Psych 🍍 Final

Question 1

According to Karen Horney, what are the three possible responses to the fundamental anxiety (being vulnerable in a potentially hostile world)?

Answer 1

Moving towards people: affiliation and dependence on others

Moving against people: aggression and assertiveness towards others

Moving away from people: centers on detachment and isolation

Question 2

In a sentence or two each, describe the meaning of the terms “id”, “ego,” and “superego,” as understood in Sigmund Freud’s worldview.

Answer 2

Id : unconscious and most primitive drives or urges. Immediate gratification.

Súper ego :conscience or moral compass that tells us how to behave. It developes as a child interacts with others

Ego: rational part of our personality
Balances out the id and superego

Question 3

Denial

Freud proposed that the ego uses in response to the desires of the id.

Answer 3

Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant

Question 4

Displacement

Freud proposed that the ego uses in response to the desires of the id.

Answer 4

Transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable less threatening target

Question 5

Projection

Freud proposed that the ego uses in response to the desires of the id.

Answer 5

Attributing unacceptable desires to others

Question 6

Repression

Freud proposed that the ego uses in response to the desires of the id.

Answer 6

Suppressing painful memories and thoughts

Question 7

Sublimation

Freud proposed that the ego uses in response to the desires of the id.

Answer 7

Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels

Question 8

describe each level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and place them in the correct order:

a. Physiological
b. Social
c. Esteem
d. Self-actualization
e. Security

Answer 8

1 . Physiological: food water shelter warmth

2. Security : safety employment assets
3. Social : family friendship intimacy belonging

4 esteem: self worth accomplishment and confidence

5 self actualización: inner fulfillment

Question 9

In a sentence or two each, describe what Carl Rogers means by the terms “ideal self,” “real self,” and “congruence,” and “incongruence.”

Answer 9

Ideal self : the person you would like to be / who you are around other people

Real self : who you actually are

Congruence : if our ideal self is congruent with our real self we live a more fulfilling and healthy lifestyle

Incongruence: when are ideal self and real self are very different from each other will cause maladjustment

Question 10

In a sentence or two each, describe each dimension of the Five Factor model, which has the acronym OCEAN. What does each letter refer to?

Answer 10

Openness : imagination feelings actions or ideas

Conscientiousness : competence self discipline thoughtfulness goal driven

Extroversion : sociability assertiveness emotional expression

Agreeableness : cooperative trustworthy good natured

Neuroticism: tendency toward unstable emotions

Question 11

In a sentence or two each, describe each dimension of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence:

a. Analytical intelligence
b. Creative intelligence
c. Practical intelligence

Answer 11

Analytical : academic problem solving and computation

Practical : street smarts and common sense

Creative : imaginative innovative and problem solving

Question 12

In a sentence or two each, describe each proposed dimension of Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory.

Answer 12

Linguistic intelligence: easily learn different languages , perceived different functions of language, different sounds and meanings of words

Logical mathematical: seeing number patterns strong ability to use reason and logic

Musical : understands and appreciates rhythm pitch and tone

Bodily kinesthetic coordination : high ability to control body movements and use the body to perform physical tasks

Spatial intelligence: ability to tell the relationship between objects how they move in space

Interpersonal intelligence: ability to understand and be sensitive to others emotions

Intrapersonal ability to access personal feelings and motivations and use them to direct behavior and reach goals

Naturalist : ability appreciate the natural word and interact with the species within it

Question 13

What is the average IQ?

Answer 13

The average is 100 and every year they revise the test to keep the average at 100

Question 14

In reference to motivation, what does “arousal” mean?

Answer 14

Level of mental stimulation at which physical performance learning or temporary feelings of well being are maximized

Question 15

What is self-efficacy, according to Bandura? Why is it important?

Answer 15

Individuals belief in her own capability to complete a task

Plays a pivotal role in motivating behavior! If you believe you can do something the more likely you try harder and complete the task

Question 16

In a sentence or two each, describe each of the following theories of emotion:

a. James-Lange theory
b. Cannon-Bard theory
c. Schachter-Singer two factor theory
d. Lazarus’ cognitive-mediational theory

Answer 16

A James Lange : physiological response comes before the emotion

B cannon bard : physiological response and emotion happen at the same time

C schachter singer : physiological response and cognitive label occur at the same time followed by emotion

D Lazarus : appraisal or judgement of something comes before emotion and physiological response

Question 17

What is the Church’s official position on the origins of same-sex attraction?

