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Intro to Psychology 100 > Psych Midterm Exam Oct. 21 > Flashcards

Psych Midterm Exam Oct. 21 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who had the first laboratory in psychology?

A

William Wundt, in 1879

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2
Q

Who is the father of American Psychology?

A

William James (1842-1910)

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

An early school of thought promoted by William James, explored how mental processes function in relation to survival, how they enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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4
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

The branch of psychology that studies, assess, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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5
Q

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

A

A specialty in professional psychology that employs psychology’s concepts and methods in the workplace or business environment.

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6
Q

Forensic Psychology

A

A specialty in professional psychology characterized by providing psychological expertise within the judicial and legal systems.

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7
Q

Peer Review

A

When other experts in the same field evaluate a research articles theory, originality, and accuracy.

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8
Q

What are the four sections of a scientific journal?

A
  1. Intro
  2. Methods
  3. Results
  4. Discussion
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9
Q

Descriptive Study

A

Describes characteristics of occurring phenomenon, does not ask the how/when/why. Includes observational, survey, and case study research designs.

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10
Q

Correlation Study

A

Measures the relationship between variables, without altering the conditions of the variables, in order to see if there is a possible correlation.

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11
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Values of one variable increase as values of the other variable increase.

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12
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Values of one variable increase as the values of the other variable decrease.

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13
Q

Spurious Correlation

A

When two variables appear to correlate but do not, and have nothing in common.

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14
Q

Experiment

A

When a researcher manipulates a variable to determine cause and effect.

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15
Q

Independent Variable

A

The changed/manipulated variable.

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16
Q

Dependent Variable

A

Measured and not altered variable, “responds” to independent variable.

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17
Q

Institutional Review Board

A

Researchers who screen research proposals and safeguard the rights, welfare, and well-being of human participants.

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18
Q

Informed Consent

A

Giving a participant enough details on an experiment so they may decide whether or not they wish to partake in it.

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19
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

A

A committee, commonly at a university, that screens research proposals, regulates and inspects laboratories, to ensure the fair treatment of animals involved in the experiments.

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20
Q

Neuron

A

Brain cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information via neural impulses.

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

A neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that are designed to receive and integrate information from synaptic impulses.

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22
Q

Soma

A

The cell body of a neuron, contains the nucleus and other organelles.

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23
Q

Axon

A

A neuron’s single, longer extension that passes messages via sending synaptic impulses through it’s branches to other neurons, muscles, and glands.

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24
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Branches off the axon that forms junctions with other cells, the part of the cell that makes the synaptic connections.

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25
Q

What are the 3 components to a synapse?

A
  1. Presynaptic Neuron, sends information.
  2. Synaptic Cleft, the small space between the presynaptic and post synaptic membranes.
  3. Postsynaptic Neuron, receives information.
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26
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

The chemicals released at the end of a nerve fiber.

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27
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Important for motor control, causes muscles to contract.

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28
Q

Dopamine

A

Feelings of reward; regulation of movement.

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29
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural pain reduction; rewarding effects; “runners high”; many drugs interact with endorphins.

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30
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System 4 Major Parts

A
  1. Autonomic (controls internal organs/involuntary movements)
  2. Somatic (voluntary movement)
  3. Sympathetic (excites)
  4. Parasympathetic (calms)
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31
Q

Hippocampus

A

Neural center in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories - of facts and events - for storage. Conscious memory.

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32
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays messages, usually body senses, between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex, where the information is interpreted.

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33
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls maintenance functions such as eating and drinking, helps govern endocrine system; linked to emotion, reward, and body temperature.

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34
Q

What is in the brains limbic system?

A

The hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, and hypothalamus.

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35
Q

Medulla

A

controls heartbeat and breathing, rules autonomic functions, spinal cord joins brain stem at the medulla.

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36
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary movement and balance, and supports skill learning and memory.

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37
Q

Amygdala

A

Linked to emotion, aggression, fear, and recognizing emotional responses in others.

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38
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A

Reward center of the brain.

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39
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

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40
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Lies just behind the forehead; involved in speaking, muscle movements, and plans.

41
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Lies at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.

42
Q

Occipital Lobes

A

Lies at the back of the head; includes areas that receive visual information.

43
Q

Temporal Lobes

A

Lies roughly above the ears; includes auditory areas, each receiving information from primarily the opposite ear.

44
Q

Primary Motor Cortex and Location

A

A cerebral cortex area at the rear of the frontal lobes, controls voluntary movement, output.

45
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

A cerebral cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations and receives sensory input.

46
Q

Objective Effect

A

Can be directly observed, seen, and measured by others.

