Psych Final Flashcards
1
Q
What is motivation?
A
A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior toward a goal. It is produced by a state of arousal or tension from an unfulfilled need.
2
Q
What are motives?
A
Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel or drive people in certain directions; they are theoretical and cannot be directly observed.
3
Q
What does the Drive Reduction Theory propose?
A
It suggests that certain drives motivate individuals to act in ways that minimize aversive states and maintain homeostasis.
4
Q
What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
A
Intrinsic comes from internal goals (e.g., passion), extrinsic comes from external rewards (e.g., a job).
5
Q
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
A
We perform best at moderate levels of arousal; performance worsens at low or high arousal.
6
Q
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A
A pyramid where basic needs must be met before achieving self-actualization, with levels including physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
7
Q
What are the three components of emotion?
A
- Subjective thought/experience 2. Physiological arousal 3. Behavioral expression.
8
Q
What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?
A
Emotion is the result of physiological arousal; we feel afraid because we tremble.
9
Q
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion?
A
Physiological arousal and emotional feeling occur simultaneously.
10
Q
What is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?
A
Emotion is determined by arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
11
Q
What are display rules in emotions?
A
Cultural rules about how and when to express emotions.
12
Q
What is the biopsychosocial model?
A
A model that includes biological, psychological, and social factors in health and illness.
13
Q
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?
A
Hans Selye’s model with three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
14
Q
What are the 4 Fs of stress response?
A
Fight, Flight, Freeze, Fawn.
15
Q
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
A
The study of how psychological factors affect the immune system.
16
Q
What are eustress and distress?
A
Eustress is positive stress, distress is harmful stress.
17
Q
What is the DSM-5?
A
A classification system for mental disorders using a biopsychosocial approach.
18
Q
What are the 5 conceptions of mental illness?
A
Statistical rarity, subjective distress, impairment, societal disapproval, biological dysfunction.
19
Q
What is the definition of a mental disorder?
A
A syndrome with significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior reflecting dysfunction.
20
Q
What is GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)?
A
A disorder with prolonged, uncontrollable worry, often with physical symptoms like sweating or nausea.
21
Q
What is OCD?
A
A disorder with obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors to reduce stress).
22
Q
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
A
A lingering depressed mood with symptoms like weight loss, insomnia, or loss of interest.
23
Q
What is Bipolar Disorder?
A
A disorder involving episodes of mania and depression.
24
Q
What are the risk factors for suicide?
A
History, mental illness, male gender, isolation, substance abuse, a specific plan, hopelessness.
25
What is psychodynamic therapy?
A therapy that focuses on unconscious conflicts stemming from early life experiences.
26
What is humanistic therapy?
Emphasizes personal growth and the assumption that people are fundamentally good.
27
What is CBT?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy combines behavioral and cognitive strategies to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
28
What is the therapeutic alliance?
A trusting relationship between therapist and client, involving authenticity, empathy, and unconditional positive regard.
29
What is motivation?
A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior toward a goal. It is produced by a state of arousal or tension from an unfulfilled need.
30
What are motives?
Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel or drive people in certain directions; they are theoretical and cannot be directly observed.
31
What does the Drive Reduction Theory propose?
It suggests that certain drives motivate individuals to act in ways that minimize aversive states and maintain homeostasis.
32
What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic comes from internal goals (e.g., passion), extrinsic comes from external rewards (e.g., a job).
33
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
We perform best at moderate levels of arousal; performance worsens at low or high arousal.
34
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A pyramid where basic needs must be met before achieving self-actualization, with levels including physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
35
What are the three components of emotion?
1. Subjective thought/experience 2. Physiological arousal 3. Behavioral expression.
36
What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?
Emotion is the result of physiological arousal; we feel afraid because we tremble.
37
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion?
Physiological arousal and emotional feeling occur simultaneously.
38
What is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?
Emotion is determined by arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
39
What are display rules in emotions?
Cultural rules about how and when to express emotions.
40
What is the biopsychosocial model?
A model that includes biological, psychological, and social factors in health and illness.
41
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Hans Selye’s model with three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
42
What are the 4 Fs of stress response?
Fight, Flight, Freeze, Fawn.
43
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
The study of how psychological factors affect the immune system.
44
What are eustress and distress?
Eustress is positive stress, distress is harmful stress.
45
What is the DSM-5?
A classification system for mental disorders using a biopsychosocial approach.
46
What are the 5 conceptions of mental illness?
Statistical rarity, subjective distress, impairment, societal disapproval, biological dysfunction.
47
What is the definition of a mental disorder?
A syndrome with significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior reflecting dysfunction.
48
What is GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)?
A disorder with prolonged, uncontrollable worry, often with physical symptoms like sweating or nausea.
