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Psychology 121 > PSYCH Finals > Flashcards

PSYCH Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

A subfield of psychology is concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatments of physical illness and maintenance of health?

A

Health Psychology

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2
Q

A subfield of psychology studies environmental effects on behavior and health?

A

Environmental Psychology

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3
Q

Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person [that threatens that person’s well-being]

A

Stressors

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4
Q

A physical and psychological response to internal/external stressors.

A

Stress

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5
Q

Negative or positive events that cause stress in an individual

A

Major life changes

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6
Q

Sources of stress that happen continuously or repeatedly

A

Chronic stressors

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7
Q

_____ causes events to be more stressful because there is nothing that can be done

A

reduced perceived control

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8
Q

An emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for an action

A

Fight-or-flight response

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9
Q

What are the steps to the response of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical) axis?

A
  1. Threat triggers brain activation of the hypothalamus
  2. Stimulates pituitary gland to release ACTH
  3. ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to release hormones (catecholamines and cortisol)
  4. Sympathetic NS is activated; Parasympathetic is deactivated
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10
Q

These are hormones released by the adrenal glands as a reaction to stress; epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.

A

Catecholamines

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11
Q

Hormones that increase the concentration of glucose in blood

A

Cortisol

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12
Q

A three-stage physiological stress response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered (nonspecific stress response)

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

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13
Q

A stage of GAS wherein the body mobilizes resources to respond to the threat (pulls energy from stored fat/muscle)

A

Alarm

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14
Q

A stage of GAS wherein the body adapts to high arousal state and tries to cope with the stressor (stops digestion, menstruation, growth; continues to draw on body’s resources)

A

Resistance

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15
Q

A stage of GAS wherein the damage occurs; body becomes susceptible to infection, organ damage, premature aging, death; reserves become depleted

A

Exhaustion

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16
Q

Caps at the end of chromosomes that aid in cell division

A

Telomeres

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17
Q

When telomeres are too short, it results in ____.

A

Tumors and diseases

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18
Q

An enzyme that replenishes telomeres when they get too short or damaged

A

Telomerase

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19
Q

Name two causes that lead to shorter telomere length and lower telomerase activity

A
  1. Chronic stress

2. Cortisol

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20
Q

A complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses, and other body substances

A

Immune System

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21
Q

They produce antibodies to fight infection

A

WBC (lymphocytes - T and B cells)

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22
Q

The study of how the immune system responds to psychological variables

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

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23
Q

What causes hormones to flood the brain, wearing down the immune system and making it less able to fight foreign invaders?

A

Stressors

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24
Q

How does chronic stress cause heart diseases?

A

The activation of the SNS causes increases in BP; prolonged BP damages blood vessels. They accumulate more plaque, blocking blood supply and leading to heart attacks

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25
Q

The tendency towards easily aroused hostility, impatience, time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings

A

Type A behaviour pattern

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26
Q

Interpretation of a stimulus as stressful or not

A

Primary appraisal

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27
Q

Determining whether the stressor is something you can handle or not (level of control); determines if a stressor is a threat or a challenge

A

Secondary appraisal

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28
Q

Physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion resulting from long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lower performance and motivation

A

Burnout

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29
Q

Provide 3 symptoms of burnout

A

Overwhelming exhaustion, detachment from the job, sense of ineffectiveness

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30
Q

Avoiding feelings, thoughts, or situations that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint

A

Repressive coping

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31
Q

Facing the stressor and working to overcome it; approaching rather than avoiding to minimize long term impact

A

Rational coping

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32
Q

A step of rational coping wherein an individual realizes that the stressor exists and won’t go away

A

Acceptance

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33
Q

A step of rational coping wherein an individual is attending to the stressor; there are thinking about it and is seeking it out

A

Exposure

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34
Q

A step of rational coping wherein an individual is working to find the meaning of a stressor in life

A

Understanding

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35
Q

Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat

A

Reframing

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36
Q

Reframing technique that help people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation

A

Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)

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37
Q

Practice of intentional contemplation

A

Meditation

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38
Q

Reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body

A

Relaxation therapy

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39
Q

Condition of the reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure

A

Relaxation response

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40
Q

The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and gain control over that function

