Bioscience Flashcards
What are the 4 types of tissue?
-epithelial
-connective
-muscular
-nervous
Compare epithelial and connective tissue.
Epithelial connects the internal and external environments, and lines hollow organs and cavities. Connective tissue supports and protects the body. It also contains extracellular matrix whilst epithelial doesn’t.
What are the 3 main fibres found in the extracellular matrix?
-Collagen
-Elastic fibres
-reticular fibres
What is a joint?
It is where two bones connect
How do xrays work
X-rays work by using ionising radiation. The beam of X-rays is projected onto an object which casts through to a plate. The denser an object the more x-rays it absorbs causing a lighter projection. While a less dense object will absorb less producing a darker projection.
What position do you take a thoracic cavity scan from during an x-ray and why?
Posterior to Anterior so that the organs are identifiable and the heart does not appear larger than it is blocking other organs.
What is a CT scan?
A computerised tomography scan is used to make multiple images to create a 3D depiction. It is very fast and detailed.
What is nuclear medicine?
It is the use of radiopharmaceuticals that emit gamma rays. They can be ingested to identify and treat conditions.
What is a barium swallow?
A patient ingests a dye which shows up on the x-ray making it easy to identify issues with swallowing.
What is an MRI?
Magnetic resonance imaging is similar to a CT in the way the patient is lying down however it doesn’t use ionising rays but rather strong magnetic forces that affect protons in the cells. It is used to detect issues in soft tissue.
What plane does flexion/extension occur?
Sagittal plane
What plane does abduction/adduction occur?
Coronal or frontal plane
Name the 6 functions of the skeletal system?
-Support
- Assisting movement
-Protection of organs
-triglyceride (fat) storage
-blood cell production
-mineral homeostasis
Briefly describe the steps of intramembranous ossification?
- formation of the ossification site
- calcification
- formation of trabeculae (spongey bone)
- formation of periosteum (thin, compact, bone on the outside - spongey bone remains in the middle)
What is the process that describes the formation of bone?
Ossification
Briefly describe the steps of endochondral ossification.
- development of cartilage model
- growth of cartilage model
- formation of primary ossification site
- development of medullary cavity
- development of secondary ossification site
- formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
What is bone remodelling?
Bone remodelling occurs from bone resorption and bone depositioning. Bone resorption is when osteoclasts break down the bone by removing the minerals. Bone depositioning is when osteoblasts provide new minerals and nutrients.
What is bone remodelling influenced by?
It is influenced by diet and hormones, and exercise.
Why do bones become brittle?
Bones become brittle as we age due to the loss of collagen fibres.
How does exercise affect bone remodelling?
Exercise increases the rate of bone remodelling as exercise places stress on the bones increasing the need to replace the bone with stronger versions.
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Skull, spine, and ribcage
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Upper and lower limbs, hip girdle, pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Give an example of a long bone?
Humerus
Give me an example of short bone
carpal bones
Give me an example of a flat bone
Scapula
Give me an example of a irregular bone
Vertebrae
Give me an example of sesamoid
patella (kneecap)
What feature of a long bone indicates whether the bone is fully developed and is no longer going through growth?
The metaphysis contains the growth plate. When the bone is no longer growing the epiphyseal line will be developed.
What are the 3 types of joints?
-Synovial
-Cartilaginous
-Fibrous
What are the 4 features of a synovial joint?
-contains synovial fluid
-has a synovial membrane
-has hyaline cartilage
-is enclosed by a fibrous capsule
Why is it important for the joints to warm up before exercise?
Warming up triggers the production of synovial fluid which lubricates the bones
Why are we shorter at the end of the day?
The cartilage disks in our spine lose water and compress over the day ultimately making us shorter
Why do we get shorter as we age?
We get shorter as we age due to losing bone mass in the intervertebral disks in our spine
Give an example of plane synovial joint
between carpal bones in the wrist
Give me an example of pivot synovial joint
upper part of the neck that allows us to rotate our head
Give an example of a hinge synovial joint and what movement it allows
patella or elbow. allows for flexion movements
Give an example of a condyloid synovial joint
between the radius and bones of the wrist