PSYCH Finals Flashcards
1
Q
A subfield of psychology is concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatments of physical illness and maintenance of health?
A
Health Psychology
2
Q
A subfield of psychology studies environmental effects on behavior and health?
A
Environmental Psychology
3
Q
Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person [that threatens that person’s well-being]
A
Stressors
4
Q
A physical and psychological response to internal/external stressors.
A
Stress
5
Q
Negative or positive events that cause stress in an individual
A
Major life changes
6
Q
Sources of stress that happen continuously or repeatedly
A
Chronic stressors
7
Q
_____ causes events to be more stressful because there is nothing that can be done
A
reduced perceived control
8
Q
An emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for an action
A
Fight-or-flight response
9
Q
What are the steps to the response of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical) axis?
A
- Threat triggers brain activation of the hypothalamus
- Stimulates pituitary gland to release ACTH
- ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to release hormones (catecholamines and cortisol)
- Sympathetic NS is activated; Parasympathetic is deactivated
10
Q
These are hormones released by the adrenal glands as a reaction to stress; epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.
A
Catecholamines
11
Q
Hormones that increase the concentration of glucose in blood
A
Cortisol
12
Q
A three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered (nonspecific stress response)
A
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
13
Q
A stage of GAS wherein the body mobilizes resources to respond to the threat (pulls energy from stored fat/muscle)
A
Alarm
14
Q
A stage of GAS wherein the body adapts to high arousal state and tries to cope with the stressor (stops digestion, menstruation, growth; continues to draw on body’s resources)
A
Resistance
15
Q
A stage of GAS wherein the damage occurs; body becomes susceptible to infection, organ damage, premature aging, death; reserves become depleted
A
Exhaustion
16
Q
Caps at the end of chromosomes that aid in cell division
A
Telomeres
17
Q
When telomeres are too short, it results in ____.
A
Tumors and diseases
18
Q
An enzyme that replenishes telomeres when they get too short or damaged
A
Telomerase
19
Q
Name two causes that lead to shorter telomere length and lower telomerase activity
A
- Chronic stress
2. Cortisol
20
Q
A complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other body substances
A
Immune System
21
Q
They produce antibodies to fight infection
A
WBC (lymphocytes - T and B cells)
22
Q
The study of how the immune system responds to psychological variables
A
Psychoneuroimmunology
23
Q
What causes hormones to flood the brain, wearing down the immune system and making it less able to fight foreign invaders?
A
Stressors
24
Q
How does chronic stress cause heart diseases?
A
The activation of the SNS causes increases in BP; prolonged BP damages blood vessels. They accumulate more plaque, blocking blood supply and leading to heart attacks
25
The tendency towards easily aroused hostility, impatience, time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings
Type A behaviour pattern
26
Interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not
Primary appraisal
27
Determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not (level of control); determines if a stressor is a threat or a challenge
Secondary appraisal
28
Physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lower performance and motivation
Burnout
29
Provide 3 symptoms of burnout
Overwhelming exhaustion, detachment from the job, sense of ineffectiveness
30
Avoiding feelings, thoughts, or situations that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint
Repressive coping
31
Facing the stressor and working to overcome it; approaching rather than avoiding to minimize long term impact
Rational coping
32
A step of rational coping wherein an individual realizes that the stressor exists and won't go away
Acceptance
33
A step of rational coping wherein an individual is attending to the stressor; there are thinking about it and is seeking it out
Exposure
34
A step of rational coping wherein an individual is working to find the meaning of a stressor in life
Understanding
35
Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat
Reframing
36
Reframing technique that help people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
37
Practice of intentional contemplation
Meditation
38
Reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body
Relaxation therapy
39
Condition of the reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure
Relaxation response
40
The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and gain control over that function
Biofeedback
41
Exercise that increases heart rate/oxygen intake for a sustained period of time
Aerobic exercise
42
Aid gained through interacting with others
Social support
43
Men tend to use ____, which amplifies unhealthy effects of stress
fight-or-flight
44
Women tend to use ____, taking care of people and bringing them together
tend and befriend
45
Affiliation/belief/engagement with a religion and a higher power (not necessarily a religion) that lowers rates of heart disease, decreases chronic pains, and improves psychological health
Religious experience
46
An approach that reduces sensitivity to pain/distress
Humor
47
Coordinated, adaptive set of reactions to illness organized by the brain