A

Biofeedback

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41
Q

Exercise that increases heart rate/oxygen intake for a sustained period of time

A

Aerobic exercise

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42
Q

Aid gained through interacting with others

A

Social support

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43
Q

Men tend to use ____, which amplifies unhealthy effects of stress

A

fight-or-flight

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44
Q

Women tend to use ____, taking care of people and bringing them together

A

tend and befriend

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45
Q

Affiliation/belief/engagement with a religion and a higher power (not necessarily a religion) that lowers rates of heart disease, decreases chronic pains, and improves psychological health

A

Religious experience

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46
Q

An approach that reduces sensitivity to pain/distress

A

Humor

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47
Q

Coordinated, adaptive set of reactions to illness organized by the brain

A

Sickness response

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48
Q

An interaction between the mind and the body that can produce illness

A

Psychosomatic illness

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49
Q

A person with at least one bodily symptom displays significant health-related anxiety, expresses disproportional symptoms, and devotes excessive time and energy to their symptoms or health concerns

A

Somatic symptom disorders

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50
Q

Psychological concerns about explainable medical symptoms; labeling individuals as hypochondriacs

A

(previously) Somatoform disorders

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51
Q

Socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness

A

Sick role

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52
Q

Feigning medical or psychological symptoms to achieve something desirable; difficult to identify

A

Malingering

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53
Q

Having a sense of commitment, control, and challenge (can be learned)

A

Hardiness

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54
Q

Ability to become involved in life’s tasks

A

Commitment

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55
Q

Expectation that their actions/words have a causal influence over their lives

A

Control

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56
Q

Embrace change and accept opportunities for growth

A

Challenge

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57
Q

Voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards; reliance on will power

A

Self-regulation

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58
Q

A person’s bias toward believing they are less likely to fall victim to a problem than others

A

Illusion of unique vulnerability

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59
Q

Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that cause significant distress or impairment

A

Mental disorder

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60
Q

Conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses with biological and environmental causes

A

The Medical Model

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61
Q

Determining the nature of the mental disorder by looking at signs and symptoms

A

Diagnosis

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62
Q

Objectively observed indicators of a disorder

A

Signs

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63
Q

Subjectively distorted behaviors, thoughts, emotions, that suggest illness

A

Symptoms

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64
Q

Common set of signs/symptoms (objective and subjective)

A

Disorder

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65
Q

Pathological process affecting the body

A

Disease

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66
Q

Determination if a disorder or a disease is present

A

Diagnosis

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67
Q

Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

A

Comorbidity

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68
Q

True/False: One of the criticisms of the medical model is that subjective self-reports of patients are used

A

True

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69
Q

Describes the symptoms used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder; indicates how disorders can be distinguished from other similar problems

A

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

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70
Q

The study of the distribution and causes of health and disease

A

Epidemiology

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71
Q

Name the two top mental health issues around the world

A
  1. Depression and anxiety

2. Impulse-control and substance-use disorders

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72
Q

Groups of symptoms that cluster together in specific cultures

A

Culture syndromes

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73
Q

Ways of talking about or expressing distress that differ across cultures

A

Cultural idioms of distress

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74
Q

Culturally recognized descriptions of what causes the symptoms, distress, or disorder

A

Culture explanations

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75
Q

Specifiable pattern of cause

A

Etiology

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76
Q

Course over time and susceptibility to treatment and cure

A

Prognosis

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77
Q

Proportionate of the population found to have the condition

A

Prevalence

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78
Q

Mental disorders that result from the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

A

Biopsychosocial perspective

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79
Q

Disorders have both internal and external causes; person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that stress brings on

A

Diathesis-stress model

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80
Q

Internal predisposition; external trigger

A

Diathesis; stress

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81
Q

Genetic/epigenetic influences, biochemical imbalances, abnormalities in brain structure/function

A

Biological factors (biopsychosocial model)

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82
Q

Maladaptive learning/coping, cognitive biases/dysfunctional attitudes; interpersonal problems

A

Psychological factors (biopsychosocial model)

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83
Q

Poor socialization, stressful life experiences, cultural/social inequalities

A

Social factors (biopsychosocial model)

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84
Q

Guides the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

A

Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

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85
Q

Class of disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature

A

Anxiety Disorders

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86
Q

Marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

A

Phobic Disorders

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87
Q

Irrational fear of a particular object or situation that interferes with ability to function

A

Specific Phobia

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88
Q

Irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed; avoid situations where unfamiliar people might evaluate them

A

Social Phobia

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89
Q

People are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

A

Preparedness theory

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90
Q

Sudden occurrence of multiple psychological symptoms that contribute to feelings of terror

