Mid Term Flashcards
1
Q
Structuralism
A
Understanding the conscious experience through introspection
2
Q
Functionalism
A
Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment
3
Q
Gestalt psychology
A
greater whole
Individual parts put together create a bigger whole
4
Q
Psychoanalytic theory
A
Focus on the role of the subconscious in affecting conscience behavior
Sigmund Freud
5
Q
Behaviorism
A
Focus on observable behavior and controlling it
6
Q
Cognitivism
A
Study of cognition or thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions
7
Q
Humanistic psychology
A
Perspective in psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans
8
Q
Forensic psychology
A
Area of psychology that applies the science and practices of psychology to issues within or related to the justice system
9
Q
Evolutionary psychology
A
Seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of behavior of all humans. Focus on genetics
10
Q
Bio psychology
A
Study on how biology influences behavior and psychology
Neuroscience
11
Q
Health psychology
A
Study on how psychology relates to physical health and well being.
Ex the effects stress has on the body
12
Q
Organizational psychology
A
The focus on how psychology affects the work place
Ie industry work force
13
Q
Personality psychology
A
Study of a pattern of thoughts and behaviors that make an individual unique
14
Q
Social psychology
A
Focuses on how we interact with and relate to others
15
Q
Clinical psychology
A
Area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior
16
Q
PhD v psyd
A
PhD ( Doctor of philosophy) focuses on research and theory
PsyD (Doctor of psychology) degree that focuses on the application of psychology in the clinical setting.
17
Q
Hypothesis
A
Tentative and testable statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables
18
Q
Empirical observation
A
Grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
19
Q
Theory
A
Well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation of observed phenomena
20
Q
Deductive reasoning v inductive
A
Deductive : results predicted based on general premise
General to specific
Inductive :
Conclusion drawn from observations
Specific to general
21
Q
Correlation v causation
A
Correlation: relationship between two or more variables
Causation: change in one variable CAUSES a change in another one.
Correlation does NOT prove Causation
22
Q
Survivorship bias
A
Logical error on concentrating on things that made it past some selection process and those that did not.
23
Q
Expectancy bias
A
Researchers expectations / cognitive biases causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment
24
Q
Attrition bias
A
Results skewed due to the fact that a large number of participants dropped out of a study over time
25
Observer bias
When observations may be skewed to align with the observers expectations.
26
Placebo bias
When people’s expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation.
27
Selection bias
When the selection of participants is not properly randomized causing the results to be skewed.
28
Fundamentalism
How to avoid
Example
Is only focusing on the restored truths of the gospel and not on anything else
Someone who rejects science claiming it is not of god
We can avoid this by keeping an open mind to ideas of the secular thinking / science and gaining more insight of the world around us using both
29
Scientism
How to avoid
Example
Only focusing on science and taking into account modern revelations and eternal truths.
Someone who only believes in the Big Bang theory
We can avoid this by comparing the eternal truths with scientific Theory and looking for truth from all sources
30
How do genetics influence our behavior
Genetics create a framework with witch the environment interacts to shape our behavior to
31
Parts of the Nuer in and functions
Axon -sends signal to the end of the neuron
Soma - body of the cell
Dendrites - receives incoming signal
Myelin sheath- insulates the axon
Nucleus- cell brain that houses DNA
Terminal buttons - activated when action potential reaches the end of the axon and releases neurotransmitters
Cell membrane - involved in action potentials. It separates positive charges and negative charges
32
What is an action potential
How is it significant?
An action potential is an electrical signal that moves down the the axon. It is information conveyed via Electrical signals.
33
What does localization of brain function
What evidence do we have
Specific parts / areas of the brain have specific functions.
Each part of the brain is tasked with a specific objective. Brain damage to a specific part may cause an affect to the specific task but not necessarily to all other tasks of the brain.
34
Broca’s area
Area located in the upper left frontal lobe. Involved in speech and language production
35
Wernicke área
Located on the temporal lobe and is important for speech comprehension
36
Fusiform facial area
Area of the brain in charge of facial recognition located on the under side of the temporal lobe
37
Auditory complex
Located on the temporal lobe and is involved in processing auditory information,
38
Temporal lobe
Located beside parietal lobe and behind the frontal lobe. Involved with auditory sensory information and aspects of language such a speech comprehension, also memory and emotion
39
Frontal lobe
Located The front, involved in reasoning, motor cortex, emotion, and language
40
Reductionism
How to avoid
Excellent
Is taking a complex topic and reducing it down to something much simpler however you might loose some information/ truths of that topic
To avoid this one might look to explore more in depth the topic they may be researching and not to over simplify or cut out possible information
Thinking is defined as only neurons firing
41
Sensation v perception
Sensation is defined as sensory information that is brought to the brain
Perception is the organization/ interpretation of that sensory information
42
Absolute threshold
Minimum amounted stimulus energy required that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time
43
Just noticeable difference
Difference I stimuli required to detect a difference between stimuli to
44
Weeber’s law
Ex
The just noticeable difference is a constant ratio
Ex if the just noticeable difference is 6 cheezits to 3 cheezits then it should also be 20 cheezits to 10 cheezits
45
Proximity
A group of separate objects based on how close they are related
46
Closure
Organizing our perceptions into complete objects.
