Psych Final Exam Flashcards
What is “An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting”
Personality
“clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.”
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
What perspective is being explained? In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders.
Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
What is being described? A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
Unconscious
Psychoanalysts used ___________ in order to tap the unconscious
free association
What unconscious mind is through interpreting?
what happens in the dream
manifest
What unconscious mind is through interpreting?
the hidden meaning of the dream
latent
Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (____) and social restraints (______).
Id, Superego
What unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual, aggressive, and survival drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification? (pleasure)
The Id
What provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations? (conscience)
The superego
What functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego? (mediator)
The ego
Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into _____________.
psychosexual stages
During psychosexual stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called __________.
erogenous zones.
What is being described… A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. ?
Oedipus Complex
What is being described…. A girl’s desire for her father and rivalry with her mother?
Electra complex
What defense mechanism is being described?
Preventing painful or unacceptable thoughts from entering consciousness
Repression
What defense mechanism is being described?
Redirecting unmet desires or unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities
Sublimation
What defense mechanism is being described?
Protecting oneself from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it
Denial
What defense mechanism is being described?
Substituting socially acceptable reasons for unacceptable ones
Rationalization
What defense mechanism is being described?
Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas
Intellectualization
What defense mechanism is being described?
Transferring unacceptable thoughts motives, or impulses to others
Projection
What defense mechanism is being described?
Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts, or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state
Reaction formation
What defense mechanism is being described?
Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development
Regression
What defense mechanism is being described?
Redirecting impulses toward a less threatening person or object
Displacement
What test is being described? people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
Thematic Apperception Test
What test is being described? people describe what they see in a series of ambiguous-looking inkblots
Rorschach Inkblot Test
What are the two dimensions of the personality traits one could have?
Extraversion—introversion
Emotional stability—instability
What are the big 5 personality factors?
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion
What personal locus of control is being described? refers to the perception that we can control our own fate.
Internal
What personal locus of control is being described? refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
External
Who focused on the psychoanalytic personality theory?
Freud
Who focused on the psychodynamic personality theory?
Adler, Horney and Jung
Who focused on the humanistic personality theory?
Rogers and Maslow
Who focused on the trait personality theory?
Allport, Eysenck, McCrae and Costa
Who focused on the social-cognitive personality theory?
Bandura
What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
Emotional disorders spring from unconscious dynamics. such as unresolved sexual and other childhood conflicts, and fixation at various developmental stages. Defense mechanisms fend off anxiety.
psychoanalytic
What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
The unconscious and conscious minds interact. Childhood experiences and defence mechanisms are important.
psychodynamic
What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
Rather than examining the struggles of sick people, it’s better to focus on the wavs healthy people strive for self-realization.
humanistic
What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
We have certain stable and enduring characteristics, influenced by genetic predispositions.
trait
What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
Our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviours.
social-cognitive
___________ are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviours
Anxiety Disorders
What type of anxiety disorder is this? chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to a specific threat
Generalized anxiety disorder
What type of anxiety disorder is this?
recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly
Panic disorder
What type of anxiety disorder is this?
fear of a specific object or situation
Phobias
What disorder is this (it is involved with anxiety)?
Intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions)
Persistent urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) to control those obsessions
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
What disorder is this (it is involved with anxiety)?
Disturbed behaviour that is attributed to a major stressor, but that emerges after the stress is over.
Characterized by the following symptoms that linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Examples: nightmares, jumpy anxiety, insomnia
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
What anxiety disorder is this?
Fear of a specific object or situation
Generally aware that fears are excessive but unable to control them
Phobias
What type of anxiety therapy is this?
A type of exposure therapy commonly used to treat phobias that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
Systematic Desensitization
What type of disorder is this? Intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions)
Persistent urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) to control those obsessions
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
What type of disorder is this?
Disturbed behaviour that is attributed to a major stressor, but that emerges after the stress is over.
Characterized by the following symptoms that linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience:
Haunting memories
Nightmares
Social withdrawal
Jumpy anxiety
Insomnia
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
What is the medication called that is used to treat anxiety? (Examples)
Antianxiety Drugs, (Xanax, Ativan)
What is this definition explaining?
_____________ depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter
Antianxiety Drugs
Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives
Psychodynamic/
Freudian: ___________________
repressed impulses
Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives
Classical conditioning: _____________________
overgeneralizing a conditioned response
Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives
Operant conditioning: ______________________
rewarding avoidance
Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives
Observational learning: _______________
worrying like mom
Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives
Cognitive appraisals: ______________________
uncertainty is danger
Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives
Evolutionary: ___________________
surviving by avoiding danger
What mood disorder is being described?
