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Psychology 111 > Mid Term > Flashcards

Mid Term Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

Understanding the conscious experience through introspection

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2
Q

Functionalism

A

Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

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3
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

greater whole

Individual parts put together create a bigger whole

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Focus on the role of the subconscious in affecting conscience behavior

Sigmund Freud

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

Focus on observable behavior and controlling it

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6
Q

Cognitivism

A

Study of cognition or thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions

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7
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

Perspective in psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

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8
Q

Forensic psychology

A

Area of psychology that applies the science and practices of psychology to issues within or related to the justice system

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9
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior of all humans. Focus on genetics

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10
Q

Bio psychology

A

Study on how biology influences behavior and psychology

Neuroscience

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11
Q

Health psychology

A

Study on how psychology relates to physical health and well being.

Ex the effects stress has on the body

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12
Q

Organizational psychology

A

The focus on how psychology affects the work place

Ie industry work force

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13
Q

Personality psychology

A

Study of a pattern of thoughts and behaviors that make an individual unique

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14
Q

Social psychology

A

Focuses on how we interact with and relate to others

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15
Q

Clinical psychology

A

Area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

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16
Q

PhD v psyd

A

PhD ( Doctor of philosophy) focuses on research and theory

PsyD (Doctor of psychology) degree that focuses on the application of psychology in the clinical setting.

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17
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative and testable statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables

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18
Q

Empirical observation

A

Grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

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19
Q

Theory

A

Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation of observed phenomena

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20
Q

Deductive reasoning v inductive

A

Deductive : results predicted based on general premise

General to specific

Inductive :
Conclusion drawn from observations

Specific to general

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21
Q

Correlation v causation

A

Correlation: relationship between two or more variables

Causation: change in one variable CAUSES a change in another one.

Correlation does NOT prove Causation

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22
Q

Survivorship bias

A

Logical error on concentrating on things that made it past some selection process and those that did not.

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23
Q

Expectancy bias

A

Researchers expectations / cognitive biases causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment

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24
Q

Attrition bias

A

Results skewed due to the fact that a large number of participants dropped out of a study over time

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25
Q

Observer bias

A

When observations may be skewed to align with the observers expectations.

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26
Q

Placebo bias

A

When people’s expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation.

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27
Q

Selection bias

A

When the selection of participants is not properly randomized causing the results to be skewed.

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28
Q

Fundamentalism

How to avoid

Example

A

Is only focusing on the restored truths of the gospel and not on anything else

Someone who rejects science claiming it is not of god

We can avoid this by keeping an open mind to ideas of the secular thinking / science and gaining more insight of the world around us using both

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29
Q

Scientism

How to avoid

Example

A

Only focusing on science and taking into account modern revelations and eternal truths.

Someone who only believes in the Big Bang theory

We can avoid this by comparing the eternal truths with scientific Theory and looking for truth from all sources

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30
Q

How do genetics influence our behavior

A

Genetics create a framework with witch the environment interacts to shape our behavior to

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31
Q

Parts of the Nuer in and functions

A

Axon -sends signal to the end of the neuron
Soma - body of the cell
Dendrites - receives incoming signal
Myelin sheath- insulates the axon
Nucleus- cell brain that houses DNA
Terminal buttons - activated when action potential reaches the end of the axon and releases neurotransmitters
Cell membrane - involved in action potentials. It separates positive charges and negative charges

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32
Q

What is an action potential

How is it significant?

A

An action potential is an electrical signal that moves down the the axon. It is information conveyed via Electrical signals.

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33
Q

What does localization of brain function

What evidence do we have

A

Specific parts / areas of the brain have specific functions.

Each part of the brain is tasked with a specific objective. Brain damage to a specific part may cause an affect to the specific task but not necessarily to all other tasks of the brain.

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34
Q

Broca’s area

A

Area located in the upper left frontal lobe. Involved in speech and language production

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35
Q

Wernicke área

A

Located on the temporal lobe and is important for speech comprehension

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36
Q

Fusiform facial area

A

Area of the brain in charge of facial recognition located on the under side of the temporal lobe

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37
Q

Auditory complex

A

Located on the temporal lobe and is involved in processing auditory information,

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38
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Located beside parietal lobe and behind the frontal lobe. Involved with auditory sensory information and aspects of language such a speech comprehension, also memory and emotion

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39
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Located The front, involved in reasoning, motor cortex, emotion, and language

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40
Q

Reductionism

How to avoid

Excellent

A

Is taking a complex topic and reducing it down to something much simpler however you might loose some information/ truths of that topic

To avoid this one might look to explore more in depth the topic they may be researching and not to over simplify or cut out possible information

Thinking is defined as only neurons firing

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41
Q

Sensation v perception

A

Sensation is defined as sensory information that is brought to the brain

Perception is the organization/ interpretation of that sensory information

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42
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum amounted stimulus energy required that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

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43
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

Difference I stimuli required to detect a difference between stimuli to

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44
Q

Weeber’s law

Ex

A

The just noticeable difference is a constant ratio

Ex if the just noticeable difference is 6 cheezits to 3 cheezits then it should also be 20 cheezits to 10 cheezits

45
Q

Proximity

A

A group of separate objects based on how close they are related

46
Q

Closure

A

Organizing our perceptions into complete objects.

