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Psych final Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons

A

biological basis for behaviour and the mind

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2
Q

Complexity

A

Not able to predict thoughts with accuracy

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3
Q

point of no return

A

Neurons meeting a threshold (-50 or more)

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4
Q

Absolutely refractory period

A

how long it takes to get back to -70

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5
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A
  • Neurons work with other neurons

- Axel at top is presynaptic

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6
Q

SSRIS inhibit reuptake

A
  • Depression isn’t due to simple serotonin imbalance
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7
Q

Central nervous system:

A

charge of decision making

in brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system:

A

Somatic system: nerves, neurons where we can control them (move arm) (touch face)

Autonomic system: nerves, neurons that cant be controlled (spleen, heart, arteries)

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9
Q

Forebrain:

A

emotions, memories

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10
Q

Cerebellum:

A

motor control, gives coordination (sports

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11
Q

Thalamus

A

sorts data (relying info of all senses except smell)

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12
Q

Hypothalamus

A

connects brain to endocrine system (maintain body temp)

- sex drive

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13
Q

Amygdala

A

fear, aggression, emotions

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex:

A
  • Motor complex: frontal lobe
  • Somatosensory cortex: in parietal lobe
  • Homunculus the way our brain thinks we look
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15
Q

Absolute threshold:

A

Lowest intensity of stimulus. 50% of time

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16
Q

Two receptors:

A

cones: color vision, present in fovea
rods: sees black and white, seeing in dark, low light (no color) all over retina and phobia, peripheral vision

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17
Q

Opponent process theory:

A

• hold eyes without moving, look away- you will see the same image, but different color

idea that cells in the visual system process colors in complementary pairs

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18
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

all colors can be created-combined - red, green, blue light

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19
Q

Perceptual constancies:

A
  • to explain our ability to identify objects regardless of the condition they’re in
  • ex: snow appears white in the low illumination of moonlight, as well as in sunlight 800,000 times as bright.
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20
Q

Dual process theory

A

postulates that reasoning and decision-making can be described as a function of both an intuitive, experiential, affective system

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21
Q

Binocular Cues seeing 3-D

A
  1. Binocular disparity
    • Left and right eye see slightly different things that replicates the real world.
  2. Convergence (of muscles)
    • Eyes cross to see 3D
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22
Q

Pinna:

A

directs sound into the auditory canal

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23
Q

Frequency theory

A

that whatever the pitch of a sound wave, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency will be sent to the auditory nerve”prob receptors are turning signals into brain

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24
Q

Place theory:

A

: human can tell two tones apart even when differing by .2%. Pitch map isn’t precise

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25
Q

• Cochlear implants

A

goes straight to receptors; surgically implanted

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26
Q

Sense of balance (vestibular system)

A

• Receptor cells detect the movement of fluid and send signals through the vestibular nerve to your brain

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27
Q

30 different type of somatosensory nerve cells

A

Pain receptors
Thermoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Mechanoreceptors

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28
Q

Perceiving pain

A
  • Perception is affected by endorphins and adrenaline and opiates
  • Some pain signals are blocked at the spinal cord (gate control theory)
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29
Q

Taste

A

often smell

sometimes pain, temp, tough

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30
Q

Sensory adaptation:

A

may not notice sound of fan after

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31
Q
  1. Perception is simplified and structured
A 
figure ground
similarity,- 
 proximity, 
closure, 
Continuity
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32
Q

sublimintal stimuli

A

we can’t see/hear it consciously

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33
Q

Supraliminal stimuli

A

: easier to see

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34
Q

Pavlovs:

A

Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food.

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35
Q

Little Albert experiment (1919)

A
  • Rat = neutral stimulus
  • Conditioned stimulus= bell
  • Unconditioned stimulus lead to - baby crying = conditioned response
  • Paired scary bell with rat
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36
Q

Little Albert experiment (1919)

A
  • Rat = neutral stimulus
  • Conditioned stimulus= bell
  • Unconditioned stimulus lead to - baby crying = conditioned response
  • Paired scary bell with rat
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37
Q

Generalizability:

A

dog gets excited when opening can of food-

• The extent to how the results are applicable to a broader population

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38
Q

Acquisition:

A

• Works best when conditioned stimulus occurs immediately before the unconditioned stimulus

(starts to happen)

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39
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period

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40
Q

Taste aversion:

A

• Was discovered when rats avoided plastic water from the cages where they received radiation

  • getting flu from eating pizza then avoiding food in the future
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41
Q

Operate conditioning

A

is done By providing positive or negative reinforcement

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42
Q

Insight learning:

A

mental models of the world

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43
Q

Henry Malmaison

A
  • removed temporal lobes
  • happened close to hippocampus
  • lost ability to form new memories
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44
Q

Procedural
episodic
semantic

A

riding a bike
first day of school
knowledge from a textbook

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45
Q

Source amnesia

A

tend to remember what we know, but don’t typically remember where or from where we learned it

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46
Q

• Baddeley model:

A

the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.

  • that working memory is like a multi-part system, and each system is responsible for a different function.
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47
Q

Spatial span:

A

• Not repeating “aloud”

48
Q

• Echoic store:

A

When you say “what” and rmr what they said

49
Q

Schema

A

any mental framework/structure with links

50
Q

Memory Retrieval: Cues

A

chewing gum during studying and exam

51
Q

Priming:

A

the activation of one concept in an associative network can trigger the activation of another related concept.

  • exposure to one thing can later alter behavior or thoughts
52
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885.

A

We’re most likely to forget info that is relatively recent was called the : forgetting curve

53
Q

Interference theory-

A

old memories interferes with learning something new or a new memory impairs our ability to recall old memories.

