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Psych Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is “An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting”

A

Personality

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2
Q

“clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality, which included the unconscious mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.”

A

Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)

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3
Q

What perspective is being explained? In his clinical practice, Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders.
Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes.

A

Psychoanalytic Perspective

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4
Q

What is being described? A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories

A

Unconscious

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5
Q

Psychoanalysts used ___________ in order to tap the unconscious

A

free association

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6
Q

What unconscious mind is through interpreting?
what happens in the dream

A

manifest

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7
Q

What unconscious mind is through interpreting?
the hidden meaning of the dream

A

latent

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8
Q

Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses (____) and social restraints (______).

A

Id, Superego

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9
Q

What unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual, aggressive, and survival drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification? (pleasure)

A

The Id

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10
Q

What provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations? (conscience)

A

The superego

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11
Q

What functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego? (mediator)

A

The ego

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12
Q

Freud believed that personality formed during the first few years of life divided into _____________.

A

psychosexual stages

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13
Q

During psychosexual stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas called __________.

A

erogenous zones.

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14
Q

What is being described… A boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father. ?

A

Oedipus Complex

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15
Q

What is being described…. A girl’s desire for her father and rivalry with her mother?

A

Electra complex

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16
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Preventing painful or unacceptable thoughts from entering consciousness

A

Repression

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17
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Redirecting unmet desires or unacceptable impulses into acceptable activities

A

Sublimation

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18
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Protecting oneself from an unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive it

A

Denial

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19
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Substituting socially acceptable reasons for unacceptable ones

A

Rationalization

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20
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Ignoring the emotional aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas

A

Intellectualization

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21
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Transferring unacceptable thoughts motives, or impulses to others

A

Projection

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22
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts, or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state

A

Reaction formation

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23
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development

A

Regression

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24
Q

What defense mechanism is being described?
Redirecting impulses toward a less threatening person or object

A

Displacement

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25
Q

What test is being described? people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

A

Thematic Apperception Test

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26
Q

What test is being described? people describe what they see in a series of ambiguous-looking inkblots

A

Rorschach Inkblot Test

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27
Q

What are the two dimensions of the personality traits one could have?

A

Extraversion—introversion
Emotional stability—instability

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28
Q

What are the big 5 personality factors?

A

Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openness
Extraversion

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29
Q

What personal locus of control is being described? refers to the perception that we can control our own fate.

A

Internal

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30
Q

What personal locus of control is being described? refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

A

External

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31
Q

Who focused on the psychoanalytic personality theory?

A

Freud

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32
Q

Who focused on the psychodynamic personality theory?

A

Adler, Horney and Jung

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33
Q

Who focused on the humanistic personality theory?

A

Rogers and Maslow

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34
Q

Who focused on the trait personality theory?

A

Allport, Eysenck, McCrae and Costa

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35
Q

Who focused on the social-cognitive personality theory?

A

Bandura

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36
Q

What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
Emotional disorders spring from unconscious dynamics. such as unresolved sexual and other childhood conflicts, and fixation at various developmental stages. Defense mechanisms fend off anxiety.

A

psychoanalytic

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37
Q

What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
The unconscious and conscious minds interact. Childhood experiences and defence mechanisms are important.

A

psychodynamic

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38
Q

What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
Rather than examining the struggles of sick people, it’s better to focus on the wavs healthy people strive for self-realization.

A

humanistic

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39
Q

What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
We have certain stable and enduring characteristics, influenced by genetic predispositions.

A

trait

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40
Q

What personality theory does this assumption belong to?
Our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviours.

A

social-cognitive

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41
Q

___________ are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviours

A

Anxiety Disorders

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42
Q

What type of anxiety disorder is this? chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to a specific threat

A

Generalized anxiety disorder

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43
Q

What type of anxiety disorder is this?
recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly

A

Panic disorder

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44
Q

What type of anxiety disorder is this?
fear of a specific object or situation

A

Phobias

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45
Q

What disorder is this (it is involved with anxiety)?
Intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions)
Persistent urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) to control those obsessions

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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46
Q

What disorder is this (it is involved with anxiety)?
Disturbed behaviour that is attributed to a major stressor, but that emerges after the stress is over.
Characterized by the following symptoms that linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Examples: nightmares, jumpy anxiety, insomnia

A

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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47
Q

What anxiety disorder is this?
Fear of a specific object or situation
Generally aware that fears are excessive but unable to control them

A

Phobias

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48
Q

What type of anxiety therapy is this?
A type of exposure therapy commonly used to treat phobias that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.

