Psych Final Flashcards
What is a teratogen?
Environmental substances or agents that negatively impact the developing organism during gestation, particularly during the period of the embryo
What are the three periods developing babies undergo in the womb?
Period of Zygote: A time during prenatal development, between conception and 2 weeks. Cells begin duplicating, creating a ball called blastocyst
Period of Embryo: Blastocyst binds to uterine lining, stays up until 8 weeks. Period when the foetus is most vulnerable to teratogens. All major organs undergo serious development
Period of the Foetus: Final stage of pregnancy. Characterised by refinements and serious bodily growth. Can also learn things about their external environments, such as their native language or music that their mum listens too etc
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
A pregnancy that results from the implantation of the blastocyst into one of the fallopian tubes instead of the uterine wall.
What is the difference between Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal principles of development?
- Cephalocaudal believes that foetuses are developed from top down
- Proximodistal believes that foetuses develop from their internal organs towards their extremities (outwardly)
Who created constructivism and what are it’s principles?
Jean Piaget developed a broad account of various stages of cognitive development from birth to adolescence, he believed that children are active contributors to their own learning—that is, they construct their own knowledge
What is the difference between accommodation and assimilation?
- Assimilation: According to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures.
- Accommodation: When information on something is missing, a new identity for it is created. E.G if you see a weird dog, instead of assimilating it based on regular, known characteristics of a dog, you create a whole new profile for it as it’s an unique entity.
What are the four stages of development after birth?
- Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs):
Learning via motor abilities - Preoperational (2-7 yrs):
Can remember the past, issues with symbolism and low regard for others - Concrete operational (7-11 yrs):
Passes conservation tasks, reasons well about concrete events, difficulty with abstract thinking - Formal operation (12+ yrs):
Can think and reason hypothetically
Describe sociocultural theory
Vygotsky portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process that was intimately linked to the context in which children were raised
What is the zone of proximal development?
In Vygotsky’s theory of learning, the distance between what a child can accomplish on his/her own and what he/she can accomplish with some assistance.
What is the difference between Insecure-resistant and Insecure-avoidant attachment?
- Insecure-avoidant Attachment: In attachment theory, an attachment style of infants characterised by avoidance of a primary caregiver upon reunion after separation; may be born of out parental disengagement with the infant.
- Insecure-resistant Attachment: In attachment theory, an attachment style of infants characterised by being clingy after the parent returns; may be born out of inconsistent parental responsiveness.
What are the three types of conventional mortalities?
- Pre-conventional morality:
In Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, the first stage of morality in which children think of morality in terms of punishments and rewards. - Conventional morality:
The second stage of morality in which a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as “good” or “bad” by others. - Post-conventional morality:
The final stage of morality in which someone bases moral decisions on abstract principles instead of societal expectations or the judgement of others
According to socioemotional selectivity theory:
Younger adults will value _______-related goals and older adults will place emphasis on ________-related goals
information, emotion
Try and know these, like a 4/10 importance
Names:
_____ did physiological tests, on the senses, to determine intelligence. His methods and results were fruitless
_____ made IQ tests for kids and assigned them a “mental age”
______ decided the test results shouldn’t compare to age, however they should be compared to everyone else’s results. So creating an average result based on a huge test group sample and comparing based off of that. Called deviation IQ
Galton
Binet
Wechsler
Note:
IQ = (mental age/ chronological age) X 100
What is inspection time?
Proposed by Nettlebeck and Lalley for measuring the time it takes to perform a simple task, the time variance is what separates people based on intelligence
What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
- Fluid intelligence = use new information that isn’t already known to solve a problem, novelty solutions and flexibility are characteristics, decreases as we age, hits its apex at middle age.
- Crystallised intelligence = using already possessed information to solve problems. Consistently increases as we age
What are the differences between factor and component analysis
Factor: How intelligent someone is
Component: What makes someone intelligent
Charles Darwin originally suggested that emotions are adaptive and function as communication through three principles . The three principles of emotions are?
a) serviceable habits, emphasizes that the way emotions are expressed serves a purpose in non-human animals but not people
b) antithesis, how opposite emotions have opposite bodily expressions
c) direct action of the excited nervous system on the body emphasizes how emotions result in perceivable changes in the nervous system
Describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- We perceive the physical stimulus from the natural environment.
- We express the emotion publicly—physiological changes occur as a result of perceiving the physical stimulus (e.g., facial muscles contort)
- We acknowledge the privately experienced emotion.
Describe the Cannon-Bard thalamic theory of emotions
- We perceive the physical stimulus in the environment.