Answer 17

The church takes no no position on the origins or causes of same sex attraction. However it is acknowledged it is not freely chosen

Question 18

What is the fundamental attribution error? What are some examples?

Answer 18

Assumption that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person and fails to acknowledge that the behavior may be due to situational variables

Question 19

What is cognitive dissonance? What is meant by “justification of effort”? What are some examples?

Answer 19

We experience a conflict in our own behaviors attitudes or beliefs that runs in counter to our positive self perception.

Justification effort suggest that we we value goals and achievements that we put a lot of effort into

The harder something is the More value we place on it.

Question 20

Describe Solomon Asch’s social conformity experiments.

Answer 20

Conducted in the 1950s demonstrated that participants would conform to the beliefs of a group even if they wrong.

They administered a serious of tests agarre they asked a group which line was the longest the group would answer wrong every time and eventually the individual would comply and answer incorrectly with the group

Question 21

Describe Stanley Milgram’s obedience experience.

Answer 21

Designed to explore how people would harm other people if told to do so by someone with authority. They had participants shock an individual when told to do so by a “ doctor “ with a lab coat

65% continued to shock them at a maximal lethal voltage .

Also the killing puppies study

Question 22

In a sentence or two each, describe and define the following terms:

a. Groupthink
b. Group polarization
c. Social loafing
d. Deindividuation
e. Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 22

Group think : the modification of the opinions of members of the group to align with what they believe as a group

Group polarization: the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. Generally this view point is stronger then previously

Social loafing : reduction of individual output on tasks where contributors are pooled less motivation to contribute

Deindividualation

A person experiences a sense of anonymity and therefore makes people believe they will not be held accountable for their actions . Mob / riots

Defussion of responsibility:
No one in the group to help because they believe their group is big enough someone else will help!

Question 23

What is the appraisal theory of stress? What is the difference between a primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal?

Answer 23

The idea that a individual perceives things as dangerous or overwhelming which then lead to feeling stress

Primary : judgment or degree of potential harm or threat a stressor might in-tail

Secondary : judgement or options available on cope with a stressor

Question 24

What is the difference between eustress and distress? Is it possible to have good stress? Why?

Answer 24

Eustress: good type of stress associated with positive feelings optimal health and performance

Distress : level of stress that cause burn out , fatigue, performance begins to decline

It is possible because some stress protects and motivates us so we can reach our full potentials

Question 25

What are the three dimensions that Seligman proposed for understanding and defining happiness?

Answer 25

Pleasant life : enjoying daily pleasures
Good life : using skills for enrichment
Meaningful life : contributing to the greater good

Question 26

What is positive psychology? What are some examples of what positive psychology might study?

Answer 26

The science of happiness, area of psychology designed to identify and promote qualities that lead to greater fulfillment in life.

Question 27

What is the “harmful dysfunction” definition of a psychological disorder?

Answer 27

When an internal mechanism breaks down or can no longer performed its normal function. Also the dysfunction must be harmful and lead to negative consequences

Question 28

What are the four dimensions of the APA’s definition of a psychological disorder?

Answer 28

Disturbances in thoughts feelings and behaviors

Reflect some kind of biological psychological or developmental dysfunction

Lead to significant distress or disability in life

Disturbances do not reflect culturally acceptable responses to certain events like grief after death

Question 29

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 29

characterized by persistent and excessive worry about a number of different things. People with GAD may anticipate disaster and may be overly concerned about money, health, family, work, or other issues. Individuals with GAD find it difficult to control their worry. They may worry more than seems warranted about actual events or may expect the worst even when there is no apparent reason for concern.

These symptoms include constant worry, restlessness, and trouble with concentration.

Question 30

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 30

Social anxiety disorder (also called social phobia) is a mental health condition. It is an intense, persistent fear of being watched and judged by others. This fear can affect work, school, and your other day-to-day activities.

