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Psychology 121 > BIO Finals > Flashcards

BIO Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

Group of potentially interbreeding individuals of a single species inhabiting a specific area

A

Population

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2
Q

How are attributes of populations determined?

A

They are determined by interactions between the physiological ecology of a species and the biotic/abiotic conditions that a population encounters

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3
Q

What do ecological filters determine?

A

Ecological filters determine where different species may become established and where they may thrive

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4
Q

Can be absolute density or ecological density

A

Population density

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5
Q

The number of individuals of a population per unit area

A

Absolute density

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6
Q

Incorporates the concept of the niche; the number of individuals per unit of suitable habitat

A

Ecological density

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7
Q

What are some additional characteristics of populations?

A

Age distributions, sex ratios, birth and death rates, immigration and emigration rates, rates of growth

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8
Q

An abstract concept that represents multidimensional conditions necessary for a species to persist

A

Niche

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9
Q

Where can macropods (kangaroos, wallabies) be located in Australia?

A

They can be found nearly in every part of Australia but no single species ranges across the entire continent

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10
Q

What is a determining factor of a species’ geographic distribution?

A

the supply of biotic/abiotic conditions and niche requirements

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11
Q

Where are the eastern gray kangaroo confined?

A

to the eastern third of the continent (temperate forests in the southeast, tropical ones in the north, mountains in the center); areas with little seasonal variation in precipitation or dominance by summer precipitation

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12
Q

Where are the western gray kangaroo confined?

A

mainly in the southern and western regions of Australia (temperate woodland and shrubland biome); predominance of winter rainfall

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13
Q

Where are the red kangaroo confined?

A

the arid and semiarid interior of Australia with biomes that include the savanna and desert (hottest and driest areas)

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14
Q

Which area of Australia is not occupied by kangaroos?

A

the northernmost region of Australia (where tropical forests are common)

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15
Q

What does climate also affect?

A

suitable food, habitat, incidence of parasites, pathogens and competitors that can further restrict the realized niche of species

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16
Q

The seasonal movement of individuals from one location to another

A

Migration

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17
Q

A permanent exodus from one population into another

A

Dispersal

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18
Q

Those in the process of increasing their geographic range

A

Expanding populations

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19
Q

Where did honeybees evolve?

A

Africa and Europe, where native range extends from tropical to cold, temperate environments

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20
Q

How were honeybees improved in terms of adaptability?

A

Queens of the African subspecies were imported and were mated with European honeybees, producing Africanized bees

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21
Q

How do Africanized honeybees differ from European bees?

A

They differ in natural selection (Africanized bees are more aggressive); A-bees also produce swarms to form new colonies at a much higher rate than European rates do

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22
Q

What caused the rapid expansion of Africanized bees through South and North America?

A

high rates of colony formation and dispersal

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23
Q

Where has the honeybees stopped spreading? how many colonies are there in South America?

A

they stopped at about 34 degrees S latitude; an estimated number of wild colonies is about 50-100 million

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24
Q

Why don’t Africanized bees live in North America?

A

Cold winter temperatures fall outside of the tolerance for these bees; it does not overlap with the niche requirements of this species

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25
Q

In theory, what will dispersal allow?

A

it will allow species ranges to move along with the climate

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26
Q

Group of subpopulations living in patches connected by exchange of individuals

A

Metapopulation

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27
Q

Where do metapopulation result from?

A

it results from interactions between species biology and the landscape which it lives

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28
Q

How is fragmentation caused?

A

changes to a landscape. fragmentation will also cause species loss

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29
Q

When you map the distribution of a species, what are you highlighting?

A

range of the species (where individuals of the species live and where they are absent)

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30
Q

Refers to distances of no more than a few hundred meters

A

Small scale

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31
Q

Refers to areas of substantial environmental change (patterns over an entire continent)

A

LArge scale

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32
Q

Individuals within a population have an equal chance of living anywhere within an area

A

Random distribution

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33
Q

Individuals are uniformly spaced

A

Regular distribution

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34
Q

Individuals have a much higher probability of being found in some areas than in others

A

Clumped distribution

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35
Q

Individuals within a population may:

A

attract each other, repel each other, or ignore each other

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36
Q

Clumped distributions can also occur if:

A

individuals produce offspring that fail to disperse far from the parents

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37
Q

Population densities _____ with _____ body size of individuals

A

decrease; increasing

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38
Q

Aquatic invertebrates of a given body size tend to have _____ population densities than terrestrial invertebrates of similar size

A

higher

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39
Q

Mammals tend to have ____ higher population densities than birds of similar size

A

higher

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40
Q

Plant population density ____ with increasing plant size

A

decreases

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41
Q

A progressive decline in the density of a population of growing plants

A

Self-thinning

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42
Q

How are commonness and rarity influenced?

A

by population size, geographic range, and habitat tolerance

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43
Q

What are the three factors if the classification of commonness and rarity?

A

geographic range, habitat tolerance, and local population size

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44
Q

List some attributes of rarity

A

small geographic range, narrow habitat tolerance, and low population density

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45
Q

How is population structure defined?