Sickness response
48
An interaction between the mind and the body that can produce illness
Psychosomatic illness
49
A person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health-related anxiety, expresses disproportional symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to their symptoms or health concerns
Somatic symptom disorders
50
Psychological concerns about explainable medical symptoms; labeling individuals as hypochondriacs
(previously) Somatoform disorders
51
Socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness
Sick role
52
Feigning medical or psychological symptoms to achieve something desirable; difficult to identify
Malingering
53
Having a sense of commitment, control, and challenge (can be learned)
Hardiness
54
Ability to become involved in life's tasks
Commitment
55
Expectation that their actions/words have a causal influence over their lives
Control
56
Embrace change and accept opportunities for growth
Challenge
57
Voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards; reliance on will power
Self-regulation
58
A person's bias toward believing they are less likely to fall victim to a problem than others
Illusion of unique vulnerability
59
Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that cause significant distress or impairment
Mental disorder
60
Conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses with biological and environmental causes
The Medical Model
61
Determining the nature of the mental disorder by looking at signs and symptoms
Diagnosis
62
Objectively observed indicators of a disorder
Signs
63
Subjectively distorted behaviors, thoughts, emotions, that suggest illness
Symptoms
64
Common set of signs/symptoms (objective and subjective)
Disorder
65
Pathological process affecting the body
Disease
66
Determination if a disorder or a disease is present
Diagnosis
67
Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
Comorbidity
68
True/False: One of the criticisms of the medical model is that subjective self-reports of patients are used
True
69
Describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder; indicates how disorders can be distinguished from other similar problems
DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
70
The study of the distribution and causes of health and disease
Epidemiology
71
Name the two top mental health issues around the world
1. Depression and anxiety
| 2. Impulse-control and substance-use disorders
72
Groups of symptoms that cluster together in specific cultures
Culture syndromes
73
Ways of talking about or expressing distress that differ across cultures
Cultural idioms of distress
74
Culturally recognized descriptions of what causes the symptoms, distress, or disorder
Culture explanations
75
Specifiable pattern of cause
Etiology
76
Course over time and susceptibility to treatment and cure
Prognosis
77
Proportionate of the population found to have the condition
Prevalence
78
Mental disorders that result from the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
Biopsychosocial perspective
79
Disorders have both internal and external causes; person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that stress brings on
Diathesis-stress model
80
Internal predisposition; external trigger
Diathesis; stress
81
Genetic/epigenetic influences, biochemical imbalances, abnormalities in brain structure/function
Biological factors (biopsychosocial model)
82
Maladaptive learning/coping, cognitive biases/dysfunctional attitudes; interpersonal problems
Psychological factors (biopsychosocial model)
83
Poor socialization, stressful life experiences, cultural/social inequalities
Social factors (biopsychosocial model)
84
Guides the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them
Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)
85
Class of disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature
Anxiety Disorders
86
Marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
Phobic Disorders
87
Irrational fear of a particular object or situation that interferes with ability to function
Specific Phobia
88
Irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed; avoid situations where unfamiliar people might evaluate them
Social Phobia
89
People are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
Preparedness theory
90
Sudden occurrence of multiple psychological symptoms that contribute to feelings of terror
Panic disorder
91
Shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, depersonalization, derealization
Acute symptoms
92
fear of having acute symptoms in public places, which leads to specific phobias
Agoraphobia
93
Chronic, excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
94
Provide biological and psychological risk factors for GAD
a bit of heritability, imbalance of the neurotransmitter GABA, influence of stressful life events
95
Repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off intrusive thoughts; significantly interferes with an individual's functioning
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
96
Obsessive thoughts cause anxiety and compulsions are performed to reduce it
Role of anxiety
97
Obsessions over things that pose a real threat
Role of preparedness theory
98
What causes OCD?
Heightened neural activity in the caudate nucleus of the brain; high activity in brain circles involved in habitual behavior
99
Chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that bring traumatic event to mind
Post-traumatic stress disorder
100
Provide predispositions of PTSD.