49
What is OCD?
A disorder with obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors to reduce stress).
50
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
A lingering depressed mood with symptoms like weight loss, insomnia, or loss of interest.
51
What is Bipolar Disorder?
A disorder involving episodes of mania and depression.
52
What are the risk factors for suicide?
History, mental illness, male gender, isolation, substance abuse, a specific plan, hopelessness.
53
What is psychodynamic therapy?
A therapy that focuses on unconscious conflicts stemming from early life experiences.
54
What is humanistic therapy?
Emphasizes personal growth and the assumption that people are fundamentally good.
55
What is CBT?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy combines behavioral and cognitive strategies to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
56
What is the therapeutic alliance?
A trusting relationship between therapist and client, involving authenticity, empathy, and unconditional positive regard.
57
What part of the brain regulates motivation?
The hypothalamus regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems.
58
What is homeostasis in motivation?
The body's process of maintaining a stable internal environment, motivating behavior when imbalance occurs.
59
What is affiliation motivation?
The drive to build and maintain relationships involving warmth, affection, and mutual concern.
60
What is the 'low road' in emotional processing?
A fast, unconscious pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala, enabling quick emotional reactions.
61
What is the 'high road' in emotional processing?
A slower, conscious pathway involving cortical processing before reaching the amygdala.
62
What role does the autonomic nervous system play in emotion?
It regulates physiological arousal through the sympathetic (activating) and parasympathetic (calming) systems.
63
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and regulate emotions effectively.
64
What is the HPA axis?
The interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands that regulates stress response.
65
What are telomeres and how are they affected by stress?
Protective DNA caps on chromosomes that shorten with chronic stress, accelerating aging.
66
What is resilience?
The ability to recover from adversity or stress, maintaining psychological and physical health.
67
What is the difference between acute and chronic stress?
Acute stress is short-term; chronic stress persists over a longer period and has more damaging health effects.
68
What is statistical rarity in mental illness?
An attribute of abnormal behavior being uncommon in the general population.
69
What is comorbidity?
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.
70
What is dysthymia?
A persistent low-level depressive mood lasting at least two years, now known as persistent depressive disorder.
71
What are common symptoms of panic attacks?
Chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness, trembling, fear of dying or losing control.
72
What is agoraphobia?
Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable during a panic attack.
73
What is seasonal affective disorder?
A mood disorder with depressive episodes occurring in seasonal patterns, often in winter.
74
What is exposure therapy?
A behavioral technique that involves repeated exposure to a feared object or situation to reduce anxiety.
75
What is systematic desensitization?
A type of exposure therapy that pairs relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli.
76
What is the goal of cognitive therapy?
To identify and challenge distorted thinking patterns and replace them with more realistic thoughts.
77
What is group therapy?
A form of therapy where clients meet together with a therapist to work on shared issues.
78
What is motivation?
A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior toward a goal. It is produced by a state of arousal or tension from an unfulfilled need.
79
What are motives?
Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel or drive people in certain directions; they are theoretical and cannot be directly observed.
80
What does the Drive Reduction Theory propose?
It suggests that certain drives motivate individuals to act in ways that minimize aversive states and maintain homeostasis.
81
What are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic comes from internal goals (e.g., passion), extrinsic comes from external rewards (e.g., a job).
82
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
We perform best at moderate levels of arousal; performance worsens at low or high arousal.
83
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A pyramid where basic needs must be met before achieving self-actualization, with levels including physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
84
What are the three components of emotion?
1. Subjective thought/experience 2. Physiological arousal 3. Behavioral expression.
85
What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?
Emotion is the result of physiological arousal; we feel afraid because we tremble.
86
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion?
Physiological arousal and emotional feeling occur simultaneously.
87
What is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?
Emotion is determined by arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
88
What are display rules in emotions?
Cultural rules about how and when to express emotions.
89
What is the biopsychosocial model?
A model that includes biological, psychological, and social factors in health and illness.
90
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome?
Hans Selye’s model with three stages: Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
91
What are the 4 Fs of stress response?
Fight, Flight, Freeze, Fawn.
92
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
The study of how psychological factors affect the immune system.
93
What are eustress and distress?
Eustress is positive stress, distress is harmful stress.
94
What is the DSM-5?
A classification system for mental disorders using a biopsychosocial approach.
95
What are the 5 conceptions of mental illness?
Statistical rarity, subjective distress, impairment, societal disapproval, biological dysfunction.
96
What is the definition of a mental disorder?
A syndrome with significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior reflecting dysfunction.
97
What is GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)?
A disorder with prolonged, uncontrollable worry, often with physical symptoms like sweating or nausea.
98
What is OCD?
A disorder with obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors to reduce stress).