47
Q

Similarity

A

Grouping thing together based on how similar they are

48
Q

Continuity

A

We see things as continuous lines

49
Q

Gustation

A

Is our sense of taste. Chemical sense and is stimulated by taste receptors on the tongue and mouth

50
Q

Nociception

A

Sensory signal indicating potential harm / pain maybe

51
Q

Propioception

A

Perception of body position

52
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Perception of the bodies movement through space

53
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

Contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture

Inner ear

54
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell
Chemical sense
Olfactory receptors in the nice are taken to brain

55
Q

Thermoception

A

Perception of temperature

56
Q

Determinism

Avoid

Ex

A

Determinism is that idea that all of our behavior is predetermined/ triggered by an environmental stimulus.

This can be avoided by understanding the idea of agency and that we as children of god have the ability to choose.

Ex saying that because you are predisposed to being an alcoholic that it justifies your actions

57
Q

In determinism

Avoid

Ex

A

Human action is random and not connected to biology and the environment .

We must take into account that are genetics and environment do affect our behavior although as moral agents we have control over our behavior and therefore held accountable.

Someone believes that all behavior is truly random

58
Q

Behaviorism

Core assumptions

A

That all behavior is caused by something in the environment

agency does not exist

There is no free will

Things happen only on the observable level

59
Q

Classical v operant

A

Classical conditioning is when 2 stimuli are paired/ associated together

Operant conditioning is when a reward / punishment is used to increase or decrease a behavior

60
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Is the stimulus that naturally causes behavior (unlearned)

61
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Unlearned / natural response to the unconditioned stimulus

62
Q

Neutral stimulas

A

Is a stimulus that no effect on behavior before learning

63
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus that elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

64
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response caused by a conditioned stimulus

65
Q

Acquisition

A

Period of initial learning in classical conditioning

66
Q

Extinction

A

Decrease in the conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

67
Q

Spontaneous recover

A

Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

68
Q

Ex of classical conditioning using all terms

A

Fear of going to the doctor

Unconditioned stimulus- a shot / injection

Unconditioned response - fear of needles / nervousness

Neutral stimulus- the smell of disinfectant

Conditioned stimulus- the smell of disinfectant after associating it with the pain of gettin a shot.

Conditioned response - feeling nervous when smelling disinfectant.

69
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior

70
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Is getting rid of an undesired stimulus to increase behavior

71
Q

Positive punishment

A

Is adding an undesired stimulus to decrease behavior

72
Q

Negative punishment

A

Is getting rid of a desired stimulus to decrease behavior

73
Q

Continues reinforcement schedules

A

Rewarding behavior every time it happens

74
Q

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

A

Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

75
Q

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

A

Behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amount of time

76
Q

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

A

Asset number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

77
Q

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

A

Number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

78
Q

Shaping

A

Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior

79
Q

Tolman evidence against behaviorism

Why

A

Tolman argued that there is more to behavior then merely environmental stimuli for exam mice make a mental map of a maze and then are able to process this information that then affect their behavior

80
Q

Observational learning

Ex

A

Types of behavior involved with watching others

Learning to tie a shoe
Is learned by watching others do it first

81
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.

82
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Process by which the observer sees the model being rewarded making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior

83
Q

Modeling

A

Performing a behavior that serves as an example

Setting an example

84
Q

Information processing view on learning

A

Learning is all about recording information in our memory. Like memorizing or connecting information we’ve already encountered.

85
Q

Situated learning

A

Learning as a change in social relation with regards to the community.

Ex not knowing how to drive until one can follow all societal norms / like traffic laws

86
Q

Situated learning v all other learning

A

It is different because it explores social learning and not just one individual in their environment

87
Q

Encoding

A

Input of information in the memory system

88
Q

Storage

A

Creation of a permanent record of information

89
Q

Retrieval

A

Act of getting information out of long term memory and back into conscious awareness

90
Q

Implicit memory

A

Memory not a part of consciousness

91
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memories we consciously try to retrieve/ remember

92
Q

Episodic memory

A

Type of memory associated with different events we have personally experienced

93
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory of words , concepts , language based knowledge and facts

94
Q

Procedural memory

A

Memory of actions

How too …

95
Q

Priming ( memory )

A

Stimulus exposure affects responses to a stimulus later

96
Q

Short term memory

A

Holds about 7 bits of information before it is forgotten or stored , information that has been retrieved and being used

97
Q

Rehearsal

A

Repetition of information to be remembered

98
Q

Long term memory

A

Continuous storage of information

99
Q

Recall v recognition

A

Accessing information without cues
And recognizing
Identifying previously learned information after in countering it again

100
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

101
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory events that occurred prior to the brain trauma

102
Q

Misinformation effect

A

After exposure to additional possible information a person may misremember the original event

103
Q

Mis attribution

A

Memory error in which you confuse the source of information

104
Q

Encoding failure

A

When we don’t remember something because we did not encode the memory in the fist place

105
Q

False memory syndrome

A

Recall of false autobiographical memories

106
Q

Moral sense
Ignore moral sense ?
Self justifying world view ?
How does it affect remembering?

A

A

107
Q

Descriptive research

Correlational research

Experimental research

A

Descriptive is designed to be a snapshot of the current state of affairs

108
Q

Internal validity v external validity

A

Internal validity is based upon the relationship of the two variables

External validity is the extent the results can be related to the world at large

Psychology 111 (2 decks)

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