Psych Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Identify, gather, test, analyze, build
A
The Scientific Method
2
Q
why use the scientific method?
A
reduces bias and helps provide better theories
3
Q
we know what happens after it occurs
A
hindsight bias
4
Q
we only consider evidence that is present
A
present/present bias
5
Q
basing judgements off of what comes to mind first
A
availability heuristic
6
Q
objective statement usually based on direct observation that observers agree us true
A
fact
7
Q
hypothetical account of how/why a phenomenon occurs
A
theory
8
Q
a specific testable prediction made by a theory
A
hypothesis
9
Q
what makes a good theory?
A
comprehensive - explain info we already know
testable/falsifiable
simple
generative - generates new ideas and research
10
Q
simpler theory is preferred
A
law of parsimony
11
Q
conceptual definition of a variable
A
what it means (one per variable)
12
Q
operational definition of a variable
A
how it is measured/manipulated in context of a study (can be multiple per variable)
13
Q
self-report
A
people report about themselves
easy but not always accurate (social desirability bias)
14
Q
observing behaviour
A
use frequency, occurrence, or timing of natural occurrence
knowing you’e being observed may affect behaviour
15
Q
decrease of observation-based effects over time
A
habituation
16
Q
recording info while participants are unaware (sometimes unethical)
A
unobtrusive measures
17
Q
using pre-existing records/documents
good for large scale studies
A
archival measures
18
Q
looking at what the body is doing
ex. heart rate, sweat, neural imaging
A
physiological measures
19
Q
projective psychological tests
A
based on assumption of projected hypothesis
20
Q
performance-based psychological tests
A
how confident you are in certain areas
ex. memory-based
21
Q
who we want to make a conclusion about
A
population
22
Q
smaller group, represents population
A
sample
23
Q
random sampling
A
every member of population is equally likely to be chosen
24
Q
representative sample
A
reflects important aspects of populations
25
convenience sampling
based on availability; not random
26
systematic study plan used to turn research questions into study
research design
27
qualitative research
use non-numerical data
28
quantitative research
uses numerical data
most common
29
research that seeks to identify how humans and animals behave
ex. case study, naturalistic observation, surveys
descriptive research
30
in-depth analysis of individuals/groups/events
case study
31
behaviour is observed as it occurs in a natural setting
naturalistic observation
32
collecting info through questionnaires/ interviews
survey research
33
examines/measures relationship between 2+ variables
quantitative, allows us to make predictions
correlational research
34
correlation coefficient
indicates direction/strength of relation
-0 is no relationship, +1 or -1 is stronger
-positive: both variables increase
-negative: one variable increases, other decreases
35
can determine causation and rule out alternative explanations
experiments
36
3 characteristics of experiments
-manipulate variables
-measure whether manipulation influences other variables
-attempt to control extraneous factors
37
manipulated/controlled variable (cause)
independent variable
38
measured and may be influence by independent variable (effect)
dependent variable
39
3 criteria for causation (in experiments)
covariance
temporal precedence
internal validity
40
as IV changes, DV changes (there is an effect)
covariance
41
cause happens before effect
temporal precedence
42
does experiment support clear causal connections
internal validity
43
experimental design in which participants only experience one level of IV/manipulation
between-subjects
44
experimental design in which participants experience all levels of IV/manipulation
repeated measures
45
experiments with multiple IVs test effect of IV on the DV varies depending on levels of another IV
interaction
46
tendency for a measure to produce the same result whenever it's used to measure the same thing
reliability
47
consistent assessment at different points in time
test-retest reliability
48
consistent assessment from different researchers/evaluators (ex. Olympic judges)
integrator reliability
49
consistent items within an assessment
internal reliability
50
accuracy of a measure
allows you to draw accurate inferences from observation
validity
51
measure appears to assess what it is supposed to (can tell by looking at it)
face validity
52
measure assesses all parts of a defined construct (ex. exam)
content validity
53
measure correlates (+ or -) strongly with constructs
integrates other measures
convergent validity
54
measure correlates weakly/has no relationship to things it should relate to
discriminant validity
55
variables researchers are not including/ considering in a study but could be affecting results
confounding variables
56
change in symptoms/behaviour based on expectation/belief of receiving treatment
placebo effect
57
substance with no pharmacological effect
ex. sugar pills, saline solution
placebo
58
participants don't know purpose of study or what treatment they are receiving
single-blind study
59
ways in which the experimenter influences participants and results
experimenter-expectancy results
60
participant and experimenter ae blind to conditions of study
double-blind procedure
61
degree to which the results of a study can be generalized
external validity
62
ethical conduct for research involving humans
trig-council policy statement
63
NSERC (natural sciences and engineering research council)
looks at physical processes
64
SSHRC (social sciences and humanities research council)
looks at social psychology
65
the welfare and integrity of the individual takes priority in human research (not taken advantage of)
respect for human dignity
66
individuals have the right to make their own free/informed decisions
respect for free and informed consent
67
protects vulnerable participants/people who don't have the ability to fully provide consent
respect for vulnerable persons
68
info from study can't be traced back to the person; protects their identity
respect for privacy and confidentiality
69
fair methods, standards, and procedures for viewing research protocols through an independent process
respect for justice and inclusiveness
70
potential harms should not outweigh benefits
balancing harms and benefits
71
when the independent variable involves a lie
deception
72
telling a lie to participants
lie of commission
73
not telling participants something/leaving something out about the study
lie of ommission
74
people who are part of a study team pretending to be participants; actors in a study
confederates
75
telling participant everything after the study
debriefing
76
3 Rs of animal research ethics
replacement - don't use animals if possible
reduction - use as few animals as possible
refinement - should cause minimal discomfort
77
summarize and describe characteristics of a data set
descriptive statistics
78
tells us how confident we can be in making conclusions or inferences based on findings from a sample; studies use experimental methods, correlations, or other hypothesis testing procedures
inferential statistics
79
measures that describe a distribution in terms of a single statistic
measures of central tendency
80
most frequent response in a distribution
mode
81
average of a set of scores; usually used to describe central tendency
mean
82
score that is in the middle of the distribution
median
83
provide info about the spread of scores in a distribution
measures of variability
84
difference between highest and lowest score in a distribution
range
85
average of the squared deviation scores around the mean
variance
86
a combo measure of variance around the mean
standard deviation
87
symmetrical bell-shaped curve that represents a theoretical distribution of scores in the population
normal curve
88
term that suggests that it is unlikely that a particular finding occurred by chance alone (there is likely an effect)
statistical significance
89
probability of finding observed or more extreme results when there is no true effect
p-value
90
system of symbols and rules for combining them so they generate meaning
language
91
socially constructed ways of communicating things; stands for something when there is no direct link to it outside social consensus
symbolic (property of language)
92
symbols have to be in a certain order to make sense (letters, punctuation, etc.)
