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Psych Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what a psychological theory is

A

A psychological theory acts as a framework to help understand and explain different aspects of the human mind and behaviour.

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2
Q

Why its important for an allied health professional to understand psychological theories?

A

It is important because it allows allied health professionals to make more informed and insightful decisions for their patient.

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3
Q

What makes something a psychological theory?

A

-it describes a behaviour
-it makes predictions about future behaviours
-it has evidence to support the idea
-it must be testable

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4
Q

What are attitudes and when & how do they develop?

A

Attitudes are the way we think and feel about particular things such as objects, people, and events. They develop during childhood due to surrounding family and friends and develop further during adulthood where new attitudes are formed due to new experiences and learning.

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5
Q

What are values?

A

Values are the higher level principles we hold. They guide how we live our lives and the decisions we make.

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6
Q

How do our attitudes and values influence our behaviour?

A

They influence our decision making and thoughts.

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7
Q

Describe psychoanalytic theories

A

These theories believe that behaviour is influenced by unconscious processes and previous childhood trauma that may be resolved or unsolved.

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8
Q

Who came up with the idea of psychoanalytic theories?

A

Sigmund Freud

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9
Q

What is the psychic conflict in psychoanalytic theories? And explain the 3 aspects.

A

The psychic conflict is a framework that aims to explain the internal tensions between parts of the mind. The ID is the pleasure principle, the EGO is the reality principle, and the SUPEREGO is the moral principle.

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10
Q

Explain behavioural theories.

A

They focus on human behaviour rather than the mind. It describes how people act in response to their environment.

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11
Q

Give me an example of behavioural theories

A

Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning is an example where a natural stimulant causes an involuntary response. In his experiment, he used the sound of a bell to cause the drooling of a dog.

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12
Q

Explain cognitive theories.

A

Acknowledge one’s mental processes including perception of self, memory, experiences and

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13
Q

Give me an example of cognitive theories

A

Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development states that children go through distinct stages of cognitive development. CBT is a treatment that focuses on identifying and challenging negative thoughts in order to promote positive ones.

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14
Q

What are humanistic theories?

A

People are motivated to do good and strive to achieve things.

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15
Q

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and what type of school of thought does it fall under?

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a hierarchical structure of human needs. It shows that humans are motivated to fulfil these needs from bottom to top. It falls under the humanistic theories. PSSES. Physiological (water, food, health), safety (shelter, safety, stability), social (love, belonging and inclusion), ego (power, self-esteem, control), and self-actualisation (motivation, development, creativity, growth).

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16
Q

What is Piaget’s child development theory?

A

Piaget theorises that children go through distinct stages. SPCF. Sensorimotor (children learn through their senses), preoperational (start using words and symbols to represent things), concrete (able to think logically and start to understand), formal (can think complex ideas, solve problems, see from different perspectives).

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17
Q

What was Vygotsky’s child development theory?

A

Children learn from their parents and that’s why people from different cultures are different due to diverse social interactions.

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18
Q

What was Erikson’s child development theory?

A

he considered the whole life span with 8 stages.

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19
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus

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20
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Learning the relationship between two pieces of information

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21
Q

What is observational/social learning?

A

Learning by watching other’s behaviours

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22
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning a stimulus results in another stimulus

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23
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning a behaviour leads to a certain outcome. This can be a negative or positive reinforcement.

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24
Q

What is Bandura’s social learning theory?

A

Bandura theorises that children learn in 4 stages. ARRM. Attention (people notice the behaviour of others), retention (the observer must remember the behaviour and the resulting consequences), reproduction (the observer must be able to replicate the behaviour), and motivation (the observer must be motivated to produce the behaviour).

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25
Q

What are emotions and why are they useful?

A

They are the immediate response to external events or internal thoughts. They guide our decision-making and behaviour.

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26
Q

What is motivation?

A

Motivation is a process that guides, energises, and maintains progress towards a goal.

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27
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

It is the idea that people’s beliefs of their capabilities impact their functioning and events of their lives..

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28
Q

What are incentives?

A

Incentives are external objects or external goals that motivate behaviours.

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29
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

is the act of performing an activity for the sake of pleasure and enjoyment, rather than an external goal.

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30
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

it is the act of performing an activity for an external goal

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31
Q

What is delayed gratification?

A

postponing immediate gratitude in the pursuit of long-term goals.

32
Q

What is the goal-setting theory?

A

this theory suggests a goal will most likely succeed with these 5 factors: Clarity, challenging, commitment, feedback, and complexity. CCCFC

33
Q

What is personality?

A

personality is individual differences in charateristics patterns of thinking, feeling, behaviour.

34
Q

What is the big 5 in personality theory?

A

The big 5 is a model that assesses personality along 5 broad dimensions. OCEAN.

35
Q

What are the differences between Western psychology and indigenous psychology?

A

Western psychology focuses on an individual whilst indigenous psychology has a greater emphasis on community and the connection to the land, along with the effects of colonisation.

36
Q

How does culture influence human behaviour?

A

The culture an individual grows up in influences their traits and personality ultimately influencing their values and behaviour.

37
Q

What is culture

A

Culture refers to the shared rules that govern the behaviour of a group.

38
Q

What is acculturation?

A

Acculturation is the social, psychological, and culture changes that occur when cultures blend.

39
Q

What is social influence?