- We simultaneously produce bodily or facial expression changes and acknowledge the emotion
According to Clark Hull what are the two parts to a conditioned response?
a) the physical stimulus related to producing rewards that we encounter in the environment and b) the perception of a goal-related stimulus.
What is an occasion setter according to B.F Skinner
An event that tells the organism that something is about to occur (A cue / signal)
Belongingness, or constrained learning, is a type of ____-______ learning in which it is easier to condition some responses to certain outcomes. For instance, it is easier for a rat to learn that _____, rather than a _____ stimulus, signals an illness-inducing toxin
cue-consequence
flavor
visual
What are the differences between the Bruce and Whitten effects?
The Bruce effect can also occur when a female mouse’s pregnancy is terminated within the first few days by a new male
The Whitten effect is typically produced by introducing a male (or his smell) and can induce ovulation in multiple female rats simultaneously.
Both situations help male rats produce more offspring
Describe the Coolidge effect
When you get used to mating with the same female, when a new one comes along you are more inclined to mate with them.
Note: Only applies if you’re a cunt
Describe the rivalry sensitivity hypothesis
Women tend to focus on other women in their mans vicinity, whereas when men notice rival men in their gfs vicinity they focus on their girl
Describe Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence’s drive-reduction theory?
Need is determined by a combination of learning and a person’s physiology, and need intensity will be reflected in the intensity of responding.
The _____ principle states that _____ are preferred activities and that you’ll do some less preferred activity to access the preferred activity
Premack
reinforcers
What’s the difference between establishing and abolishing operations?
- Establishing operation Increase the effectiveness of reinforcers and evoke behavior related to obtaining them.
- Abolishing operation Decrease the effectiveness of reinforcers and decrease behavior related to obtaining them.
The method of ____ _______ required the individual to say whatever came to their mind
free association
With dream analysis:
The _____ content is what the dreamer remembers and, according to Freud, is the disguised content.
The _____ content is the expression of the unconscious mind and a reflection of a person’s true feelings, needs, and desires.
manifest
latent
According to Freud what are the three components that make up personality
- The ID:
Is the core component of personality and is located completely in the unconscious mind - Ego:
As the component of the mind that can subdue the id’s sexual and aggressive impulses to wait for the “right time and right place.” - Superego:
Exists at all three levels of conscious awareness and is based on a sense of morality reflecting family values, official laws, social conventions, religious beliefs, and a personal moral code
_____ anxiety informs the ego of real danger (e.g., a car is drifting into your lane).
_____ anxiety notifies the superego that the ego is considering violating a moral code (e.g., you want to cheat on a test).
_____ anxiety warns the ego of the threatening expression of id impulses at the level of conscious awareness (e.g., you want to scream out loud while sitting in a boring class)
Reality
Moral
Neurotic
Jung proposed the ______ ______ which he believed was interconnected through past experiences to other individuals across generations
collective unconscious
Match the names with their motivators of personality:
- Adler
- Horney
- Bandura
- Self-esteem
- Striving for superiority
- Search for social security
1 - 6
2 - 5
3 - 4
What are the differences between moving away, towards and against people?
Toward:
- The individual does and says certain things in the hopes that others will like and take care of them
Away:
- The individual withdraws emotionally in the hopes that others will not be able to harm them
Against:
- The individual tries to harm others first in the hopes of preventing others from doing harm to them
_____ positive regard serves to stifle personal growth by placing limits on the acceptance people give to others. The way in which you can help others reach self-fulfillment is by treating them with _______ positive regard, which includes displaying an attitude of acceptance and respect for an individual,
Conditional
unconditional
Describe a locus of control
According to Rotter- A person’s belief in the extent to which they control what happens to them
Internal = Belief in their control
External = Lack in control
What is concordance rate?
The degree of similarity between any set of twins on any measure of personality is assessed using the correlation coefficient
What is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
A network of structures in the midbrain that acts as a filter, is responsible for regulating arousal in the brain, and is linked with the personality dimension of introversion and extraversion
Describe Eysenck’s Three-Factor Theory
Consists of three trait dimensions: - extraversion-introversion
- neuroticism-emotional stability
- psychoticism-impulse control
What assesses 10 trait-like clinical dimensions of personality and contains 567 test questions to which individuals must respond in a fixed format by selecting from three response alternatives: true, false, or cannot say
The MMPI-2
__________ ________ of personality assessment involve asking an individual to respond to ambiguous test items that do not appear to have any clear or specific meaning
Projective techniques
_________ measures involve linking certain bodily processes, such as heart rate, muscle tension, and skin conductance (i.e., “sweating”), to different dimensions of personality
Electrophysiological