grammar
93
rules that govern the order of words
syntax
94
meaning of words and sentences
semantics
95
symbols canoe combined to generate an infinite number of messages
generativity
96
can talk about things that are not physically present (ex. historic events)
displacement
97
5 properties of language:
symbolic
structure
meaning
generativity
97
5 properties of language:
symbolic
structure
meaning
generativity
displacement
98
smallest unit of speech sound that can signal differences in meaning (ex. "l"og vs. "d"og)
phoneme
99
smallest unit of language that has a sense of meaning (ex. DOGs has two)
morpheme
100
the highest level of language (sentences are combined into paragraphs, books, etc.)
discourse
101
what exact words are used in what exact order; can use different ________ to say the same thing
surface structure
102
underlying meaning that is being conveyed in sentences; stored as concepts/rules in long-term memory
deep structure
103
beginning with smaller concepts and putting them together to form big idea (for things you can't automatically understand)
bottom-up processing
104
existing knowledge is applied to make sense of new information
top-down processing
105
where it makes sense for each word to begin and end
speech segmentation
106
in language learning, knowledge of practical aspects of using it; sometime people mean more than just what they say; how people use language in order to convey a message
pragmatics
107
children learn language by just listening (no formal instruction)
language acquisition
108
innate biological mechanism that contains general grammatical rules common to all languages; biological foundation
language acquisition device (LAD)
109
factors in social environment that facilitate language learning; more socially based model of language acquisition; models parents use to get kids to learn (ex. repetition, emphasis, etc.)
language acquisition support system (LASS)
110
abbreviated speech, only key words are used
telegraphic speech
111
impairment of language, affecting speech production and comprehension and the ability to read or write
aphasia
112
condition in which there is a loss of ability to produce language in writing or speech (due to damaged left hemisphere frontal lobe of brain; ex. Tono)
broca's aphasia
113
loss of ability to understand noises or speak; can produce language, but not understand exactly what they are saying
wernicke's aphasia
114
cannot learn a language fluently after a certain age
critical period
115
easier to learn a language fluently before a certain age (~7 years old)
sensitive period
116
the idea, suggested by Benjamin Worfe, that our language determines the ways we perceive and thing about the world
linguistic relativity hypothesis
117
thinking that takes the form of verbal sentences we hear in our mind
propositional thought
118
mental category containing similar things
concept
119
clusters of interrelated concepts
categories
120
statement that expresses an idea
proposition
121
most typical and familiar members of a class that define a concept
prototype
122
thinking that takes form of images in our mind
imaginal thought
123
thinking that relates to mental representations of motor movements, such as throwing a ball
motoric thought
124
interconnected set of concepts and the links that join them to form a category
semantic network
125
3 levels of semantic networks:
superordinate
basic-level
subordinate
126
the activation of individual concepts in long-term memory; makes closely connected concepts more accessible to your mind/
thoughts (ex. for fruits there are certain prototypes that come quicker to mind)
priming
127
how do we test priming effects?
lexical decision tasks
ex. is this string of letters a word or not?
128
mental framework/organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world (includes heuristics, algorithms, scripts)
ex. how you act in fast food vs. fancy restaurants
schema
129
much more detailed semantic network/schema (layer upon layer upon layer of schema)
expertise
130
schemas we have for sequences of events that usually unfold in a regular/standardized order
script
131
tendency to focus mainly on objects and their attributes (attends to a focal object)
analytical thinking
132
paying attention to relations among objects and their contexts (attends to a whole field)
holistic thinking
133
refers to similarities in behaviour, function, or relationship
analogy
134
kind of reasoning that applies between specific exemplars or cases, in which what is known about one is used to infer new info about another
analogical reasoning
135
reasoning from a general principle to a specific case (ex. applying theory to understand/predict behaviour)
deductive reasoning
136
logical arguments (2 or more that lead to a conclusion)
syllogisms
137
reasoning that proceeds from a set of specific facts to a general conclusion or principle (using data to draw conclusion)
inductive reasoning
138
ex. 600 people have this disease, would you rather save 200 or let 400 die?
framing
139
gives you an initial bit of information, which you use as a tether
anchoring
140
method of problem solving characterized by quick and easy search procedures; another kind of schema
heuristics
141
when an individual believes they have the solution/correct answer and will hold onto that belief even if they face evidence against it
belief perseverance
142
only paying attention to evidence that confirms your beliefs
confirmation bias