99
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
A lingering depressed mood with symptoms like weight loss, insomnia, or loss of interest.
100
What is Bipolar Disorder?
A disorder involving episodes of mania and depression.
101
What are the risk factors for suicide?
History, mental illness, male gender, isolation, substance abuse, a specific plan, hopelessness.
102
What is psychodynamic therapy?
A therapy that focuses on unconscious conflicts stemming from early life experiences.
103
What is humanistic therapy?
Emphasizes personal growth and the assumption that people are fundamentally good.
104
What is CBT?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy combines behavioral and cognitive strategies to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
105
What is the therapeutic alliance?
A trusting relationship between therapist and client, involving authenticity, empathy, and unconditional positive regard.
106
What part of the brain regulates motivation?
The hypothalamus regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems.
107
What is homeostasis in motivation?
The body's process of maintaining a stable internal environment, motivating behavior when imbalance occurs.
108
What is affiliation motivation?
The drive to build and maintain relationships involving warmth, affection, and mutual concern.
109
What is the 'low road' in emotional processing?
A fast, unconscious pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala, enabling quick emotional reactions.
110
What is the 'high road' in emotional processing?
A slower, conscious pathway involving cortical processing before reaching the amygdala.
111
What role does the autonomic nervous system play in emotion?
It regulates physiological arousal through the sympathetic (activating) and parasympathetic (calming) systems.
112
What is emotional intelligence?
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and regulate emotions effectively.
113
What is the HPA axis?
The interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands that regulates stress response.
114
What are telomeres and how are they affected by stress?
Protective DNA caps on chromosomes that shorten with chronic stress, accelerating aging.
115
What is resilience?
The ability to recover from adversity or stress, maintaining psychological and physical health.
116
What is the difference between acute and chronic stress?
Acute stress is short-term; chronic stress persists over a longer period and has more damaging health effects.
117
What is statistical rarity in mental illness?
An attribute of abnormal behavior being uncommon in the general population.
118
What is comorbidity?
The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.
119
What is dysthymia?
A persistent low-level depressive mood lasting at least two years, now known as persistent depressive disorder.
120
What are common symptoms of panic attacks?
Chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness, trembling, fear of dying or losing control.
121
What is agoraphobia?
Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable during a panic attack.
122
What is seasonal affective disorder?
A mood disorder with depressive episodes occurring in seasonal patterns, often in winter.
123
What is exposure therapy?
A behavioral technique that involves repeated exposure to a feared object or situation to reduce anxiety.
124
What is systematic desensitization?
A type of exposure therapy that pairs relaxation techniques with gradual exposure to feared stimuli.
125
What is the goal of cognitive therapy?
To identify and challenge distorted thinking patterns and replace them with more realistic thoughts.
126
What is group therapy?
A form of therapy where clients meet together with a therapist to work on shared issues.
127
What is arousal theory?
A theory suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal for performance.
128
What are the characteristics of intrinsic motivation?
Driven by internal rewards like personal satisfaction, interest, or the joy of doing the activity itself.
129
What are the characteristics of extrinsic motivation?
Driven by external rewards like money, grades, praise, or avoidance of punishment.
130
What is emotional regulation?
The process of influencing which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we express them.
131
What are emotional traits?
Consistent patterns of emotional responses across various situations.
132
What is the function of the amygdala?
Plays a key role in emotional processing, especially fear and aggression.
133
What is the transactional model of stress?
A model that views stress as a result of a transaction between a person and their environment.
134
What is burnout?
A state of emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion caused by prolonged stress.
135
How does stress affect the cardiovascular system?
Increases risk for hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart disease.
136
What is the difference between unipolar and bipolar depression?
Unipolar involves only depressive episodes; bipolar involves both depressive and manic episodes.
137
What are compulsions in OCD?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety caused by obsessions.
138
What is PTSD?
A disorder caused by experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, with symptoms like flashbacks and hypervigilance.
139
What is the purpose of diagnosis?
To identify patterns of symptoms that help guide treatment and intervention.
140
What is the DSM-5-TR?
The text revision of the DSM-5 that includes updated diagnostic criteria and prevalence data.
141
Why is it important to rule out organic causes in diagnosis?
To ensure symptoms are not due to physical or medical conditions.
142
What is cognitive restructuring?
A process in CBT that helps clients identify and change distorted thinking patterns.
143
What is the goal of behavioral therapy?
To change maladaptive behavior patterns using conditioning techniques.
144
What is unconditional positive regard?
A core element in humanistic therapy where the therapist accepts the client without judgment.
145
What are common barriers to therapy?
Stigma, cultural beliefs, cost, geographic access, and long wait times.
146
What is community psychology?
A field focused on how community-level factors influence individual well-being and how to enhance resilience.
