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Intro to Psychology 100 > Psych Midterm Exam Oct. 21 > Flashcards

Psych Midterm Exam Oct. 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who had the first laboratory in psychology?

A

William Wundt, in 1879

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2
Q

Who is the father of American Psychology?

A

William James (1842-1910)

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

An early school of thought promoted by William James, explored how mental processes function in relation to survival, how they enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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4
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies, assess, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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5
Q

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

A

A specialty in professional psychology that employs psychology’s concepts and methods in the workplace or business environment.

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6
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

A specialty in professional psychology characterized by providing psychological expertise within the judicial and legal systems.

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7
Q

Peer Review

A

When other experts in the same field evaluate a research articles theory, originality, and accuracy.

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8
Q

What are the four sections of a scientific journal?

A
  1. Intro
  2. Methods
  3. Results
  4. Discussion
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9
Q

Descriptive Study

A

Describes characteristics of occurring phenomenon, does not ask the how/when/why. Includes observational, survey, and case study research designs.

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10
Q

Correlation Study

A

Measures the relationship between variables, without altering the conditions of the variables, in order to see if there is a possible correlation.

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11
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Values of one variable increase as values of the other variable increase.

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12
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Values of one variable increase as the values of the other variable decrease.

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13
Q

Spurious Correlation

A

When two variables appear to correlate but do not, and have nothing in common.

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14
Q

Experiment

A

When a researcher manipulates a variable to determine cause and effect.

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15
Q

Independent Variable

A

The changed/manipulated variable.

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16
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Measured and not altered variable, “responds” to independent variable.

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17
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

Researchers who screen research proposals and safeguard the rights, welfare, and well-being of human participants.

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18
Q

Informed Consent

A

Giving a participant enough details on an experiment so they may decide whether or not they wish to partake in it.

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19
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

A

A committee, commonly at a university, that screens research proposals, regulates and inspects laboratories, to ensure the fair treatment of animals involved in the experiments.

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20
Q

Neuron

A

Brain cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information via neural impulses.

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that are designed to receive and integrate information from synaptic impulses.

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22
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of a neuron, contains the nucleus and other organelles.

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23
Q

Axon

A

A neuron’s single, longer extension that passes messages via sending synaptic impulses through it’s branches to other neurons, muscles, and glands.

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24
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Branches off the axon that forms junctions with other cells, the part of the cell that makes the synaptic connections.