Long lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, and maintain interest in life
Major Depressive Disorder
What mood disorder is being described?
Repeating episodes of mania and depression
Bipolar Disorder
What symptoms of depression is this?
Negative thoughts about self, world, and future
Cognitive symptoms
What symptoms of depression is this?
Loss of appetite
Lack of energy
Sleep difficulties
Weight loss/gain
Somatic symptoms
What symptoms of depression is this?
Sadness
Hopelessness
Anxiety
Misery
Inability to enjoy
Emotional symptoms
What symptoms of depression is this?
Sadness
Hopelessness
Anxiety
Misery
Inability to enjoy
Emotional symptoms
What symptoms of depression is this?
Loss of interest
Lack of drive
Difficulty starting anything
Motivational symptoms
What does Freud believe causes depression?
strong superego
What does Rogers believe causes depression?
discrepancies in self
What are these causes of?
Heredity
Cognitive
Neurotransmitter imbalances
Depression
If you break up with your boyfriend and you say to yourself “our breakup was all my fault” is this internal or external? What could it lead to?
Internal, Depression
If you break up with your boyfriend and you say to yourself “it takes two to make a relationship work and it wasn’t meant to be” is this internal or external? What could it lead to?
External, Successful coping
By saying “ I’ll never get over this” is that stable or temporary? What could it lead to?
stable, depression
By saying “ this is hard to take, but I will get through this” is that stable or temporary? What could it lead to?
temporary, successful coping
What is this definition describing?
Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder.
What form of therapy is this?
Focuses on faulty thinking and beliefs
Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk
Need cognitive restructuring
Cognitive Therapy
What form of therapy is this?
Confronts and changes behaviours associated with destructive cognitions
Examples of depressive thinking patterns:
overgeneralization
magnification
all-or-nothing thinking
Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
What drug is being explained?
Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake.
Antidepressant Drugs
What therapy is being described?
used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a shock that relieves them of depression.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
What disorder is being described?
Group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality
Most severe of adult psychiatric disorders
Interferes with the ability to think, manage emotions, & relate to others
NOT multiple personalities
Schizophrenia
Are these positive or negative symptoms or Schizophrenia?
Hallucinations
Unreal perceptual or sensory experiences
Hearing voices when no one is talking
Seeing people who are not there
Delusions
Beliefs with no grounding in reality
I am the messiah
The FBI is after me
People steal my thoughts when I am sleeping
Positive
Are these positive or negative symptoms or Schizophrenia?
Behavioural deficits
Impaired social skills
Withdrawal
Blunted affect
negative
What is the likely percent twins will both have Schizophrenia if they share a placenta?
60%
What is the likely percent twins will both have Schizophrenia if they did not share a placenta?
10%
What are two types of treatment used for Schizophrenia?
Family Therapy and CBT
What medication can people with Schizophrenia take?
Antipsychotic Drugs
What type of Antipsychotic drug is being described?
Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.
Classical antipsychotics [chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]
What type of Antipsychotic drug is being described?
Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.
Atypical antipsychotics [clozapine (Clozaril)]
How do antipsychotics drugs work?
blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative/positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
What Dissociative Disorder is being described?
a temporary state where a person has memory loss (amnesia) and ends up in an unexpected place
Dissociative Fugue
What Dissociative Disorder is being described?
a disorder characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.
Dissociative Amnesia
What Dissociative Disorder is being described?
this disorder is characterized by “switching” to alternate identities.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
What disorder is being described?
Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behaviour patterns that impair social functioning.
Personality Disorders
What disorder is being described?
A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoings, even toward friends and family members.
May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Sometimes the person is referred to as a “sociopath” or “psychopath.”
Antisocial Personality Disorder
What disorder is being described?
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight.
Anorexia nervosa
What disorder is being described?
An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making it easier to hide.
Bulimia nervosa
What disorder is being described?
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.
Binge-eating disorder
What are the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy?
Psychoanalytical, Cognitive, Humanistic, Group-Based
Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy is being described?
Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness
Major techniques: free association, dream analysis, analyzing resistance, analyzing transference, and interpretation.
Psychoanalysis
Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy is being described?
Maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment)
Key assumption:
People with problems are suffering from a blockage or disruption of their normal growth potential, which leads to a disruptive self-concept.
Humanistic
Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy is being described?
Group Therapy
a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals
Family and Marital Therapies
work to change maladaptive family and couple interaction patterns
Group-Based Therapies
Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy is being described?
Group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviours
Three foundations of behaviour therapy:
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning
Behaviour Therapies
Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy does client centred therapy fall under?
Humanistic
What therapy is being described?