A

Panic disorder

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91
Q

Shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, depersonalization, derealization

A

Acute symptoms

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92
Q

fear of having acute symptoms in public places, which leads to specific phobias

A

Agoraphobia

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93
Q

Chronic, excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance

A

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

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94
Q

Provide biological and psychological risk factors for GAD

A

a bit of heritability, imbalance of the neurotransmitter GABA, influence of stressful life events

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95
Q

Repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off intrusive thoughts; significantly interferes with an individual’s functioning

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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96
Q

Obsessive thoughts cause anxiety and compulsions are performed to reduce it

A

Role of anxiety

97
Q

Obsessions over things that pose a real threat

A

Role of preparedness theory

98
Q

What causes OCD?

A

Heightened neural activity in the caudate nucleus of the brain; high activity in brain circles involved in habitual behavior

99
Q

Chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that bring traumatic event to mind

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder

100
Q

Provide predispositions of PTSD.

A

Increased activity in the amygdala (evaluating threat), decreased activity in medial prefrontal cortex (extinction of fear conditioning), smaller hippocampus (memory)

101
Q

Mental disorders with mood disturbance as their predominant feature

A

Mood disorder

102
Q

Severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts two or more weeks; accompanied by feeling of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep/appetite disturbance

A

Unipolar depression (major depressive disorder)

103
Q

Same cognitive and bodily problems as depression, but less severe and lasts longer (lasts for at least 2 years)

A

Persistent depressive disorder

104
Q

Moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and punctuated by periods of major depression

A

Double depression

105
Q

Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern; related to lack of light

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

106
Q

Provide causes of depression

A

SES status, hormones, heritability

107
Q

Provide treatments of depression

A

treatments are mixed; most of the time it is hard to treat because of various biological system interactions

108
Q

Biases in how information is attended to, processed, and remembered lead to and maintain depression

A

Cognitive model of depression

109
Q

Individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global

A

Helplessness theory

110
Q

Negative schema characterized by biases in:

A
  1. Interpretations of information (tendency to interpret neutral information negatively)
  2. Attention (trouble disengaging from negative information)
  3. Memory (better recall of negative information)
111
Q

Characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

A

Bipolar disorder

112
Q

Describe the depressive phase of a bipolar disorder

A

similar to major depression

113
Q

Describe the manic phase of a bipolar disorder

A

one week long, elevated or expansive or irritable mood, grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, reckless behavior, distractibility, sometimes also hallucinations and delusions

114
Q

At least four mood episodes (either manic or depressive) every year

A

Racing cycling bipolar

115
Q

Provide causes of bipolar disorder

A

high rate of heritability, stressful life experiences, influence of family members with high expressed emotion

116
Q

Interaction of multiple genes

A

Polygenic

117
Q

One gene influences one’s susceptibility to multiple disorders

A

Pleiotropic effects

118
Q

a break from reality

A

Psychosis

119
Q

Profound disruption of basic processes; distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought motivation, and behavior

A

Schizophrenia

120
Q

False perceptual experiences that seem real despite the absence of external stimulation

A

Hallucinations

121
Q

False beliefs, often bizarre or grandiose, that are maintained despite being irrational; delusions of persecution are common

A

Delusions

122
Q

Severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics

A

Disorganized speech

123
Q

Behavior inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals; often with specific motor disturbances

A

Grossly disorganized behavior

124
Q

Apathy, poverty of speech, lack of motivation, are examples of what?

A

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

125
Q

Deficits in cognitive abilities, interference with ability to focus relationships or maintain employment are examples of what?

A

Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

126
Q

Provide causes of schizophrenia

A

Biological factors - dramatic increase in bio relatedness
Environmental factors - prenatal/perinatal environment
Biochemical factors - excess dopamine activity
Psychological factors - family environment (extreme conflict)

127
Q

Describe the neuroanatomy of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia

A

ventricles in the brain are enlarged; enlargement means reduced tissue mass

128
Q

A disorder where two or more distinct identities or personality states alternate and take control of the individual

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder

129
Q

Persistent communication deficits; restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder

130
Q

True/False: ASD is highly heritable

A

True

131
Q

Enhanced abilities to perceive/remember details, mastering symbol systems, superior ability for systematizing, impaired capacity for empathizing, are some signs of a person with ___.

