Psych final Flashcards
1
Q
Neurons
A
biological basis for behaviour and the mind
2
Q
Complexity
A
Not able to predict thoughts with accuracy
3
Q
point of no return
A
Neurons meeting a threshold (-50 or more)
4
Q
Absolutely refractory period
A
how long it takes to get back to -70
5
Q
Synaptic Cleft
A
- Neurons work with other neurons
- Axel at top is presynaptic
6
Q
SSRIS inhibit reuptake
A
- Depression isn’t due to simple serotonin imbalance
7
Q
Central nervous system:
A
charge of decision making
in brain and spinal cord
8
Q
Peripheral nervous system:
A
Somatic system: nerves, neurons where we can control them (move arm) (touch face)
Autonomic system: nerves, neurons that cant be controlled (spleen, heart, arteries)
9
Q
Forebrain:
A
emotions, memories
10
Q
Cerebellum:
A
motor control, gives coordination (sports
11
Q
Thalamus
A
sorts data (relying info of all senses except smell)
12
Q
Hypothalamus
A
connects brain to endocrine system (maintain body temp)
- sex drive
13
Q
Amygdala
A
fear, aggression, emotions
14
Q
Cerebral cortex:
A
- Motor complex: frontal lobe
- Somatosensory cortex: in parietal lobe
- Homunculus the way our brain thinks we look
15
Q
Absolute threshold:
A
Lowest intensity of stimulus. 50% of time
16
Q
Two receptors:
A
cones: color vision, present in fovea
rods: sees black and white, seeing in dark, low light (no color) all over retina and phobia, peripheral vision
17
Q
Opponent process theory:
A
• hold eyes without moving, look away- you will see the same image, but different color
idea that cells in the visual system process colors in complementary pairs
18
Q
Trichromatic theory
A
all colors can be created-combined - red, green, blue light
19
Q
Perceptual constancies:
A
- to explain our ability to identify objects regardless of the condition they’re in
- ex: snow appears white in the low illumination of moonlight, as well as in sunlight 800,000 times as bright.
20
Q
Dual process theory
A
postulates that reasoning and decision-making can be described as a function of both an intuitive, experiential, affective system
21
Q
Binocular Cues seeing 3-D
A
- Binocular disparity
• Left and right eye see slightly different things that replicates the real world. - Convergence (of muscles)
• Eyes cross to see 3D
22
Q
Pinna:
A
directs sound into the auditory canal
23
Q
Frequency theory
A
that whatever the pitch of a sound wave, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency will be sent to the auditory nerve”prob receptors are turning signals into brain
24
Q
Place theory:
A
: human can tell two tones apart even when differing by .2%. Pitch map isn’t precise
25
• Cochlear implants
goes straight to receptors; surgically implanted
26
Sense of balance (vestibular system)
• Receptor cells detect the movement of fluid and send signals through the vestibular nerve to your brain
27
30 different type of somatosensory nerve cells
Pain receptors
Thermoreceptors
Proprioceptors
Mechanoreceptors
28
Perceiving pain
* Perception is affected by endorphins and adrenaline and opiates
* Some pain signals are blocked at the spinal cord (gate control theory)
29
Taste
often smell
| sometimes pain, temp, tough
30
Sensory adaptation:
may not notice sound of fan after
31
2. Perception is simplified and structured
```
figure ground
similarity,-
proximity,
closure,
Continuity
```
32
sublimintal stimuli
we can't see/hear it consciously
33
Supraliminal stimuli
: easier to see
34
Pavlovs:
Pavlov showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food.
35
Little Albert experiment (1919)
* Rat = neutral stimulus
* Conditioned stimulus= bell
* Unconditioned stimulus lead to - baby crying = conditioned response
* Paired scary bell with rat
36
Little Albert experiment (1919)
* Rat = neutral stimulus
* Conditioned stimulus= bell
* Unconditioned stimulus lead to - baby crying = conditioned response
* Paired scary bell with rat
37
Generalizability:
dog gets excited when opening can of food-
• The extent to how the results are applicable to a broader population
38
Acquisition:
• Works best when conditioned stimulus occurs immediately before the unconditioned stimulus
(starts to happen)
39
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period
40
Taste aversion:
• Was discovered when rats avoided plastic water from the cages where they received radiation
- getting flu from eating pizza then avoiding food in the future
41
Operate conditioning
is done By providing positive or negative reinforcement
42
Insight learning:
mental models of the world
43
Henry Malmaison
- removed temporal lobes
- happened close to hippocampus
- lost ability to form new memories
44
Procedural
episodic
semantic
riding a bike
first day of school
knowledge from a textbook
45
Source amnesia
tend to remember what we know, but don’t typically remember where or from where we learned it
46
• Baddeley model:
the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.
- that working memory is like a multi-part system, and each system is responsible for a different function.
47
Spatial span:
• Not repeating "aloud"
48
• Echoic store:
When you say "what" and rmr what they said
49
Schema
any mental framework/structure with links
50
Memory Retrieval: Cues
chewing gum during studying and exam
51
Priming:
the activation of one concept in an associative network can trigger the activation of another related concept.
- exposure to one thing can later alter behavior or thoughts
52
Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885.
We're most likely to forget info that is relatively recent was called the : forgetting curve
53
Interference theory-
old memories interferes with learning something new or a new memory impairs our ability to recall old memories.