47
Q

Subjective Effect

A

Cannot be directly observed by others, internal events/private events within a person.

48
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

One’s ability to attend to only one voice within a sea of many, while still being able to respond to someone who speaks their name.

49
Q

Inattentional Blindess

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

50
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice obvious changes in the surrounding environment.

51
Q

Melatonin

A

A neurotransmitter released during the sleep cycle and ceases during the wake cycle.

52
Q

Adenosine

A

Increases and then reduces activity in key structures - promotes being less alert. Counteracted by caffeine, an adenosine antagonist.

53
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

A drug that alters the brain, causing perception, cognitive, and mood changes.

54
Q

Illicit Substance

A

A substance with legal restrictions on use and/or possession.

55
Q

Addictive Substance

A

A substance that causes someone to need to continue use, lest they feel withdrawal effects.

56
Q

Depressant Drug

A

Calms neural activity and reduces body functions. Some examples: alcohol, opioids, and barbiturates.

57
Q

Psychostimulant Drug

A

Excites neural activity and speeds up body functions. Some examples: amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, hallucinogens, and MDMA.

58
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

Follows participants across time, although expensive to conduct.

59
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

When non-utilized connections are lost, eliminated in order to increase the efficiency of neural connections,

60
Q

Teratogen

A

Any agent that can damage a fetus. For example, alcohol causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

61
Q

Attachment

A

A strong emotional connection persisting over time and across circumstances. Adaptive, facilitates survival of an infant.

62
Q

Imprinting

A

When young animals become strongly attached to their mothers. Famously demonstrated by Konrad Lorenz and the geese that imprinted on him.

63
Q

Schema

A

A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information in the brain.

64
Q

Accommodation

A

Creation of new schemas, changing the way of thinking to accommodate new knowledge. Coined by Jean Piaget.

65
Q

Assimilation

A

Placing new information into an existing schema. Coined by Jean Piaget.

66
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

Coined by Lev Vygotsky, who believed learning to be more social rather than cognitive compared to Piaget, it is the distance between what a child can learn on their own and what they can learn with the help/guidance of others, through language.

67
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

The stage in between adolescence and adulthood, generally considered ages 18-29.

68
Q

Sex

A

Genetic sex, male or female, biological attributes.

69
Q

Gender

A

Ones socially constructed sense/identity of femininity and masculinity.

70
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

The direction of ones sexual interest.

71
Q

Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus

A

Located in the hypothalamus; believed to be related to sexual behavior in animals. Has been found to be larger in straight men, and smaller in gay men and straight women.

72
Q

What part of the brain has parts that appear to be larger in size in gay men when compared to straight men?

A

The cerebral cortex.

73
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of stimuli and transmission to the brain.

74
Q

Perception

A

The processing of sensory information, including organization, interpretation, and conscious experiences.

75
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy into another, like transforming physical energy (such as light and sound) into neural impulses.

76
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

Sensory systems detect features of a stimulus, like lines and colors.

77
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Higher level mental processes interpret sensory information, and constructs perceptions based on experience and expectation.

78
Q

Threshold

A

Refers to the limit of detection, minimum amount of stimulus required for an organism to be able to detect said stimulus.

79
Q

Rods

A

Monochromatic vision, located near periphery of retina, poor details of images.

80
Q

Cones

A

Colored vision, located near the fovea, high details of images.

81
Q

Audition

A

Hearing, sense of sound perception.

82
Q

Loudness

A

In sound waves, measured in decibels, it is the intensity of sound paired with one’s hearing threshold.

83
Q

Pitch

A

Measured by frequency of vibrations, and how frequently the pressure waves hit the eardrum.

84
Q

Kinesthetic Sense

A

Sense of movement (within the cerebellum)

85
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

Sense of balance (within the cerebellum)

86
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A

In classical conditioning, stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an Unconditioned Response (UR)

87
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning , an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)

88
Q

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

A

A stimulus that naturally elicits no response from an organism (Ex.: Pavlov’s bell)

89
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (NS)

90
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

An originally neutral stimulus, after association, comes to trigger a conditioned response (CS)

91
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

When a response and its consequences are associated together.

92
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence that follows an operant response, intended to increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

93
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting a pleasurable stimulus.

94
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping of reducing aversive stimulus.

95
Q

Punishment

A

An event that tends to decrease the behavior that comes before.

96
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Administering an aversive stimulus.

97
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Withdrawing a rewarding stimulus.

98
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning by observing.

99
Q

What was the Bobo Doll experiment?

A

An experiment run by Albert Bandura, showed that children are able to learn social behavior, such as aggression, through the process of observational learning.

Intro to Psychology 100 (3 decks)

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