A

ASD

132
Q

Persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that causes significant impairments in functioning

A

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

133
Q

High heritability, smaller brain volumes, structural/functional abnormalities in brain areas associated with attention and behavioral inhibition are some of what?

A

Causes of ADHD

134
Q

Persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious role violations

A

Conduct Disorder

135
Q

Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning

A

Personality disorders

136
Q

Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

137
Q

Illegal behavior, deception, impulsivity, physical aggression, recklessness, irresponsibility, lack of remorse for wrongdoing, are some signs of:

A

APD

138
Q

What are some causes of APD?

A

Early onset of conduct problems, brain abnormalities, less activity in amygdala/hippocampus to negative emotional stimuli

139
Q

Intentional self-inflicted death; men do this more than women

A

Suicide

140
Q

Engaging in potentially harmful behavior with some intention of dying; women do this more than men

A

Suicide attempt

141
Q

Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die

A

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

142
Q

PhD or PsyD in clinical psychology, training in therapy, assessment of psychological disorders, and research

A

Psychologist

143
Q

MD with training in assessment and treatment of mental disorders; can prescribe medication

A

Psychiatrist

144
Q

MA in Social Work and training working with people in dire life circumstances; receive specialized training in mental health issues

A

Clinical/psychiatric social worker

145
Q

MA or PhD with specialized training; lots of variety; counseling psychologist requires PhD + training

A

Counselor

146
Q

People interact with an clinician to use environment to change their brain and behavior

A

Psychological treatment

147
Q

Brain is treated directly with drugs, surgery, or direct intervention

A

Biological treatment

148
Q

Pouring cold water on people with mental disorders

A

Hydrotherapy

149
Q

Drilling holes to let evil spirits escape

A

Trephination

150
Q

Removal of blood from the body

A

Bloodletting

151
Q

Interaction between a clinician and someone suffering from a psychological problem with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem

A

Psychotherapy

152
Q

Drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy depending on the client and the problem

A

Eclectic psychotherapy

153
Q

explore childhood events and encourage individuals to develop insight into psychological problems

A

Psychodynamic psychotherapies

154
Q

What happens in psychodynamic psychotherapy?

A

4-5 sessions a week for 3-6 years; client is asked to express thoughts and feelings that come to mind; therapist comments but does not express values or judgements

155
Q

Client reports every thought that enters their mind without censorship or filtering; stream of consciousness

A

Free association

156
Q

dreams or metaphors for unconscious conflicts or wishes that contain clues that the therapist can help the client understand

A

Dream analysis

157
Q

Therapist deciphers meaning behind what client says/does

A

Interpretation

158
Q

Focuses on helping clients improve current relationships; therapists talk to clients about interpersonal feelings and behaviors; less sensitive; looking for signs of grief, disputes, etc.

A

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

159
Q

Emphasize natural tendency for each individual to strive for personal improvement; issues stem from feelings of alienation and loneliness–failure to reach one’s potential or failure to find meaning in life

A

Humanistic/Existential Therapies

160
Q

Individuals that have a tendency toward growth; facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist; non-directive therapy approach; client creates own goals for therapy; with enough support the client will recognize the right thing to do

A

Person-centered therapy (client-centered therapy)

161
Q

Openness/honesty across all matters of discussion

A

Congruence

162
Q

Understanding what the client is feeling/thinking; seeing the world from their perspective to appreciate concerns

A

Empathy

163
Q

Provide a non-judgmental, warm, and accepting environment

A

Unconditional positive regard

164
Q

Helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings to take responsibility for them; the use of role-playing to imagine how another person would respond

A

Gestalt therapy

165
Q

What kind of technique does Gestalt Therapy use?

A

Focusing - asking them to think about how a past experience makes them immediately feel

166
Q

Actively changing a person’s current thoughts and behaviors as a way to decrease or eliminate their psychopathology

A

Behavior and Cognitive Therapies

167
Q

Assumes disordered behavior is learned; symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors; techniques are based on learning principles

A

Behavioral Therapy

168
Q

Behavior is influenced by its consequences (could be done by making consequences less reinforcing and more punishing)

A

Eliminating unwanted behaviors

169
Q

Use of token economies (tokens for desired behaviors which can be used for rewards)

A

Promoting desired behaviors

170
Q

Use of exposure therapy (confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, leading to a decrease in the emotional response)

A

Reducing unwanted emotional responses

171
Q

Which type of therapy greatly helps OCD?