Increased activity in the amygdala (evaluating threat), decreased activity in medial prefrontal cortex (extinction of fear conditioning), smaller hippocampus (memory)
101
Mental disorders with mood disturbance as their predominant feature
Mood disorder
102
Severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts two or more weeks; accompanied by feeling of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep/appetite disturbance
Unipolar depression (major depressive disorder)
103
Same cognitive and bodily problems as depression, but less severe and lasts longer (lasts for at least 2 years)
Persistent depressive disorder
104
Moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and punctuated by periods of major depression
Double depression
105
Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern; related to lack of light
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
106
Provide causes of depression
SES status, hormones, heritability
107
Provide treatments of depression
treatments are mixed; most of the time it is hard to treat because of various biological system interactions
108
Biases in how information is attended to, processed, and remembered lead to and maintain depression
Cognitive model of depression
109
Individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global
Helplessness theory
110
Negative schema characterized by biases in:
1. Interpretations of information (tendency to interpret neutral information negatively)
2. Attention (trouble disengaging from negative information)
3. Memory (better recall of negative information)
111
Characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
Bipolar disorder
112
Describe the depressive phase of a bipolar disorder
similar to major depression
113
Describe the manic phase of a bipolar disorder
one week long, elevated or expansive or irritable mood, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, reckless behavior, distractibility, sometimes also hallucinations and delusions
114
At least four mood episodes (either manic or depressive) every year
Racing cycling bipolar
115
Provide causes of bipolar disorder
high rate of heritability, stressful life experiences, influence of family members with high expressed emotion
116
Interaction of multiple genes
Polygenic
117
One gene influences one's susceptibility to multiple disorders
Pleiotropic effects
118
a break from reality
Psychosis
119
Profound disruption of basic processes; distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought motivation, and behavior
Schizophrenia
120
False perceptual experiences that seem real despite the absence of external stimulation
Hallucinations
121
False beliefs, often bizarre or grandiose, that are maintained despite being irrational; delusions of persecution are common
Delusions
122
Severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics
Disorganized speech
123
Behavior inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals; often with specific motor disturbances
Grossly disorganized behavior
124
Apathy, poverty of speech, lack of motivation, are examples of what?
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
125
Deficits in cognitive abilities, interference with ability to focus relationships or maintain employment are examples of what?
Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
126
Provide causes of schizophrenia
Biological factors - dramatic increase in bio relatedness
Environmental factors - prenatal/perinatal environment
Biochemical factors - excess dopamine activity
Psychological factors - family environment (extreme conflict)
127
Describe the neuroanatomy of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia
ventricles in the brain are enlarged; enlargement means reduced tissue mass
128
A disorder where two or more distinct identities or personality states alternate and take control of the individual
Dissociative Identity Disorder
129
Persistent communication deficits; restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities
Autism Spectrum Disorder
130
True/False: ASD is highly heritable
True
131
Enhanced abilities to perceive/remember details, mastering symbol systems, superior ability for systematizing, impaired capacity for empathizing, are some signs of a person with ___.
ASD
132
Persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that causes significant impairments in functioning
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
133
High heritability, smaller brain volumes, structural/functional abnormalities in brain areas associated with attention and behavioral inhibition are some of what?
Causes of ADHD
134
Persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious role violations
Conduct Disorder
135
Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning
Personality disorders
136
Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
Antisocial Personality Disorder
137
Illegal behavior, deception, impulsivity, physical aggression, recklessness, irresponsibility, lack of remorse for wrongdoing, are some signs of:
APD
138
What are some causes of APD?
Early onset of conduct problems, brain abnormalities, less activity in amygdala/hippocampus to negative emotional stimuli
139
Intentional self-inflicted death; men do this more than women
Suicide
140
Engaging in potentially harmful behavior with some intention of dying; women do this more than men
Suicide attempt
141
Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)
142
PhD or PsyD in clinical psychology, training in therapy, assessment of psychological disorders, and research
Psychologist
143
MD with training in assessment and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication
Psychiatrist
144
MA in Social Work and training working with people in dire life circumstances; receive specialized training in mental health issues
Clinical/psychiatric social worker
145
MA or PhD with specialized training; lots of variety; counseling psychologist requires PhD + training
Counselor
146
People interact with an clinician to use environment to change their brain and behavior
Psychological treatment
147
Brain is treated directly with drugs, surgery, or direct intervention
Biological treatment
148
Pouring cold water on people with mental disorders
Hydrotherapy
149
Drilling holes to let evil spirits escape
Trephination
150
Removal of blood from the body
Bloodletting
151
Interaction between a clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem
Psychotherapy
152
Drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy depending on the client and the problem
Eclectic psychotherapy
153
explore childhood events and encourage individuals to develop insight into psychological problems
Psychodynamic psychotherapies
154
What happens in psychodynamic psychotherapy?
4-5 sessions a week for 3-6 years; client is asked to express thoughts and feelings that come to mind; therapist comments but does not express values or judgements
155
Client reports every thought that enters their mind without censorship or filtering; stream of consciousness
Free association
156
dreams or metaphors for unconscious conflicts or wishes that contain clues that the therapist can help the client understand
Dream analysis
157
Therapist deciphers meaning behind what client says/does
Interpretation
158
Focuses on helping clients improve current relationships; therapists talk to clients about interpersonal feelings and behaviors; less sensitive; looking for signs of grief, disputes, etc.
Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
159
Emphasize natural tendency for each individual to strive for personal improvement; issues stem from feelings of alienation and loneliness--failure to reach one's potential or failure to find meaning in life
Humanistic/Existential Therapies
160
Individuals that have a tendency toward growth; facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist; non-directive therapy approach; client creates own goals for therapy; with enough support the client will recognize the right thing to do
Person-centered therapy (client-centered therapy)
161
Openness/honesty across all matters of discussion
Congruence
162
Understanding what the client is feeling/thinking; seeing the world from their perspective to appreciate concerns
Empathy
163
Provide a non-judgmental, warm, and accepting environment
Unconditional positive regard
164
Helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings to take responsibility for them; the use of role-playing to imagine how another person would respond
Gestalt therapy
165
What kind of technique does Gestalt Therapy use?
Focusing - asking them to think about how a past experience makes them immediately feel
166
Actively changing a person's current thoughts and behaviors as a way to decrease or eliminate their psychopathology
Behavior and Cognitive Therapies
167
Assumes disordered behavior is learned; symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors; techniques are based on learning principles
Behavioral Therapy
168
Behavior is influenced by its consequences (could be done by making consequences less reinforcing and more punishing)
Eliminating unwanted behaviors
169
Use of token economies (tokens for desired behaviors which can be used for rewards)
Promoting desired behaviors
170
Use of exposure therapy (confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, leading to a decrease in the emotional response)
Reducing unwanted emotional responses
171
Which type of therapy greatly helps OCD?
Exposure therapy
172
Helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world
Cognitive therapy
173
Teaching clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that lead to negative emotions and replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
Cognitive restructuring
174
Teaches an individuals to be fully present in each moment; be aware of thoughts, feelings, sensations; detect symptoms before they become a problem
Mindfulness meditation
175
acknowledges there are behaviors that people cannot control with rational thought, but there are ways to help people think more rationally; problem focused, action-oriented, transparent
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
176
What does a client do in CBT?
exercises, practice behavior change skills, use a diary to monitor symptoms
177
A married, co-habituating couple is seen together in therapy to work on problems in the relationship; the problem is the relationship, not the individuals
Couples therapy
178
Psychotherapy with members of a family (client is the family); looking at the dynamics of how the family operates
Family therapy
179
Multiple participants (who don't know each other) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere (common for substance abuse)
Group therapy
180
Discussion groups that focus on a particular disorder or difficult life experience; run by peers that have struggled with the same issues; for both the person suffering and the support people
Self-help and support groups
181
List some advantages of group therapy
shows individuals they are not alone in their suffering, group members model appropriate behaviors for each other, shar insight on how to solve problems; efficient means of treatment
182
List some disadvantages of group therapy
not everyone will have similar needs or difficulties, group members can undermine the treatment success of others, members do not receive as much individualized attention
183
The use of different ingredients (opium, cocaine) but negative side effects led to the discontinuation of its use
Theriac
184
Study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms
Psychopharmacology
185
Treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders
Antipsychotic medications
186
How do antipsychotics work?
Block dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway area (reduce dopamine activity)
187
Drugs that target serotonin and dopamine systems
Atypical antipsychotics
188
Drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety
Antianxiety medication
189
Facilitates the action of GABA (calming effect)
Benzodiazepines
190
Why is there a high risk of abuse for benzodiazepines?
