
Q

Experimental studies

A

allows for cause and effect; provides for manipulation of a variable.

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17
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A

The variable that is manipulated

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18
Q

Dependent Variable (DV)

A

The variable that is dependent on the IV (does the IV cause DV)

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19
Q

Ex-post facto study

A

a study after the fact; the subject variable (participants) are a pre-existing group; you use when your studying something like brain damage (usually because you cant ethically manipulate the variable).

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20
Q

MMPI-Femininty M-F scale

A

Masculine Feminine scale; to test feminenty they used gay men; they used M or F on two different dimensions; brought the concept into the picture. .

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21
Q

Sandra Bem’s Sex role inventory (BSRI)

A

did not work well on with Chinese and Americans, US hispanics, african americans and native americans ( not significant cross culturally).

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22
Q

4 categories of BSRI

A

masculine, feminine, adrogenous, undifferentiated

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22
Q

Agency

A

Masculine sex traits, enhancing and protecting self.

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23
Q

Communion

A

female sex traits, cooperation

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24
Q

Odepius complex

A

aggression and resentment toward father

25
Q

Horney’s concept of Penis envy

A

women werent jealous of the penis just the social status of men

26
Q

Horney and womb envy

A

men were jealous of the mothers feelings of carrying a baby

27
Q

Chodorow

A

Focus on pre-ediple period. before 3 yrs old; his respute to freud

28
Q

Cascade effect

A

first confirming one stereotype in a person leads to attributing all sterotypes to that person

29
Q

Phallic Stage

A

when boys and girls begin to perceive differences.

30
Q

Kernel of Truth

A

Stereotypes exaggerated built in sex differences

31
Q

predjudice

A

negative evaluation of an entire group

32
Q

discrimination

A

action on predjudice

33
Q

stereotype

A

take one small difference and exaggerating it

34
Q

illusory Correlation

A

When you believe theres a correlation in a stereotype, but doesnt really exist (false positive)

35
Q

Hyde’s studies

A

Context can change the sex differences (situational) Ver

36
Q

Found sex difference

A

all very small but spatial ability, verbal ability, and quanitive ability. NO DIFFERENCE IN INTELLIGENCE

36
Q

Date of study effect

A

Differences get smaller and are continuing too; fewer differences since 1973

36
Q

Problem with Sat as measurement

A

Boys drop out if doing poorly; wider range of girls taking the test.shows largest difference

36
Q

Explanation of Gender Differences: Essentialist’s

A

built into brain, resulting in effects of prenatal hormone, speed of brain development, etc..

37
Q

Explanations of gender difference: Environmentalist

A

contingencies and opportunities in environment effect brain development

38
Q

moderators of finding

A

does context effect differences; choose population, type of test, location etc…

39
Q

Verbal ability Findings

A

Girls>Boys; size difference is small; only on DAT and SAT; no differnence in vocabulary and reading comprehension.

40
Q

Test taking Population: have boys and girls tested match on other variables

A

ETS- male’s seem more highly selected…
Drop out rate higher among boys than girls with poor performance
Sex differences may be larger in a general population

41
Q

Quantitative ability: differences

A

Boys do better only after high school

42
Q

Measurement effect

A

effect of the measure itself to the results; discussed alot on SAT and DAT; selected population due to moderators.

43
Q

Population effect

A

General? no difference
High school students? Males better on math problem solving
Mathmatical gifted students: larger differences; more boys in group; principle source of overall sex difference (had to be mathematically gifted
racial group? Euro-americans only

44
Q

Time of Testing moderator

A

differences are smaller and shrinking except on sex

45
Q

Prior experience moderator

A

family effects; may push son to due more math than daughter.

46
Q

Mothers bias

A

more likely to encourage sons and daughters to go into math.

47
Q

Occupation choices (sex differences) Pinker

A

Pinker study: argues biological-inherited hormone. Occupation sex difference based on hormone related differences or inheritance

48
Q

Occupation choices (sex difference) Spelke

A

little evidence of inborn sex differences; alot of opportunity for experiances to come in and effect.

49
Q

Differences is spatial ability spelke

A

men better on some women better on some so no real difference.

50
Q

rod and frame test

A

explaind M-F variation on Sat; Men do better than women

51
Q

embedded figures test

A

less of a difference in sex spatial ability

52
Q

sex homones and differences

A

Estrogen or circulating testosterone

53
Q

Toys and spatial ability

A

Outdoor toys may help teach spatial ability

54
Q

Cultural restictions on girls vs. boys

A

more restricted in culture more spatial ability that favors boys.

55
Q

Statistic

A

is there a reliable difference

56
Q

Practical significance

A

does it matter

Psychology of Gender (2 decks)

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