A

Exposure therapy

172
Q

Helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

A

Cognitive therapy

173
Q

Teaching clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that lead to negative emotions and replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

A

Cognitive restructuring

174
Q

Teaches an individuals to be fully present in each moment; be aware of thoughts, feelings, sensations; detect symptoms before they become a problem

A

Mindfulness meditation

175
Q

acknowledges there are behaviors that people cannot control with rational thought, but there are ways to help people think more rationally; problem focused, action-oriented, transparent

A

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

176
Q

What does a client do in CBT?

A

exercises, practice behavior change skills, use a diary to monitor symptoms

177
Q

A married, co-habituating couple is seen together in therapy to work on problems in the relationship; the problem is the relationship, not the individuals

A

Couples therapy

178
Q

Psychotherapy with members of a family (client is the family); looking at the dynamics of how the family operates

A

Family therapy

179
Q

Multiple participants (who don’t know each other) work on their individual problems in a group atmosphere (common for substance abuse)

A

Group therapy

180
Q

Discussion groups that focus on a particular disorder or difficult life experience; run by peers that have struggled with the same issues; for both the person suffering and the support people

A

Self-help and support groups

181
Q

List some advantages of group therapy

A

shows individuals they are not alone in their suffering, group members model appropriate behaviors for each other, shar insight on how to solve problems; efficient means of treatment

182
Q

List some disadvantages of group therapy

A

not everyone will have similar needs or difficulties, group members can undermine the treatment success of others, members do not receive as much individualized attention

183
Q

The use of different ingredients (opium, cocaine) but negative side effects led to the discontinuation of its use

A

Theriac

184
Q

Study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms

A

Psychopharmacology

185
Q

Treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders

A

Antipsychotic medications

186
Q

How do antipsychotics work?

A

Block dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic pathway area (reduce dopamine activity)

187
Q

Drugs that target serotonin and dopamine systems

A

Atypical antipsychotics

188
Q

Drugs that help reduce a person’s experience of fear or anxiety

A

Antianxiety medication

189
Q

Facilitates the action of GABA (calming effect)

A

Benzodiazepines

190
Q

Why is there a high risk of abuse for benzodiazepines?

A

The body achieves immunity of the drug; requires higher doses as medication continues

191
Q

Drugs that help lift mood

A

Antidepressants

192
Q

Prevents enzyme monoamine oxidase from breaking down neurotransmitters such as NE, serotonin, and dopamine

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

193
Q

Block reuptake of NE and serotonin, increasing the amount of neurotransmitters in the space between the neurons

A

Tricyclic antidepressants

194
Q

Block the reuptake of serotonin in the brain making more available in the space between neurons

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

195
Q

Act on both serotonin and NE OR NE and dopamine

A

Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) and Norepinephrine and Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor

196
Q

Treatment for bipolar disorder (suppresses the swings between mania and depression); patient specific

A

Mood stabilizers

197
Q

Shock therapy; includes inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electric shock to the brain; depression, bipolar; side effect of impaired short-term memory (temporary), muscle aches, headaches

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

198
Q

Involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person’s scalp which alters neuronal activity in the brain; depression, auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia; fewer side effects than ECT

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

199
Q

Repeated exposure to bright light; SAD; mixed research findings on effectiveness

A

Phototherapy

200
Q

The surgical destruction of specific brain areas; extremely severe cases of OCD

A

Psychosurgery

201
Q

Psychosurgery with the use of electrical currents; severe OCD; neurological conditions; severe depression

A

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

202
Q

Tendency of symptoms to return to their mean or average level; health would have improved regardless of treatment

A

Natural improvement

203
Q

Inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced; belief in the effectiveness of drug improves the chances that it will work

A

Placebo effects

204
Q

Mistakenly believing your symptoms before treatment were worse than they were

A

Reconstructive memory

205
Q

Designed to evaluate a particular treatment compared to other treatments or controls

A

Treatment outcome studies

206
Q

Participant and researcher/therapist are uninformed about which treatment the participant is receiving

A

Double blind experiments

207
Q

Disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself

A

Iatrogenic illness

208
Q

Conditions being early in development and cause significant impairments in functioning, such as intellectual disability; formerly known as “mental retardation”

A

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

209
Q

Characterized by major disturbances in perception, thought, language, emotion, and behavior