The body achieves immunity of the drug; requires higher doses as medication continues
191
Drugs that help lift mood
Antidepressants
192
Prevents enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down neurotransmitters such as NE, serotonin, and dopamine
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
193
Block reuptake of NE and serotonin, increasing the amount of neurotransmitters in the space between the neurons
Tricyclic antidepressants
194
Block the reuptake of serotonin in the brain making more available in the space between neurons
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
195
Act on both serotonin and NE OR NE and dopamine
Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) and Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor
196
Treatment for bipolar disorder (suppresses the swings between mania and depression); patient specific
Mood stabilizers
197
Shock therapy; includes inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electric shock to the brain; depression, bipolar; side effect of impaired short-term memory (temporary), muscle aches, headaches
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
198
Involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp which alters neuronal activity in the brain; depression, auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia; fewer side effects than ECT
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
199
Repeated exposure to bright light; SAD; mixed research findings on effectiveness
Phototherapy
200
The surgical destruction of specific brain areas; extremely severe cases of OCD
Psychosurgery
201
Psychosurgery with the use of electrical currents; severe OCD; neurological conditions; severe depression
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
202
Tendency of symptoms to return to their mean or average level; health would have improved regardless of treatment
Natural improvement
203
Inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced; belief in the effectiveness of drug improves the chances that it will work
Placebo effects
204
Mistakenly believing your symptoms before treatment were worse than they were
Reconstructive memory
205
Designed to evaluate a particular treatment compared to other treatments or controls
Treatment outcome studies
206
Participant and researcher/therapist are uninformed about which treatment the participant is receiving
Double blind experiments
207
Disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself
Iatrogenic illness
208
Conditions being early in development and cause significant impairments in functioning, such as intellectual disability; formerly known as "mental retardation"
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
209
Characterized by major disturbances in perception, thought, language, emotion, and behavior
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
210
Include major fluctuations in mood from mania to depression
Bipolar and Related Disorders
211
Characterized by extreme and persistent periods of depressed mood
Depressive Disorders
212
Characterized by excessive fear and anxiety that are extreme enough to impair a person's functioning
Anxiety Disorders
213
Characterized by the presence of obsessive thinking followed by compulsive behavior in response to that thinking
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
214
Develop in response to a traumatic event
Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders
215
Characterized by disruptions or discontinuity in consciousness, memory, or identity
Dissociative Disorders
216
Conditions in which a person experiences bodily symptoms associated with significant distress or impairment
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
217
Problems with eating that impair health or functioning
Feeding and Eating Disorders
218
Involve inappropriate elimination of urine or feces
Elimination Disorders
219
Problems with sleep-wake cycle
Sleep-wake Disorders
220
Problems related to unsatisfactory sexual activity
Sexual Dysfuntion
221
Characterized by incongruence between a person's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender
Gender Dysphoria
222
Involve problems controlling emotions and behaviors
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
223
Involves persistent use of substance or some other behavior despite the fact that it leads to significant problems
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
224
Thinking caused by conditions
Neurocognitive Disorders
225
Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that lead to significant life problems
Personality Disorders
226
Characterized by inappropriate sexual activity
Paraphilic Disorders
227
Conditions that do not fit into the other categories but are associated with significant distress or impairment
Other Mental Disorders
228
Problems with physical movement that are caused by medication
Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication
229
Disorders related to abuse, neglect, relationship, and other problems
Other Conditions That May Be The Focus Of Clinical Attention
230
Distrust in others, suspicion that people have sinister motives; apt to challenge the loyalties of friends and read hostile intentions into others' actions; prone to anger and aggressive outbursts but otherwise emotionally cold; often jealous, guarded, secretive, overly serious
Paranoid (Odd/Eccentric)
231
Extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationships; prefers to be alone, little interest in others; humorless, distant, often absorbed with own thoughts and feelings, a daydreamer; fearful of closeness, poor social skills, often seen as a "loner"
Schizoid (Odd/Eccentric)
232
Peculiar or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing; strange beliefs, magical thinking (belief in telepathy), difficulty forming relationships; may react oddly in conversations; not respond, talk to self, speech elaborate or difficult to follow
Schizotypal (Odd/Eccentric)
233
Impoverished moral sense or conscience, history of deception, crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive or violent behavior, little emotional empathy or remorse for hurting others, manipulative, careless, callous; at high risk of substance abuse and alcoholism
Antisocial (Dramatic/Erratic)
234
Unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships; frequent mood changes and anger, unpredicted impulses; self-mutilation or suicidal gestures to get attention or manipulate others; self-image fluctuation and a tendency to see others as "all good" or "all bad"
Borderline (Dramatic/Erratic)
235
Constant attention seeking, grandiose language, provocative dress, exaggerated illnesses, all to gain attention; believes that everyone loves them; emotional, lively, overly dramatic, enthusiastic, excessively flirtatious; shallow and labile emotions; "onstage"
Histrionic (Dramatic/Erratic)
236
Inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success; exaggerates own achievements, assumes others will recognize they are superior; good first impressions but poor longer-term relationships, exploitative of others
Narcissistic (Dramatic/Erratic)
237
Socially anxious and uncomfortable unless they are confident of being liked; in contrast with schizoid person, yearns for social contact, fears criticism and worries about being embarrassed in front of others; avoids social situations to fear of rejection
Avoidant (Anxious/Inhibited)
238
Submissive, independent, requiring excessive approval, reassurance, and advice; clings to people and fears losing them; lacking self-confidence, uncomfortable when alone, devastated by end of close relationships or suicidal if breakup is threatened
Dependent (Anxious/Inhibited)
239
Conscientiousness, orderly, perfectionist, excessive need to do everything "right"; inflexibly high standards and caution can interfere with their productivity; fear of errors can make them strict and controlling; poor expression of emotions (Not the same as OCD)
Obsessive-compulsive (Anxious/Inhibited)