A

Systematic Desensitization

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49
Q

What type of disorder is this? Intrusive, repetitive fearful thoughts (obsessions)
Persistent urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviours (compulsions) to control those obsessions

A

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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50
Q

What type of disorder is this?
Disturbed behaviour that is attributed to a major stressor, but that emerges after the stress is over.
Characterized by the following symptoms that linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience:
Haunting memories
Nightmares
Social withdrawal
Jumpy anxiety
Insomnia

A

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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51
Q

What is the medication called that is used to treat anxiety? (Examples)

A

Antianxiety Drugs, (Xanax, Ativan)

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52
Q

What is this definition explaining?
_____________ depress the central nervous system and reduce anxiety and tension by elevating the levels of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter

A

Antianxiety Drugs

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53
Q

Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives

Psychodynamic/
Freudian: ___________________

A

repressed impulses

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54
Q

Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives

Classical conditioning: _____________________

A

overgeneralizing a conditioned response

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55
Q

Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives

Operant conditioning: ______________________

A

rewarding avoidance

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56
Q

Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives

Observational learning: _______________

A

worrying like mom

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57
Q

Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives

Cognitive appraisals: ______________________

A

uncertainty is danger

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58
Q

Understanding Anxiety Disorders: Explanations from Different Perspectives

Evolutionary: ___________________

A

surviving by avoiding danger

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59
Q

What mood disorder is being described?

Long lasting depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, and maintain interest in life

A

Major Depressive Disorder

60
Q

What mood disorder is being described?

Repeating episodes of mania and depression

A

Bipolar Disorder

61
Q

What symptoms of depression is this?

Negative thoughts about self, world, and future

A

Cognitive symptoms

62
Q

What symptoms of depression is this?

Loss of appetite
Lack of energy
Sleep difficulties
Weight loss/gain

A

Somatic symptoms

63
Q

What symptoms of depression is this?

Sadness
Hopelessness
Anxiety
Misery
Inability to enjoy

A

Emotional symptoms

64
Q

What symptoms of depression is this?

Sadness
Hopelessness
Anxiety
Misery
Inability to enjoy

A

Emotional symptoms

65
Q

What symptoms of depression is this?

Loss of interest
Lack of drive
Difficulty starting anything

A

Motivational symptoms

66
Q

What does Freud believe causes depression?

A

strong superego

67
Q

What does Rogers believe causes depression?

A

discrepancies in self

68
Q

What are these causes of?
Heredity
Cognitive
Neurotransmitter imbalances

A

Depression

69
Q

If you break up with your boyfriend and you say to yourself “our breakup was all my fault” is this internal or external? What could it lead to?

A

Internal, Depression

70
Q

If you break up with your boyfriend and you say to yourself “it takes two to make a relationship work and it wasn’t meant to be” is this internal or external? What could it lead to?

A

External, Successful coping

71
Q

By saying “ I’ll never get over this” is that stable or temporary? What could it lead to?

A

stable, depression

72
Q

By saying “ this is hard to take, but I will get through this” is that stable or temporary? What could it lead to?

A

temporary, successful coping

73
Q

What is this definition describing?

A

Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder.

74
Q

What form of therapy is this?
Focuses on faulty thinking and beliefs
Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk
Need cognitive restructuring

A

Cognitive Therapy

75
Q

What form of therapy is this?

Confronts and changes behaviours associated with destructive cognitions
Examples of depressive thinking patterns:
overgeneralization
magnification
all-or-nothing thinking

A

Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy (CBT)

76
Q

What drug is being explained?

Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake.

A

Antidepressant Drugs

77
Q

What therapy is being described?
used for severely depressed patients who do not respond to drugs. The patient is anesthetized and given a muscle relaxant. Patients usually get a shock that relieves them of depression.

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

78
Q

What disorder is being described?
Group of psychotic disorders, characterized by a general loss of contact with reality
Most severe of adult psychiatric disorders
Interferes with the ability to think, manage emotions, & relate to others
NOT multiple personalities

A

Schizophrenia

79
Q

Are these positive or negative symptoms or Schizophrenia?