47
Similarity
Grouping thing together based on how similar they are
48
Continuity
We see things as continuous lines
49
Gustation
Is our sense of taste. Chemical sense and is stimulated by taste receptors on the tongue and mouth
50
Nociception
Sensory signal indicating potential harm / pain maybe
51
Propioception
Perception of body position
52
Kinesthesia
Perception of the bodies movement through space
53
Vestibular Sense
Contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture
Inner ear
54
Olfaction
Sense of smell
Chemical sense
Olfactory receptors in the nice are taken to brain
55
Thermoception
Perception of temperature
56
Determinism
Avoid
Ex
Determinism is that idea that all of our behavior is predetermined/ triggered by an environmental stimulus.
This can be avoided by understanding the idea of agency and that we as children of god have the ability to choose.
Ex saying that because you are predisposed to being an alcoholic that it justifies your actions
57
In determinism
Avoid
Ex
Human action is random and not connected to biology and the environment .
We must take into account that are genetics and environment do affect our behavior although as moral agents we have control over our behavior and therefore held accountable.
Someone believes that all behavior is truly random
58
Behaviorism
Core assumptions
That all behavior is caused by something in the environment
agency does not exist
There is no free will
Things happen only on the observable level
59
Classical v operant
Classical conditioning is when 2 stimuli are paired/ associated together
Operant conditioning is when a reward / punishment is used to increase or decrease a behavior
60
Unconditioned stimulus
Is the stimulus that naturally causes behavior (unlearned)
61
Unconditioned response
Unlearned / natural response to the unconditioned stimulus
62
Neutral stimulas
Is a stimulus that no effect on behavior before learning
63
Conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that elicits a response due to it being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
64
Conditioned response
Response caused by a conditioned stimulus
65
Acquisition
Period of initial learning in classical conditioning
66
Extinction
Decrease in the conditioned response when unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
67
Spontaneous recover
Return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
68
Ex of classical conditioning using all terms
Fear of going to the doctor
Unconditioned stimulus- a shot / injection
Unconditioned response - fear of needles / nervousness
Neutral stimulus- the smell of disinfectant
Conditioned stimulus- the smell of disinfectant after associating it with the pain of gettin a shot.
Conditioned response - feeling nervous when smelling disinfectant.
69
Positive reinforcement
Adding a desirable stimulus to increase behavior
70
Negative reinforcement
Is getting rid of an undesired stimulus to increase behavior
71
Positive punishment
Is adding an undesired stimulus to decrease behavior
72
Negative punishment
Is getting rid of a desired stimulus to decrease behavior
73
Continues reinforcement schedules
Rewarding behavior every time it happens
74
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule
Behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
75
Variable interval reinforcement schedule
Behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amount of time
76
Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
Asset number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
77
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule
Number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
78
Shaping
Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior
79
Tolman evidence against behaviorism
Why
Tolman argued that there is more to behavior then merely environmental stimuli for exam mice make a mental map of a maze and then are able to process this information that then affect their behavior
80
Observational learning
Ex
Types of behavior involved with watching others
Learning to tie a shoe
Is learned by watching others do it first
81
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
82
Vicarious reinforcement
Process by which the observer sees the model being rewarded making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior
83
Modeling
Performing a behavior that serves as an example
Setting an example
84
Information processing view on learning
Learning is all about recording information in our memory. Like memorizing or connecting information we’ve already encountered.
85
Situated learning
Learning as a change in social relation with regards to the community.
Ex not knowing how to drive until one can follow all societal norms / like traffic laws
86
Situated learning v all other learning
It is different because it explores social learning and not just one individual in their environment
87
Encoding
Input of information in the memory system
88
Storage
Creation of a permanent record of information
89
Retrieval
Act of getting information out of long term memory and back into conscious awareness
90
Implicit memory
Memory not a part of consciousness
91
Explicit memory
Memories we consciously try to retrieve/ remember
92
Episodic memory
Type of memory associated with different events we have personally experienced
93
Semantic memory
Memory of words , concepts , language based knowledge and facts
94
Procedural memory
Memory of actions
| How too ...
95
Priming ( memory )
Stimulus exposure affects responses to a stimulus later
96
Short term memory
Holds about 7 bits of information before it is forgotten or stored , information that has been retrieved and being used
97
Rehearsal
Repetition of information to be remembered
98
Long term memory
Continuous storage of information
99
Recall v recognition
Accessing information without cues
And recognizing
Identifying previously learned information after in countering it again
100
Anterograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
101
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory events that occurred prior to the brain trauma
102
Misinformation effect
After exposure to additional possible information a person may misremember the original event
103
Mis attribution
Memory error in which you confuse the source of information
104
Encoding failure
When we don’t remember something because we did not encode the memory in the fist place
105
False memory syndrome
Recall of false autobiographical memories
106
Moral sense
Ignore moral sense ?
Self justifying world view ?
How does it affect remembering?
A
107
Descriptive research
Correlational research
Experimental research
Descriptive is designed to be a snapshot of the current state of affairs
108
Internal validity v external validity
Internal validity is based upon the relationship of the two variables
External validity is the extent the results can be related to the world at large