A

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

210
Q

Include major fluctuations in mood from mania to depression

A

Bipolar and Related Disorders

211
Q

Characterized by extreme and persistent periods of depressed mood

A

Depressive Disorders

212
Q

Characterized by excessive fear and anxiety that are extreme enough to impair a person’s functioning

A

Anxiety Disorders

213
Q

Characterized by the presence of obsessive thinking followed by compulsive behavior in response to that thinking

A

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

214
Q

Develop in response to a traumatic event

A

Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders

215
Q

Characterized by disruptions or discontinuity in consciousness, memory, or identity

A

Dissociative Disorders

216
Q

Conditions in which a person experiences bodily symptoms associated with significant distress or impairment

A

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

217
Q

Problems with eating that impair health or functioning

A

Feeding and Eating Disorders

218
Q

Involve inappropriate elimination of urine or feces

A

Elimination Disorders

219
Q

Problems with sleep-wake cycle

A

Sleep-wake Disorders

220
Q

Problems related to unsatisfactory sexual activity

A

Sexual Dysfuntion

221
Q

Characterized by incongruence between a person’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender

A

Gender Dysphoria

222
Q

Involve problems controlling emotions and behaviors

A

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

223
Q

Involves persistent use of substance or some other behavior despite the fact that it leads to significant problems

A

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

224
Q

Thinking caused by conditions

A

Neurocognitive Disorders

225
Q

Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that lead to significant life problems

A

Personality Disorders

226
Q

Characterized by inappropriate sexual activity

A

Paraphilic Disorders

227
Q

Conditions that do not fit into the other categories but are associated with significant distress or impairment

A

Other Mental Disorders

228
Q

Problems with physical movement that are caused by medication

A

Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse Effects of Medication

229
Q

Disorders related to abuse, neglect, relationship, and other problems

A

Other Conditions That May Be The Focus Of Clinical Attention

230
Q

Distrust in others, suspicion that people have sinister motives; apt to challenge the loyalties of friends and read hostile intentions into others’ actions; prone to anger and aggressive outbursts but otherwise emotionally cold; often jealous, guarded, secretive, overly serious

A

Paranoid (Odd/Eccentric)

231
Q

Extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationships; prefers to be alone, little interest in others; humorless, distant, often absorbed with own thoughts and feelings, a daydreamer; fearful of closeness, poor social skills, often seen as a “loner”

A

Schizoid (Odd/Eccentric)

232
Q

Peculiar or eccentric manners of speaking or dressing; strange beliefs, magical thinking (belief in telepathy), difficulty forming relationships; may react oddly in conversations; not respond, talk to self, speech elaborate or difficult to follow

A

Schizotypal (Odd/Eccentric)

233
Q

Impoverished moral sense or conscience, history of deception, crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive or violent behavior, little emotional empathy or remorse for hurting others, manipulative, careless, callous; at high risk of substance abuse and alcoholism

A

Antisocial (Dramatic/Erratic)

234
Q

Unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships; frequent mood changes and anger, unpredicted impulses; self-mutilation or suicidal gestures to get attention or manipulate others; self-image fluctuation and a tendency to see others as “all good” or “all bad”

A

Borderline (Dramatic/Erratic)

235
Q

Constant attention seeking, grandiose language, provocative dress, exaggerated illnesses, all to gain attention; believes that everyone loves them; emotional, lively, overly dramatic, enthusiastic, excessively flirtatious; shallow and labile emotions; “onstage”

A

Histrionic (Dramatic/Erratic)

236
Q

Inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success; exaggerates own achievements, assumes others will recognize they are superior; good first impressions but poor longer-term relationships, exploitative of others

A

Narcissistic (Dramatic/Erratic)

237
Q

Socially anxious and uncomfortable unless they are confident of being liked; in contrast with schizoid person, yearns for social contact, fears criticism and worries about being embarrassed in front of others; avoids social situations to fear of rejection

A

Avoidant (Anxious/Inhibited)

238
Q

Submissive, independent, requiring excessive approval, reassurance, and advice; clings to people and fears losing them; lacking self-confidence, uncomfortable when alone, devastated by end of close relationships or suicidal if breakup is threatened

A

Dependent (Anxious/Inhibited)

239
Q

Conscientiousness, orderly, perfectionist, excessive need to do everything “right”; inflexibly high standards and caution can interfere with their productivity; fear of errors can make them strict and controlling; poor expression of emotions (Not the same as OCD)

A

Obsessive-compulsive (Anxious/Inhibited)

Psychology 121 (2 decks)

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