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25
What are the 3 components to a synapse?
1. Presynaptic Neuron, sends information. 2. Synaptic Cleft, the small space between the presynaptic and post synaptic membranes. 3. Postsynaptic Neuron, receives information.
26
Neurotransmitter
The chemicals released at the end of a nerve fiber.
27
Acetylcholine
Important for motor control, causes muscles to contract.
28
Dopamine
Feelings of reward; regulation of movement.
29
Endorphins
Natural pain reduction; rewarding effects; "runners high"; many drugs interact with endorphins.
30
The Peripheral Nervous System 4 Major Parts
1. Autonomic (controls internal organs/involuntary movements) 2. Somatic (voluntary movement) 3. Sympathetic (excites) 4. Parasympathetic (calms)
31
Hippocampus
Neural center in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories - of facts and events - for storage. Conscious memory.
32
Thalamus
Relays messages, usually body senses, between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex, where the information is interpreted.
33
Hypothalamus
Controls maintenance functions such as eating and drinking, helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion, reward, and body temperature.
34
What is in the brains limbic system?
The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
35
Medulla
controls heartbeat and breathing, rules autonomic functions, spinal cord joins brain stem at the medulla.
36
Cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movement and balance, and supports skill learning and memory.
37
Amygdala
Linked to emotion, aggression, fear, and recognizing emotional responses in others.
38
Nucleus Accumbens
Reward center of the brain.
39
Corpus Callosum
The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
40
Frontal Lobe
Lies just behind the forehead; involved in speaking, muscle movements, and plans.
41
Parietal Lobe
Lies at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.
42
Occipital Lobes
Lies at the back of the head; includes areas that receive visual information.
43
Temporal Lobes
Lies roughly above the ears; includes auditory areas, each receiving information from primarily the opposite ear.
44
Primary Motor Cortex and Location
A cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes, controls voluntary movement, output.
45
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
A cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations and receives sensory input.
46
Objective Effect
Can be directly observed, seen, and measured by others.
47
Subjective Effect
Cannot be directly observed by others, internal events/private events within a person.
48
Cocktail Party Effect
One's ability to attend to only one voice within a sea of many, while still being able to respond to someone who speaks their name.
49
Inattentional Blindess
Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
50
Change Blindness
Failing to notice obvious changes in the surrounding environment.
51
Melatonin
A neurotransmitter released during the sleep cycle and ceases during the wake cycle.
52
Adenosine
Increases and then reduces activity in key structures - promotes being less alert. Counteracted by caffeine, an adenosine antagonist.
53
Psychoactive Drugs
A drug that alters the brain, causing perception, cognitive, and mood changes.
54
Illicit Substance
A substance with legal restrictions on use and/or possession.
55
Addictive Substance
A substance that causes someone to need to continue use, lest they feel withdrawal effects.
56
Depressant Drug
Calms neural activity and reduces body functions. Some examples: alcohol, opioids, and barbiturates.
57
Psychostimulant Drug
Excites neural activity and speeds up body functions. Some examples: amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, hallucinogens, and MDMA.
58
Longitudinal Study
Follows participants across time, although expensive to conduct.
59
Synaptic Pruning
When non-utilized connections are lost, eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neural connections,
60
Teratogen
Any agent that can damage a fetus. For example, alcohol causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
61
Attachment
A strong emotional connection persisting over time and across circumstances. Adaptive, facilitates survival of an infant.
62
Imprinting
When young animals become strongly attached to their mothers. Famously demonstrated by Konrad Lorenz and the geese that imprinted on him.
63
Schema
A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information in the brain.
64
Accommodation
Creation of new schemas, changing the way of thinking to accommodate new knowledge. Coined by Jean Piaget.
65
Assimilation
Placing new information into an existing schema. Coined by Jean Piaget.
66
Zone of Proximal Development
Coined by Lev Vygotsky, who believed learning to be more social rather than cognitive compared to Piaget, it is the distance between what a child can learn on their own and what they can learn with the help/guidance of others, through language.
67
Emerging Adulthood
The stage in between adolescence and adulthood, generally considered ages 18-29.
68
Sex
Genetic sex, male or female, biological attributes.
69
Gender
Ones socially constructed sense/identity of femininity and masculinity.
70
Sexual Orientation
The direction of ones sexual interest.
71
Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus
Located in the hypothalamus; believed to be related to sexual behavior in animals. Has been found to be larger in straight men, and smaller in gay men and straight women.
72
What part of the brain has parts that appear to be larger in size in gay men when compared to straight men?
The cerebral cortex.
73
Sensation
Detection of stimuli and transmission to the brain.
74
Perception
The processing of sensory information, including organization, interpretation, and conscious experiences.
75
Transduction
Conversion of one form of energy into another, like transforming physical energy (such as light and sound) into neural impulses.
76
Bottom-Up Processing
Sensory systems detect features of a stimulus, like lines and colors.
77
Top-Down Processing
Higher level mental processes interpret sensory information, and constructs perceptions based on experience and expectation.
78
Threshold
Refers to the limit of detection, minimum amount of stimulus required for an organism to be able to detect said stimulus.
79
Rods
Monochromatic vision, located near periphery of retina, poor details of images.
80
Cones
Colored vision, located near the fovea, high details of images.
81
Audition
Hearing, sense of sound perception.
82
Loudness
In sound waves, measured in decibels, it is the intensity of sound paired with one's hearing threshold.
83
Pitch
Measured by frequency of vibrations, and how frequently the pressure waves hit the eardrum.
84
Kinesthetic Sense
Sense of movement (within the cerebellum)
85
Vestibular Sense
Sense of balance (within the cerebellum)
86
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an Unconditioned Response (UR)
87
Unconditioned Response (UR)
In classical conditioning , an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
88
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
A stimulus that naturally elicits no response from an organism (Ex.: Pavlov's bell)
89
Conditioned Response (CR)
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (NS)
90
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
An originally neutral stimulus, after association, comes to trigger a conditioned response (CS)
91
Operant Conditioning
When a response and its consequences are associated together.
92
Reinforcement
A consequence that follows an operant response, intended to increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.
93
Positive Reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus.
94
Negative Reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping of reducing aversive stimulus.
95
Punishment
An event that tends to decrease the behavior that comes before.
96
Positive Punishment
Administering an aversive stimulus.
97
Negative Punishment
Withdrawing a rewarding stimulus.
98
Observational Learning
Learning by observing.
99
What was the Bobo Doll experiment?
An experiment run by Albert Bandura, showed that children are able to learn social behavior, such as aggression, through the process of observational learning.

Intro to Psychology 100 (3 decks)

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