Symptoms may include excess fear of situations in which one may be judged, worry about embarrassment or humiliation, or concern about offending someone.

Question 31

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Panic disorder

Answer 31

Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. It causes panic attacks, which are sudden feelings of terror when there is no real danger. You may feel as if you are losing control. You may also have physical symptoms, such as. Fast heartbeat.

Symptoms include stress that’s out of proportion to the impact of the event, inability to set aside a worry, and restlessness.

Question 32

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Specific phobia

Answer 32

Specific phobia is an intense, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger. Although adults with phobias may realize that these fears are irrational, even thinking about facing the feared object or situation brings on severe anxiety symptoms.

a feeling of imminent danger or doom.
the need to escape.
heart palpitations.
sweating.
trembling.

Question 33

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Answer 33

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.

OCD often centers on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.

Question 34

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Answer 34

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Question 35

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Major depressive disorder

Answer 35

Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest and can interfere with your daily functioning.

The persistent feeling of sadness or loss of interest that characterizes major depression can lead to a range of behavioral and physical symptoms. These may include changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, daily behavior, or self-esteem. Depression can also be associated with thoughts of suicide.

Question 36

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Bipolar disorder

Answer 36

A disorder associated with episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.

Manic episodes may include symptoms such as high energy, reduced need for sleep, and loss of touch with reality. Depressive episodes may include symptoms such as low energy, low motivation, and loss of interest in daily activities. Mood episodes last days to months at a time and may also be associated with suicidal thoughts.

Question 37

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Schizophrenia

Answer 37

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs daily functioning, and can be disabling.

Question 38

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Dissociative identity disorder

Answer 38

A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states.

Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality identities. Each may have a unique name, personal history, and characteristics.

Question 39

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Answer 39

ADHD is a disorder that makes it difficult for a person to pay attention and control impulsive behaviors. He or she may also be restless and almost constantly active.

Symptoms include limited attention and hyperactivity

Question 40

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer 40

a complex developmental condition that involves persistent challenges in social interaction, speech and nonverbal communication, and restricted/repetitive behaviors.

Abnormal Body Posturing or Facial Expressions.
Abnormal Tone of Voice.
Avoidance of Eye Contact or Poor Eye Contact.
Behavioral Disturbances.
Deficits in Language Comprehension.
Delay in Learning to Speak.
Flat or Monotonous Speech.
Inappropriate Social Interaction.

Question 41

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 41

A Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness characterized by pervasive instability in moods, interpersonal relationships, self-image, and behavior. These symptoms often result in impulsive actions and problems in relationships. People with borderline personality disorder may experience intense episodes of anger, depression, and anxiety that can last from a few hours to days.

Question 42

describe each of the following psychological disorders, and name several symptoms of each:

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 42

Antisocial personality disorder, sometimes called sociopathy, is a mental disorder in which a person consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others. People with antisocial personality disorder tend to antagonize, manipulate or treat others harshly or with callous indifference. They show no guilt or remorse for their behavior.

Those with antisocial personality disorder tend to lie, break laws, act impulsively, and lack regard for their own safety or the safety of others. Symptoms may lessen with age.

Question 43

What does “deinstitutionalization” refer to? What are some factors that contributed to deinstitutionalization?

Answer 43

The closing of large asylums by providing people to stay in their communities and be treated locally.

Mistreatment and malpractice led to the downfall of the asylums

Question 44

In a sentence or two each, describe each of the following types of therapy (with examples):

a. Psychoanalysis
b. Play therapy
c. Behavior therapy
d. Cognitive therapy
e. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
f. Humanistic therapy
g. Biomedical therapy

Answer 44

A Talk therapy based on belief that the unconscious and childhood conflicts impact behavior - Patient talks about his past

Play therapy Psychoanalytical therapy wherein interaction with toys is used instead of talk; used in child therapy Patient (child) acts out family scenes with dolls

Behavior therapy Principles of learning applied to change undesirable behaviors Patient learns to overcome fear of elevators through several stages of relaxation techniques

Cognitive therapy Awareness of cognitive process helps patients eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress Patient learns not to overgeneralize failure based on single failure

Cognitive-behavioral therapyWork to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors Patient learns to identify self-defeating behaviors to overcome an eating disorder

Humanistic therapy Increase self-awareness and acceptance through focus on conscious thoughts Patient learns to articulate thoughts that keep her from achieving her goals

Medications used to treat psychological disorders are called psychotropic medications and are prescribed by medical doctors, including psychiatrists.