Hallucinations
Unreal perceptual or sensory experiences
Hearing voices when no one is talking
Seeing people who are not there

Delusions
Beliefs with no grounding in reality
I am the messiah
The FBI is after me
People steal my thoughts when I am sleeping

A

Positive

80
Q

Are these positive or negative symptoms or Schizophrenia?

Behavioural deficits
Impaired social skills
Withdrawal
Blunted affect

A

negative

81
Q

What is the likely percent twins will both have Schizophrenia if they share a placenta?

A

60%

82
Q

What is the likely percent twins will both have Schizophrenia if they did not share a placenta?

A

10%

83
Q

What are two types of treatment used for Schizophrenia?

A

Family Therapy and CBT

84
Q

What medication can people with Schizophrenia take?

A

Antipsychotic Drugs

85
Q

What type of Antipsychotic drug is being described?

Remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.

A

Classical antipsychotics [chlorpromazine (Thorazine)]

86
Q

What type of Antipsychotic drug is being described?

Remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.

A

Atypical antipsychotics [clozapine (Clozaril)]

87
Q

How do antipsychotics drugs work?

A

blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin to remove the negative/positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

88
Q

What Dissociative Disorder is being described?
a temporary state where a person has memory loss (amnesia) and ends up in an unexpected place

A

Dissociative Fugue

89
Q

What Dissociative Disorder is being described?
a disorder characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

A

Dissociative Amnesia

90
Q

What Dissociative Disorder is being described?
this disorder is characterized by “switching” to alternate identities.

A

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

91
Q

What disorder is being described?

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behaviour patterns that impair social functioning.

A

Personality Disorders

92
Q

What disorder is being described?

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoings, even toward friends and family members.
May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
Sometimes the person is referred to as a “sociopath” or “psychopath.”

A

Antisocial Personality Disorder

93
Q

What disorder is being described?
An eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15% or more) underweight.

A

Anorexia nervosa

94
Q

What disorder is being described?

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use) or fasting. Bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges, making it easier to hide.

A

Bulimia nervosa

95
Q

What disorder is being described?
Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

A

Binge-eating disorder

96
Q

What are the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy?

A

Psychoanalytical, Cognitive, Humanistic, Group-Based

97
Q

Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy is being described?

Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness
Major techniques: free association, dream analysis, analyzing resistance, analyzing transference, and interpretation.

A

Psychoanalysis

98
Q

Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy is being described?
Maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment)

Key assumption:
People with problems are suffering from a blockage or disruption of their normal growth potential, which leads to a disruptive self-concept.

A

Humanistic

99
Q

Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy is being described?
Group Therapy
a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals

Family and Marital Therapies
work to change maladaptive family and couple interaction patterns

A

Group-Based Therapies

100
Q

Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy is being described?

Group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviours
Three foundations of behaviour therapy:
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
observational learning

A

Behaviour Therapies

101
Q

Which of the Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy does client centred therapy fall under?

A

Humanistic

102
Q

What therapy is being described?
Emphasizes client’s natural tendency to become healthy and productive
Therapists must:
Be non-directive
Be genuine
Be accepting and show unconditional positive regard
Be empathetic
Key Technique:
Active listening (paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings)

A

Rogers: Client-Centered Therapy

103
Q

What form of behaviour therapy is being described?

Can be used to increase desired behaviour.
Shaping
successive approximations of target behaviour are rewarded
examples: role-playing, behaviour rehearsal, assertiveness training
Tokens
symbolic rewards used to immediately reinforce desired behaviour
___________________ techniques can also be used to decrease undesired/maladaptive behaviour.
Extinction – withdrawal of attention
Punishment – adding something aversive or taking away something desirable

A

Operant Conditioning

104
Q

Remember, Behaviourists did not advocate______________

A

punishment

105
Q

What form of behaviour therapy is being described?

Pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behaviour

A

Classical Conditioning:Aversion Therapy

106
Q

What form of behaviour therapy is being described?
Modeling:
watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviours
Participant Modeling:
combining live modeling with direct and gradual practice

A

Observational Learning

107
Q

What are the three forms of biomedical therapy?

A

Psychopharmacology
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Psychosurgery

108
Q

what type of therapy is being described? Uses physiological interventions, such as drugs, to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders

A

Biomedical therapy

109
Q

What are the 4 major categories of drugs?

