Final Exam Flashcards
_____ favors traits that aid survival
Natural selection
We are especially likely to vicariously experience the reinforcing effects of those people we perceive as:
Similar to ourselves
People learn to associate their putting money in a vending machine and pressing the button with delivery of a snack, this illustrates:
Operant Conditioning
When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates:
Observational Learning
A learned association between two stimuli is most central to:
Classical Conditioning
In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?
Operant Conditioning
A lack of conscious memories of your first 4 years of life best illustrates:
Infantile Amnesia
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Harrison is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. This best illustrates:
Retroactive Interference
Conscious rehearsal of what your mother has told you about your family’s ancestry requires:
Working memory
Long-term memory refers to:
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
What type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?
Long-term memory
Explicit memory is also known as:
Declarative memory
A large intelligence test score gap between those who are wealthy and those who are poor can be found in countries with:
A large wealth gap between the rich and the poor
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n):
Concept
Language refers to:
Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they communicate meaning.
Noam Chomsky emphasized that children’s ability to pick up language so readily resulted from:
Their built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules.
Semantics refers to:
Rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.
According to self-determination theory, our self-esteem is boosted when our needs for relatedness and autonomy are satisfied in balance with our psychological need for:
Competence
As soon as sea turtles are hatched on a beach, they head directly for the ocean. This behavior is an example of:
An instinct
Positive and negative environmental stimuli that motivate behavior are called:
Drives
Stephanie is at a cocktail party when a colleague makes a bad joke. Everyone begins to laugh, and Stephanie tries to push out a fake laugh at the joke. What may happen?
Her colleague will be able to tell that her laugh is fake.
According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is _______.
Best; moderate
Philip will play the guitar in a school concert tomorrow. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, his guitar playing is likely to be ________ if his physiological arousal during the performance is ________.
Best; moderate
Compared with pessimists, optimists have ________ life expectancy, and they approach death with a feeling of ________ life satisfaction.
A longer; greater
Depression increases the risk of death, especially death from:
Coronary heart diesease
Experiencing increased stress can make us more vulnerable to illness by:
Influencing our physiology and behaviors
Practicing mindfulness meditation has been associated with:
Increased happiness, reduced anxiety, and reduced depression
Those with an internal locus of control act ________ independently and feel ________ depressed than those with an external locus of control.
More; less
A CEO who welcomes others’ opinions, encourages subordinates to give her anonymous written feedback on her ideas, and invites experts to critique her company’s developing plans is most likely to inhibit:
Groupthink
At the end of his obedience studies, Milgram informed participants of the deception and the real intent of the studies. Virtually none of them regretted taking part in them. The lack of regret may have resulted from their reduced:
Cognitive Dissonance
Cultural diversity best illustrate our human:
Adaptive capacities
Erin, who is 23 years old, would like to find a romantic partner. If she is like 27 percent of Americans in her age group, she may try:
Online dating services or apps
In one experiment, researchers gave participants money and instructions either to spend it on themselves or to spend it on others. Those assigned to spend it on others subsequently experienced the greatest:
Happiness
According to Freud, the unconscious is:
A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
Freud became interested in the unconscious upon realizing some patients’ symptoms:
Made no neurological sense
According to trait theorists, ________ are clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together.
Factors
According to Freud, the need to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive desires comes from the ________, which operates on the ________.
id; pleasure principle
As compared with introverts, extraverts show:
higher dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity.
When a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions:
Psychotic Disorders
When a person loses contact with reality and experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions:
Psychotic Disorders
The psychological disorder in which symptoms take on a bodily form:
Somatic Symptom Disorder
People who have bipolar disorders are most likely to be:
Artists
Someone who displays behaviors such as: maintaining a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, having an inaccurate self-perception, and perhaps excessively exercises may be suffering from:
Anorexia nervosa
Compared to men, women are ______ at risk for developing generalized anxiety disorder, which must last at least ____ months to be diagnosed.
More; 6
A therapeutic technique central to psychoanalysis is:
Free association
A drug developed to help with anxiety has been found to also relieve the symptoms of what disorder?
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Behavioral conditioning therapies have been found to be especially helpful in the treatment of:
Specific phobias
Freud believed we repress:
Threatening information
Researches have found that the human body is designed for ________ ________ and _______ _______.
physical activity; social engagement
According to the David Pakman video, it is difficult to change closely held views because:
They are directly linked to one’s life and world.
According to the Lauren Weistein, oftentimes people are held back by:
Their own belief that they cannot do more, AKA learned helplessness.
It is possible for people to believe false information because they simply:
Don’t know enough about something to change their opinions.
What impact does alcohol have on the brain?
Alcohol is associated with disinhibition, reduced control of judgements and actions, reduced motor function control, and memory impairment,.