Emphasizes client’s natural tendency to become healthy and productive
Therapists must:
Be non-directive
Be genuine
Be accepting and show unconditional positive regard
Be empathetic
Key Technique:
Active listening (paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings)
Rogers: Client-Centered Therapy
What form of behaviour therapy is being described?
Can be used to increase desired behaviour.
Shaping
successive approximations of target behaviour are rewarded
examples: role-playing, behaviour rehearsal, assertiveness training
Tokens
symbolic rewards used to immediately reinforce desired behaviour
___________________ techniques can also be used to decrease undesired/maladaptive behaviour.
Extinction – withdrawal of attention
Punishment – adding something aversive or taking away something desirable
Operant Conditioning
Remember, Behaviourists did not advocate______________
punishment
What form of behaviour therapy is being described?
Pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behaviour
Classical Conditioning:Aversion Therapy
What form of behaviour therapy is being described?
Modeling:
watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviours
Participant Modeling:
combining live modeling with direct and gradual practice
Observational Learning
What are the three forms of biomedical therapy?
Psychopharmacology
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychosurgery
what type of therapy is being described? Uses physiological interventions, such as drugs, to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders
Biomedical therapy
What are the 4 major categories of drugs?
Antianxiety
Antipsychotic
Mood Stabilizer
Antidepressant
What is this definition describing?
The study of how the real or imaginary presence of other people influences our thoughts, feelings, and actions
We cannot survive in isolation
Children are dependent
Loneliness & Depression
Throughout your life, you will be around others
How will that affect your behaviour?
How does that affect the behaviour of others?
Social Psychology
What theory is being described?
Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behaviour, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.
Attribution Theory
What is this definition describing?
The tendency to:
underestimate the role of situations
overestimate the role of dispositions
We assume behaviour is due to people’s personalities too much and we fail to realize how much of an influence situations and circumstances can have on a person
Fundamental Attribution Error
When are you most likely to commit the Fundamental Attribution Error?
When we see a stranger acting badly (running red light)
Fundamental attribution error does occur less frequently in cultures that are more______________ than________________ in nature
collectivistic, individualistic
If someone cuts you off in traffic and you think to yourself “Maybe the driver is ill” what effect of attribution is this?
Situational Attribution
If someone cuts you off in traffic and you think to yourself “Crazy Driver!!” what effect of attribution is this?
Dispositional Attribution
what are the Three Components of Attitudes?
Cognition (thoughts)
Affect (feelings)
Behaviour (Actions)
What is this describing?
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Example: There is a “beauty is good” stereotype
We falsely assume attractive people are nicer and better
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Who assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role-appropriate attitudes
Zimbardo (1972)
What is this describing? Adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide with a group standard.
Conformity
What study is being described?
Participants were asked to select the line closest in length to the Standard.
When confederates gave obviously wrong answers (ex: #3)
more than 1/3 conformed and agreed with the incorrect choices
Asch’s Conformity Study
What are two reasons for conforming?
Normative Social Influence
Informational Social Influence
Who designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience? (Shocking strangers because an authoritative figure told you too?
Stanley Milgram
What Influence of Others is being described?
Refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
Social Facilitation
What Influence of Others is being described?
The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
Social Loafing
Easy tasks result in _________ performance whereas hard tasks result in ____________ performance
Improved, Impaired
What is this defention describing?
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
(Mob Behaviour)
Deindividuation
What enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion? If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes.
Group Polarization
What mode of thinking occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives?
Groupthink
When making a decision as a bystander what are the steps needed in order to make the intervention?
Attention, Appraisal, Social Role, Taking Action
What effect is being described?
Diffusion of Responsibility
Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.
Bystander Effect
The Psychology of Attraction:
_____________ : Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship. Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction (mere exposure effect).
Proximity
The Psychology of Attraction:
_______________:
Once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance.
Physical Attractiveness
The Psychology of Attraction:
_______________:
Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen
Similarity
What type of romantic love is this?
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
Passionate Love
What theory of emotion is this?
Physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal
Arousal from any source can enhance one emotion depending upon what we interpret or label the arousal
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
What type of romantic love is this?
A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
Companionate Love
What is being described?
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves:
(1) stereotyped beliefs (2) negative feelings
(3) a predisposition to discriminatory action
Prejudice
What is this definition describing?
A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.
Stereotype
What is this definition describing?
Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group and its members.
Discrimination
What is this definition describing?
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
Just-world phenomenon
What is this definition describing?
“Us” – People with whom we share a common identity.
In-group
What is this definition describing?
“Them” – Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.
Out-group
What is this definition describing?
The tendency to favour our own group.
In-group bias
What theory is being described?
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.
Scapegoat theory
What effect is being described?
(also known as cross-race effect or own-race bias) – The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Other-race effect
Other-race effect
