Psych foundations exam 12th nov Flashcards
What is psychological theory, and why is it important for Allied Health professionals?
Psychological theory explains and predicts human behavior, and it is important for Allied Health professionals because it informs practice, enhances communication, guides interventions, and promotes holistic patient care.
What are values, and how do they influence behavior?
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is important or desirable, guiding decision-making and actions consistently in line with personal principles.
Name four fields of psychology and their focus
Social Psychology: Group behavior, social influence on decision-making.
Cross-Cultural Psychology: Influence of cultural factors on behavior.
Health Psychology: Interaction of biology, psychology, and social factors in health.
Clinical Psychology: Assessment and treatment of mental illness.
How do values and attitudes affect behavior in Allied Health practice?
Strong and personally relevant values and attitudes predict behaviors, helping professionals make decisions and actions aligned with patient care and ethics.
Why is understanding patient values and attitudes crucial in healthcare?
It helps tailor interventions, increases patient engagement, supports cultural sensitivity, and enables more effective behavior change.
What is cognitive dissonance?
Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort experienced when values, attitudes, and behaviors are in conflict, often leading to a change to restore balance.
Name some bioethical principles upheld by OT Australia.
Beneficence, non-maleficence, honesty, veracity, confidentiality, justice, respect, and autonomy.
What role do social and cultural influences play on values and attitudes?
Social and cultural factors shape values and attitudes through influences like family, peers, and media, which affect behavior and decision-making.
Why is knowledge of Social, Cross-Cultural, Health, and Clinical Psychology valuable in Allied Health?
These fields provide insight into group behavior, cultural influences, the interaction of biological and social factors on health, and treatment of mental health conditions.
How do values align with professional practice in Allied Health?
Personal and professional values guide ethical behavior, decision-making, and patient care, aligning with the principles of respect, service, and justice in health settings.
What is the main focus of Psychoanalytic Theory in psychology?
Psychoanalytic Theory looks at the influence of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences
How does Behaviourism explain learning?
Behaviourism explains learning through conditioning, where behavior is shaped by reinforcement (rewards) or punishment, focusing on observable actions.
What is a key principle of Humanistic Theory?
Humanistic Theory centers on self-actualisation, personal growth, and the individual’s ability to make free choices.
What does Cognitivism emphasise in its approach to understanding behavior?
Cognitivism concentrates on how a person’s mind receives, organises, saves and retrieves information. It looks at mental processes like memory, perception, and problem-solving, comparing the mind to an information processor.
What is the Law of Effect and who developed it?
Developed by Edward Thorndike, the Law of Effect states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are likely to be repeated, while those with negative outcomes are not.
How is Biomedical Theory relevant to Allied Health?
Biomedical Theory helps allied health professionals understand how physiological states affect behavior, supporting a holistic approach to treatment.
Describe a practical application of Behaviourism in Allied Health.
Behaviourism is applied in behavior modification programs, using reinforcement techniques to encourage adherence to therapeutic routines.
How does Humanistic Theory influence therapy in Allied Health?
Humanistic Theory encourages a client-centered approach, promoting empathy and respect, which fosters supportive therapeutic relationships.
Why is an understanding of Cognitive Theory important in Allied Health?
Cognitive Theory creates cognitive rehabilitation strategies, improving functions like memory and attention to enhance client independence.
What role does Developmental Theory play in health care?
Developmental Theory guides allied health practitioners in designing age-appropriate interventions based on predictable stages of human development.
What is a key application of conditioning principles in Allied Health?
Conditioning principles are used in behaviour modification to encourage positive changes, often through reinforcement techniques to promote engagement in therapeutic routines.
How does Cognitivism differ from Behaviourism?
Cognitivism acknowledges internal mental states and focuses on how thought processes shape behavior, while Behaviourism focuses solely on observable actions.
What is Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT)?
CBT is a cognitive therapy used widely to treat mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD by changing unhelpful thought patterns that influence behavior.
How is Motivational Interviewing used in Allied Health?
Motivational Interviewing is a technique that helps clients alter behavior through supportive dialogue aimed at changing their cognitions, often used to help achieve therapy goals.
What are two common criticisms of Cognitivism?
Cognitivism is critiqued for relying on subjective evidence and assuming that cognition initiates behavior, rather than behavior potentially leading to changed cognitions.
What assumption underlies Humanistic Psychology?
Humanistic Psychology assumes that people are innately good and motivated to achieve their potential, contrasting with deterministic views in Behaviorism and Psychoanalytic Theory.
How is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs structured?
Maslow’s hierarchy starts with basic physiological needs, followed by safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, and at the top is self-actualisation.
What are Carl Rogers’ six key principles in Person-Centered Therapy?
- unconditional positive regard
- empathy
- acceptance
- congruence
- respect
- trust
How does Humanistic Psychology influence modern Allied Health practices?
Humanistic Psychology influences client-centered care by emphasizing empathy, empowerment, and aligning care with clients’ personal goals.
What criticism does Humanistic Psychology face?
Humanistic Psychology is critiqued for subjectivity, lack of empirical evidence, and its assumption of innate human goodness, which doesn’t account for harmful behaviors from bad people.
What are the three primary domains of human development?
Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial development.
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Preoperational (2-7 years), Concrete Operational (7-11 years), Formal Operational (12 years and up).
How does Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory differ from Piaget’s theory?
Vygotsky emphasizes that cognitive development occurs through social interaction within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and is influenced by culture, rather than distinct stages.
What does Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory focus on?
Eight stages of development across the lifespan, each with a unique conflict (e.g., Trust vs. Mistrust in infancy, Identity vs. Role Confusion in adolescence).
How are Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson’s theories applied in allied health practice?
these theories guide educational activities, support growth techniques, and address emotional and social needs, helping tailor therapeutic and rehabilitative interventions.
What are the main types of learning identified by learning theories?
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov), Operant Conditioning (Skinner), and Observational Learning (Bandura).
What is nonassociative learning?
it’s the simplest form of learning, where an individual’s response to a stimulus decreases after repeated exposure, such as becoming accustomed to traffic noise.
Define classical conditioning and give an example.
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring response, like feeling hungry when hearing a dinner bell after repeated associations with mealtime.
What was the primary finding of Harlow’s experiment with infant monkeys?
That infants sought comfort and security from a soft “mother” figure rather than a wire mother providing only food, highlighting the need for physical touch in development.
What are the four stages of observational learning according to Bandura?
Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
Describe secure attachment and its impact on development.
A healthy attachment style where individuals feel confident in caregiver responsiveness, leading to better emotional regulation, social skills, and stable adult relationships.
How does early intervention support development in children?
Early interventions assist caregivers in nurturing children’s cognitive, social-emotional, physical, and communication skills.
What are the three main components of emotions?
Emotions consist of a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response.
What are the adaptive, social, and motivational functions of emotions?
Adaptive function helps respond to situations (e.g., fear aids in avoiding danger), social function facilitates communication (e.g., smiling shows friendliness), and motivational function drives behavior (e.g., seeking pleasure).
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is driven by personal interest and enjoyment, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards like money or social approval.
What is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualization, which involves fulfilling one’s potential and achieving personal growth.
What is self-efficacy and who proposed it?
Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s capabilities to control their life and achieve goals, proposed by Albert Bandura.
What are the four sources of self-efficacy according to Bandura?
Previous experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal encouragement, and emotional states.