54
Anterograde amnesia:
Cannot make new memories after brain damage
55
Retrograde amnesia
can still form new memories but cannot recall old memories
56
Misinformation effect:
post events interfering with what happened
57
Proactive interference
when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
58
Typicality
determined by family resemblance
- individuals respond more quickly to typical examples of a category
59
Prototype Theory
average representation of the category which has all the most common properties of that category
- a couch is more frequently cited than, say, a wardrobe.
60
Exemplar Theory:
They both compare a new member to existing things.
| - similar to prototype on how categories are formed
61
Deductive:
already have a schema or good understanding of how something works
- Top-down processing
62
Inductive
learning, creating the schemas by collecting real evidence by forming a general principle
63
Defining creativity
Self-report
Behavioural task of divergent thinking-
Product focused measures-
Archival measure:
64
Convergent thinking
trying to find the best solution to one answer
65
Algorithms
formulas or procedures that generate correct solutions
66
Dual system theories:
1. Automatic processing- fast, emotional, habits, automatic
| 2. Deliberative Processing- slow, effortful, logical, planning
67
Loss aversion
Negative impact we feel from we lose something is twice as strong as gaining something
(losing money)
68
Hindsight bias
thinking info is less surprising once you already know it
69
Meta-Cognition:
• Do you understand or memorize it?
| - awareness of our thoughts
70
Confirmation bias:
favours info that is already previously confirmed (beliefs or biases)
71
Attribution theory
Wanting to understand people's behaviours.
Personal
Situational
72
Low consensus
| High consensus
(everyone is doing it)
| lots of people are doing it)
73
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation on behaviour
74
Attributions for self vs other:
* Bad behaviour= I failed because of external reason
| * Positive events: internal reasons
75
When attitudes/behaviours predict behaviour
• Specific attitude or belief regarding specific behaviours allows us to predict better
76
Developing a self-schema/concept
1. What we learn from others/society
| 2. Noticing and remembering our behaviours and emotions
77
Cognitive Dissonance theory:
Beliefs and attitudes doesn't match with behaviours
| eating meat but against animal cruelty
78
Self-perception theory:
learn about our attitudes by watching our behaviour
79
Social Norms
Can influence food we like because of peers and others
- shake hands when you meet
80
Stanford Prison Experiment (1971)
- Had problems like experimenter demand, a lack of generalizability, and unethical treatment of the participants.
81
Informational social influence:
you look to the behaviours of others who are also in the same or similar situation to see how they behave
82
Normative social influence:
I want to fit in, not be disruptive
83
Social Loafing
- occurs when people exert less individual effort when working on a group task than when working by themselves
84
Groupthink
• Occurs when people are each effected by informational and normative social influences
- makes decision as groups
85
Bystander effect:
Caused by
- diffusion of responsibility
- inaccurate info
• Social comparision
86
Social Facilitation:
• Trainer encouraging=better performance
| - more crowd= do better
87
Milgram experiment:
teachers had to shock participate
| • They obeyed authority even though it hurt others
88
Dunbar's Number
human can form and maintain groups of 150 people
89
Minimal Group paradigm
• People prefer their in group member even for arbitrary
90
Out group derogation
• Less common tendency to attribute more negative characteristics to out-group members compared to in group members
91
Out group homogeneity
• Tend to notice differences among in group members
92
Proximity Principle
• We are more likely to meet people we live/work/play close to
93
Mere Exposure Effect:
• Like a painting more because I see it regularly
94
Selection effect
spend time with similar people
95
Language acquisition device
a hypothesized innate mechanism that contains universal grammar
96
Broca's area
speech production and grammar
| Damage to area: left hemisphere
97
Wernicke's area:
in temporal lobe= meaning
| - Empty or fluent speech
98
Deaf n unexposed to sign language
Evidence that exposed to language when young we will develop full proficiency.
99
Bottom up:
- No idea what you’re looking at and stimulus influences what it is
100
Top down:
speech segmentation: the process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural languages
- uses background knowledge to influence perception
101
• Pragmatics
the practical use of language (polite way of saying hi)
102
That action potentials occur at a uniform and maximum intensity or they do not occur at all is known as
All or none law
103
behavioural perspective
external environmental stimuli influence your behavior and that you can be trained to act a certain way.
104
psychodynamic
- who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex.
| - unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviours
105
humanistic
you're essentially good and that you're motivated to realize your full potential.
- by goals and needs
106
functionalist
focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior.
107
physiological
that our physiological make-up influences our behaviour, as the functioning of different areas of the brain relate to behaviour and experience.
108
psychoanalytic approach
behavior is determined by experiences from your past that are lodged in your unconscious mind
109
sociocultural perspective
social customs, beliefs, values, and language are all part of what shapes a person's identity and reality.
110
cognitive approach
a relatively modern approach to human behaviour that focuses on how we think
- what we are currently thinking about
111
Working memory
what we are currently thinking about
112
heuristics
practical approaches to decision-making that are imperfect
| - mental shortcuts
113
phoneme
smallest unit of sound
114
central processing
method of persuasion
115
dependant variable
what is being measured (example: test score)
116
independant variable
stands alone and isn't really changed (someones age, or how long you sleep)