A

Antianxiety

Antipsychotic

Mood Stabilizer

Antidepressant

110
Q

What is this definition describing?
The study of how the real or imaginary presence of other people influences our thoughts, feelings, and actions
We cannot survive in isolation
Children are dependent
Loneliness & Depression
Throughout your life, you will be around others
How will that affect your behaviour?
How does that affect the behaviour of others?

A

Social Psychology

111
Q

What theory is being described?
Fritz Heider (1958) suggested that we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behaviour, often by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

A

Attribution Theory

112
Q

What is this definition describing?
The tendency to:
underestimate the role of situations
overestimate the role of dispositions
We assume behaviour is due to people’s personalities too much and we fail to realize how much of an influence situations and circumstances can have on a person

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

113
Q

When are you most likely to commit the Fundamental Attribution Error?

A

When we see a stranger acting badly (running red light)

114
Q

Fundamental attribution error does occur less frequently in cultures that are more______________ than________________ in nature

A

collectivistic, individualistic

115
Q

If someone cuts you off in traffic and you think to yourself “Maybe the driver is ill” what effect of attribution is this?

A

Situational Attribution

116
Q

If someone cuts you off in traffic and you think to yourself “Crazy Driver!!” what effect of attribution is this?

A

Dispositional Attribution

117
Q

what are the Three Components of Attitudes?

A

Cognition (thoughts)
Affect (feelings)
Behaviour (Actions)

118
Q

What is this describing?
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Example: There is a “beauty is good” stereotype
We falsely assume attractive people are nicer and better

A

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

119
Q

Who assigned the roles of guards and prisoners to random students and found that guards and prisoners developed role-appropriate attitudes

A

Zimbardo (1972)

120
Q

What is this describing? Adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

A

Conformity

121
Q

What study is being described?
Participants were asked to select the line closest in length to the Standard.
When confederates gave obviously wrong answers (ex: #3)
more than 1/3 conformed and agreed with the incorrect choices

A

Asch’s Conformity Study

122
Q

What are two reasons for conforming?

A

Normative Social Influence
Informational Social Influence

123
Q

Who designed a study that investigates the effects of authority on obedience? (Shocking strangers because an authoritative figure told you too?

A

Stanley Milgram

124
Q

What Influence of Others is being described?

Refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others

A

Social Facilitation

125
Q

What Influence of Others is being described?

The tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually

A

Social Loafing

126
Q

Easy tasks result in _________ performance whereas hard tasks result in ____________ performance

A

Improved, Impaired

127
Q

What is this defention describing?
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
(Mob Behaviour)

A

Deindividuation

128
Q

What enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through a discussion? If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes.

A

Group Polarization

129
Q

What mode of thinking occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives?

A

Groupthink

130
Q

When making a decision as a bystander what are the steps needed in order to make the intervention?

A

Attention, Appraisal, Social Role, Taking Action

131
Q

What effect is being described?
Diffusion of Responsibility
Tendency of any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

A

Bystander Effect

132
Q

The Psychology of Attraction:
_____________ : Geographic nearness is a powerful predictor of friendship. Repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases their attraction (mere exposure effect).

A

Proximity

133
Q

The Psychology of Attraction:
_______________:
Once proximity affords contact, the next most important thing in attraction is physical appearance.

A

Physical Attractiveness

134
Q

The Psychology of Attraction:
_______________:
Similar views among individuals causes the bond of attraction to strengthen

A

Similarity

135
Q

What type of romantic love is this?
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

A

Passionate Love

136
Q

What theory of emotion is this?
Physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal
Arousal from any source can enhance one emotion depending upon what we interpret or label the arousal

A

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

137
Q

What type of romantic love is this?
A deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

A

Companionate Love

138
Q

What is being described?
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves:
(1) stereotyped beliefs (2) negative feelings
(3) a predisposition to discriminatory action

A

Prejudice

139
Q

What is this definition describing?
A generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

A

Stereotype

140
Q

What is this definition describing?
Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group and its members.

A

Discrimination

141
Q

What is this definition describing?

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

A

Just-world phenomenon

142
Q

What is this definition describing?
“Us” – People with whom we share a common identity.

A

In-group

143
Q

What is this definition describing?
“Them” – Those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

A

Out-group

144
Q

What is this definition describing?
The tendency to favour our own group.

A

In-group bias

145
Q

What theory is being described?
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

A

Scapegoat theory

146
Q

What effect is being described?
(also known as cross-race effect or own-race bias) – The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Other-race effect

A

Other-race effect

Introduction Psych (2 decks)

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