54
Q

Anterograde amnesia:

A

Cannot make new memories after brain damage

55
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

can still form new memories but cannot recall old memories

56
Q

Misinformation effect:

A

post events interfering with what happened

57
Q

Proactive interference

A

when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

58
Q

Typicality

A

determined by family resemblance

  • individuals respond more quickly to typical examples of a category
59
Q

Prototype Theory

A

average representation of the category which has all the most common properties of that category

  • a couch is more frequently cited than, say, a wardrobe.
60
Q

Exemplar Theory:

A

They both compare a new member to existing things.

- similar to prototype on how categories are formed

61
Q

Deductive:

A

already have a schema or good understanding of how something works
- Top-down processing

62
Q

Inductive

A

learning, creating the schemas by collecting real evidence by forming a general principle

63
Q

Defining creativity

A

Self-report
Behavioural task of divergent thinking-
Product focused measures-
Archival measure:

64
Q

Convergent thinking

A

trying to find the best solution to one answer

65
Q

Algorithms

A

formulas or procedures that generate correct solutions

66
Q

Dual system theories:

A
  1. Automatic processing- fast, emotional, habits, automatic

2. Deliberative Processing- slow, effortful, logical, planning

67
Q

Loss aversion

A

Negative impact we feel from we lose something is twice as strong as gaining something
(losing money)

68
Q

Hindsight bias

A

thinking info is less surprising once you already know it

69
Q

Meta-Cognition:

A

• Do you understand or memorize it?

- awareness of our thoughts

70
Q

Confirmation bias:

A

favours info that is already previously confirmed (beliefs or biases)

71
Q

Attribution theory

A

Wanting to understand people’s behaviours.

Personal
Situational

72
Q

Low consensus

High consensus

A

(everyone is doing it)

lots of people are doing it)

73
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation on behaviour

74
Q

Attributions for self vs other:

A
  • Bad behaviour= I failed because of external reason

* Positive events: internal reasons

75
Q

When attitudes/behaviours predict behaviour

A

• Specific attitude or belief regarding specific behaviours allows us to predict better

76
Q

Developing a self-schema/concept

A
  1. What we learn from others/society

2. Noticing and remembering our behaviours and emotions

77
Q

Cognitive Dissonance theory:

A

Beliefs and attitudes doesn’t match with behaviours

eating meat but against animal cruelty

78
Q

Self-perception theory:

A

learn about our attitudes by watching our behaviour

79
Q

Social Norms

A

Can influence food we like because of peers and others

  • shake hands when you meet
80
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)

A
  • Had problems like experimenter demand, a lack of generalizability, and unethical treatment of the participants.
81
Q

Informational social influence:

A

you look to the behaviours of others who are also in the same or similar situation to see how they behave

82
Q

Normative social influence:

A

I want to fit in, not be disruptive

83
Q

Social Loafing

A
  • occurs when people exert less individual effort when working on a group task than when working by themselves
84
Q

Groupthink

A

• Occurs when people are each effected by informational and normative social influences

  • makes decision as groups
85
Q

Bystander effect:

A

Caused by
- diffusion of responsibility
- inaccurate info
• Social comparision

86
Q

Social Facilitation:

A

• Trainer encouraging=better performance

- more crowd= do better

87
Q

Milgram experiment:

A

teachers had to shock participate

• They obeyed authority even though it hurt others

88
Q

Dunbar’s Number

A

human can form and maintain groups of 150 people

89
Q

Minimal Group paradigm

A

• People prefer their in group member even for arbitrary

90
Q

Out group derogation

A

• Less common tendency to attribute more negative characteristics to out-group members compared to in group members

91
Q

Out group homogeneity

A

• Tend to notice differences among in group members

92
Q

Proximity Principle

A

• We are more likely to meet people we live/work/play close to

93
Q

Mere Exposure Effect:

A

• Like a painting more because I see it regularly

94
Q

Selection effect

A

spend time with similar people

95
Q

Language acquisition device

A

a hypothesized innate mechanism that contains universal grammar

96
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech production and grammar

Damage to area: left hemisphere

97
Q

Wernicke’s area:

A

in temporal lobe= meaning

- Empty or fluent speech

98
Q

Deaf n unexposed to sign language

A

Evidence that exposed to language when young we will develop full proficiency.

99
Q

Bottom up:

A
  • No idea what you’re looking at and stimulus influences what it is
100
Q

Top down:

A

speech segmentation: the process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural languages

  • uses background knowledge to influence perception
101
Q

• Pragmatics

A

the practical use of language (polite way of saying hi)

102
Q

That action potentials occur at a uniform and maximum intensity or they do not occur at all is known as

A

All or none law

103
Q

behavioural perspective

A

external environmental stimuli influence your behavior and that you can be trained to act a certain way.

104
Q

psychodynamic

A
  • who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex.

- unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviours

105
Q

humanistic

A

you’re essentially good and that you’re motivated to realize your full potential.
- by goals and needs

106
Q

functionalist

A

focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.

107
Q

physiological

A

that our physiological make-up influences our behaviour, as the functioning of different areas of the brain relate to behaviour and experience.

108
Q

psychoanalytic approach

A

behavior is determined by experiences from your past that are lodged in your unconscious mind

109
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

social customs, beliefs, values, and language are all part of what shapes a person’s identity and reality.

110
Q

cognitive approach

A

a relatively modern approach to human behaviour that focuses on how we think

  • what we are currently thinking about
111
Q

Working memory

A

what we are currently thinking about

112
Q

heuristics

A

practical approaches to decision-making that are imperfect

- mental shortcuts

113
Q

phoneme

A

smallest unit of sound

114
Q

central processing

A

method of persuasion

115
Q

dependant variable

A

what is being measured (example: test score)

116
Q

independant variable

A

stands alone and isn’t really changed (someones age, or how long you sleep)

Psychology (3 decks)

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