A

Is how groups influence the behaviour and thoughts of individuals.

40
Q

What is social cognition?

A

Social cognition is the process of making judgements and perceptions of others.

41
Q

What is ingroup favouristism

A

It is the act of favouring those in the ingroup more than those in outgroups.

42
Q

What is social identity theory?

A

Social identity theory is the idea that a group is made up of people who perceive themselves in the same social categorisation, and have pride in their group.

43
Q

How do we form impressions?

A

We form impressions through impression formation which is where an individual makes assumptions about the characteristic of a person they’ve just met.

44
Q

What is attribution?

A

Attribution is the act of explaining causes and reasons for the behaviours of others.

45
Q

What is normative influence?

A

It is the act of conforming in order to fit in.

45
Q

What is conformity?

A

Is the act of altering ones thoughts or behaviours to match others.

46
Q

What is informational influence? What experiment represents this?

A

The tendency to conform because they believe the behaviour of others is the right things to do. Asch’s line experiment.

47
Q

What is obediance? WHat is an example that represents this?

A

following the orders of another person who is usually in a postion of authority.

48
Q

What is compliance?

A

Agreeing to do something requested by someone against your will.

49
Q

What are the main principles of interpersonal attraction?

A

Similarity: we are attracted to people who look like us
Proximity: we are attracted to people who are close to us
Attractiveness: we are attracted to people who are attractive

50
Q

What is the good genes hypothesis?

A

We value people with facial symmetry and averageness because it is a sign of good evolution as it indicates better genetics and reproductive success

51
Q

What is evolutionary theory?

A

This theory suggests that helping others in a family or clan can increase the chance of advancing a group.

52
Q

What are egoistic reasons for helping?

A

They suggest we help for the personal benefits we get out of it. e.g. making us feel good.

53
Q

What are empathetic concern theory

A

this suggests we help because we emphasise with the person in need

54
Q

What is burnout?

A

Burnout is feelings of exhaustion, hopelessness, and frustration.

55
Q

What is psychopathology

A

It is the study of psychological disorders and abnormal behaviours, emotions, and thoughts.

56
Q

What are psychological disorders?

A

They are mental illnesses that are categorised by significant disturbances in behaviours, thoughts, and emotions.

57
Q

What are some categories of pschological disorders?

A

Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders.

58
Q

Whats the difference between mood disorders and anxiety disorders?

A

Mood disorders affect a person’s mood or emotional state such as depression or mania. Anxiety disorders cause uncontrollable worry, fear, and anxiety. They can have physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, and shaking.

59
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

It is a framework that shows what influences our health. It indicates that biological factors (genetics, physical health), psychological factors (beliefs, self-esteem) and social conditions (school, work, culture) are interconnected and impact our health.

60
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

It is our tendency to judge an event as more probable if it is easy to recall or imagine.

61
Q

What is the optimism bias?

A

It is a tendency to underestimate the likelihood of negative events occurring and overestimate the likelihood of positive events occurring.

62
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

It is the tendency to listen to information that supports our existing beliefs.

63
Q

What is Cognitive dissonance?

A

When there are conflicting thoughts towards something. Often you know something is bad but continue to do it. e.g. smoking.

64
Q

How can stress impact us?

A

It can impact us emotionally (irritable, depression), behaviorally (increased drinking or smoking) , and cognitively (hard to focus, memory).

65
Q

What two body systems are activated with stress?

A

Acute stress: activates the sympathetic nervous system which initiates fight or flight. It is fast-acting.

Chronic stress: a slower reacting response that involves complex biological processes involving the pituitary gland and the kidneys.

66
Q

What are the 2 main stress types?

A

Acute and chronic

67
Q

How does Selye describe stress in the body?

A

He describes the body’s response to stress in 3 steps. ARE. Alarm (trigger fight or flight). Resistance (the body adapts to stress and tries to cope with it). Exhaustion (the body’s resources are depleted, creating the potential for illness).

68
Q

What can chronic stress cause in children?

A

Chronic stress in children can cause learning difficulties, memory issues, and poor socialisation.

69
Q

What is stigma

A

It is perceived negative beliefs and attitudes towards a certain group or population.

70
Q

What was Lazarus and Folkman’s 2 part cognition process OR TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF STRESS AND COPING?

A

It is a process that describes how individuals respond with stress.
Primary aprasials: deciding whether a stimulus is harmful or not
Secondary aprasials: if it is determined harmful finding ways to respond and cope

71
Q

What is hardiness?

A

It is a trait given to people who are good at dealing with stress, or stress resistant making it less challenging to overcome negative life events.

72
Q

How can mental health impact physical health?

A

Stress, anxiety, and depression can cause weakened immune systems, and increased chances of heart issues such as high blood pressure and inflammation.

73
Q

What is primary health care?

A

It is the first layer of services in the health system. This is usually the GP.

74
Q

As a health professional when should you make a referral for your patient?

A

-When you feel as though they need care outside of your scope of practice
-if you are concerned with your client’s physical, social or emotional state and want a specialised opinion or intervention
-if your clients asks you

75
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

It is a technique that involves carrying our discussions with with clients in order to cause a behaviour change. The goal is to allow the client to develop their own motivation to make change. The professional then helps them achieve that.

76
Q

What are the 4 principles of motivational interviewing?

A

Express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self-efficacy.

Exam Revision (2 decks)

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