A

by patterns of mortality, age distributions, sex ratios, dispersal

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46
Q

Summarizes pattern of survival in a population

A

Survivorship curve

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47
Q

Bookkeeping device to track births, survivorship, and deaths in populations

A

Life tables

48
Q

Identify individuals born at the same time and keep records from birth

A

Cohort life table

49
Q

Record age at death of many individuals over narrow window in time

A

Static life table

50
Q

Calculate difference in proportion of individuals in each age class

A

Age distribution

51
Q

In a logarithmic scale, the resulting survivorship curve is a ____

A

straight line

52
Q

In an arithmetic scale, the resulting survivorship curve is a _____

A

curved line

53
Q

Age distribution of a population reflects its:

A

history of survival, reproduction, and growth potential

54
Q

Age distribution indicates:

A

periods of successful production, periods of high and low juvenile and adult survival, whether the older individuals in a population are being replaced by younger individuals, whether population is declining

55
Q

relative frequency of each sex type in population; can result from natural selection

A

sex ratio

56
Q

relative fitness of producing males or females not inherent property of trait itself, but depends on relative frequency of phenotypes in population

A

Frequency-dependent selection

57
Q

Individual’s gender are determined by _____ in which embryo develops

A

environmental conditions, since sex chromosomes are absent in many species

58
Q

Changes as a function of birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration

A

Population size

59
Q

Population size changes as a function of:

A

Birth, death, immigration, emigration (BIDE)

60
Q

Influenced by population density

A

Density-dependent factors

61
Q

Do not vary with population density

A

Density-independent factors

62
Q

birthrates for females of different ages

A

Fecundity schedule

63
Q

Average number of offspring produced by an individual in a population per generation

A

Net reproductive rate

64
Q

Per capita rate of increase under ideal environmental conditions

A

Intrinsic rate of increase

65
Q

Exponential growth curve modified to include biotic limitations on population growth

A

Logistic population growth

66
Q

Individual compete for same resources

A

-,-

67
Q

One gains from exploiting the other

A

+,-

68
Q

Both gain from the interaction

A

+,+

69
Q

Among members of the same species

A

Intraspecific competition

70
Q

Among members of two species

A

Interspecific competition

71
Q

Limited resources, space, etc.

A

Resource limitation

72
Q

Direct aggressive interaction between individuals

A

Interference competition

73
Q

Competition to secure resources first

A

Exploitative competition

74
Q

range of conditions under which species can survive

A

Fundamental niche

75
Q

range of conditions under which species typically found

A

realized niche

76
Q

Competition between species living together can evolve differences between them, though they are nearly identical living apart

A

Character displacement

77
Q

Interaction between populations that enhances fitness of one individual while reducing fitness of the exploited individual

A

Exploitation

78
Q

Consume live plant material but usually do not kill plants

A

Herbivores

79
Q

kill and consume other organisms

A

Predators

80
Q

Reduces plant growth and reproduction

A

Herbivory

81
Q

Causes of overcompensation:

A

Intense grazing, removal of feces, grazing late in summer all led to reduced productivity

82
Q

Produced continuously, regardless of environment

A

Constitutive defense

83
Q

Increase rapidly in response to herbivore damage

A

Induced defense

84
Q

Direct effects of predation on prey populations through capture and consumption of prey

A

Consumptive effects

85
Q

Changes as consequence of predator presence, even when prey is not killed

A

Non-consumptive effects

86
Q

bright coloration in prey that advertises fact prey have toxin or are distasteful in some way

A

Aposematic coloration

87
Q

several species of toxin/noxious animals share similar warming coloration.

A

Mullerian mimicry

88
Q

Nontoxic species exhibits coloration similar to that of noxious species living in same area.

A

Batesian mimicry

89
Q

Organisms which benefit one another live in close proximity to each other

A

Symbiotic relationships

90
Q

Interactions between individuals of different species that benefit both partners

A

Mutualism

91
Q

Species does not require mutualistic partner for survival

A

Facultative mutualism

92
Q

Species is dependent on mutualistic relationship

A

Obligate mutualism

93
Q

Atypical condition in living organism that cause some sort of physiological impairment

A

Disease

94
Q

transfer of disease among individuals of same generation

A

horizontal transmission

95
Q

transfer of disease from parent to offspring

A

vertical transmission

96
Q

negative pathogen population growth rates lead pathogen to go extinct

A

Herd immunity

97
Q

moves individuals from susceptible to immune subpopulation

A

Vaccination

98
Q

Association of interacting species inhabiting some defined area

A

Community

99
Q

Includes attributes such as number of species, relative species abundance, and species diversity

A

Community structure

100
Q

Group of organisms that make a living in similar ways

A

Guild

101
Q

A combination of the number of species and their relative abundance

A

Species diversity

102
Q

The number of species found within a community is one of the most fundamental aspects of community structure

A

Species richness

103
Q

Measure of local diversity

A

Alpha diversity

104
Q

Measure of the differences among communities within the region or landscape

A

Beta diversity

105
Q

Measure of regional or landscape diverstiy

A

Gamma diversity

106
Q

One or a few species are substantially more abundant than other species in community

A

Dominance

107
Q

How can dominance be measured?

A

Biomass, area occupied, number of individuals, etc.

108
Q

Number of species in the community

A

Species Richness

109
Q

Relative abundance of species (inverse of dominance)

A

Species Evenness

110
Q

Species diversity _____ with environmental complexity or heterogeneity

A

Increases

111
Q

Processes and resources of value to humans provided by ecological systems

A

Ecological resources

112
Q

Process within an ecosystem such as biomass production, nutrient cycling, or carbon sequestration

A

Ecosystem function

113
Q

Based on niche theory; production highest in ecosystem being most fully exploited

A

Complementarity

114
Q

Some species enhance growth of others

A

Facilitation

115
Q

Based on assumption that functions of communities with low species evenness are driven by dominant species

A

Sampling Effect

Psychology 121 (2 decks)

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