Question 45

What are some of the differences between individual therapy, group therapy, couples therapy, and family therapy?

Answer 45

individual therapy, also known as individual psychotherapy or individual counseling, the client and clinician meet one-on-one The clinician will work with clients to help them explore their feelings, work through life challenges, identify aspects of themselves and their lives that they wish to change, and set goals to help them work towards these changes.

In group therapy, a clinician meets together with several clients with similar problems One benefit of group therapy is that it can help decrease a client’s shame and isolation about a problem while offering needed support, both from the therapist and other members of the group

Couples therapy
involves two people in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them

Family therapy is a special form of group therapy, consisting of one or more families. Although there are many theoretical orientations in family therapy, one of the most predominant is the systems approach. The family is viewed as an organized system, and each individual within the family is a contributing member who creates and maintains processes within the system that shape behavior

Question 46

. What is embodied cognition? What are some examples of embodied cognition?

Answer 46

embodied cognition is an approach that explores how our unique
physiology informs how we understand the world. Embodied cognition theorists
challenge mind-body dualism, and argue that there is a closer connection between our
bodies and our minds than we realize. They argue that the content and structure of our
minds is deeply tied to our physical experience.

we describe and make sense of our world through metaphors drawn from embodied
experience. As beings living in and through a physical world, we directly experience such
concepts as up, down, front, back, in, out, near, far, bright, dark, hard, soft, light, heavy,
and so on. From these basic concepts we are able to build up a world of metaphors.

Question 47

What is expressive individualism? What are some examples of expressive individualism in psychology?

Answer 47

expressive individualism.
Expressive individualism assumes that personal authenticity is our highest priority, and that
moral autonomy is the highest good in life. The best way to explore expressive individualism is to
discuss the work of the famous psychologist Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers theory of the real self and ideal self and incongruencia

Question 48

What is therapeutic deism? What are some examples of therapeutic deism? How does therapeutic deism influence our understanding of love?

Answer 48

Therapeutic deism is worldview
that treats God like a master therapist who helps us feel happy about ourselves.

Believing that all we need to do is ask god for healing but doing anything ourselves

From the worldview of therapeutic deism, love is incompatible with moral discernment.
From this view, a mother who weeps when her children leave the Church or commit sin is failing
to fully love them, because she is not affirming her children’s choices

Question 49

What is psychological egoism? What are some examples of psychological egoism in psychology?

Answer 49

We are always motivated by what we perceive to be in our own self interest

Freud’s theories and psychoanalytic approach to psychology

Question 50

What is hedonism? What are some examples of hedonism in psychology?

Answer 50

hedonism is simply the philosophical assumption that pleasure, satisfaction, and personal fulfillment are life’s highest goods, and that pain and suffering are inherent evils to be avoided.

For example, most psychological perspectives operationalize the success of any
particular therapy or intervention, for example, as the decrease of negative emotions. Therapy is
considered successful if clients report an increase in positive emotions.

Question 51

What is determinism? What is indeterminism? What are some examples of determinism in psychology?

Answer 51

Determinism that all our behaviors are triggered by environmental stimuli

Indeterminism that all our behavior is completely random and not effected by anything

Behaviorism theory is very into determinism

Question 52

What is fundamentalism? What is scientism? How can we avoid both extremes in our research and learning? What are some concrete examples?

Answer 52

You know this 😂😂😂

Question 53

In a sentence or two, describe each of the following schools of thought within psychology:

a. Structuralism
b. Functionalism
c. Gestalt psychology
d. Psychoanalytic theory
e. Behaviorism
f. Cognitivism
g. Humanistic psychology

Answer 53

You know this as well 😂😂😂