Psych Exam 4

Question 1

How does each model of therapy vary?

Answer 1

Each model varies in
Theory of how disorders develop
Goals (use different perspectives)
Techniques
Format (e.g. location; people involved —> e.g. individual/group/relationships
Most therapists are eclectic —> use multiple models

Question 2

current problems are caused by

Answer 2

buried emotions and conflicts

Question 3

Aspects of our deepest selves (our emotions and motives) come into conflict

Answer 3

discomforting

Question 4

We respond by keeping aspects of ourselves unconscious

Answer 4

out of awareness (repressed)

Question 5

Origins of problems are found in

Answer 5

earlier experiences, especially in childhood

Question 6

Inner working model

Answer 6

a mental representation formed through a child’s early experiences with their primary caregiver.

Question 7

If an inner working model is disturbed it can lead to

Answer 7

problems in current relationships

Question 8

Psychodynamic Therapy

Answer 8

Theory of how disorders develop

Psychoanalysis: Freud’s lab for developing his theories (his sessions w/ his patients)

Question 9

Goal of Psychodynamic Therapy

Answer 9

• insight into repeated damaging problems
• Develop conscious awareness of unconscious conflicts
• Cultivate a more positive “inner working model”

Question 10

Must avoid “symptom substitution” with Psychodynamic Therapy

Answer 10

if a patient does not gain insight into unconscious conflict causing current symptoms, new symptoms will develop

Question 11

Free association

Answer 11

A technique of Psychodynamic Therapy in which patient speaks about thoughts as to someone from the past

Question 12

Transference

Answer 12

A technique of Psychodynamic Therapy in which patient responds to therapist as to someone from the past

Question 13

Resistance

Answer 13

A technique of Psychodynamic Therapy in which patient avoids dealing w/ some aspect of therapy

• Identification of current negative patterns in relationships
• stops of the tongue (unconscious)

Question 14

Interpretation and insight

Answer 14

Final and most essential step in Psychodynamic Therapy: therapist interprets material uncovered through other techniques

- provided insight into behavior or dynamics
- relates content behavior to patients earlier history

Question 15

Goal of Humanistic Therapy

Answer 15

to promote the natural tendency toward growth by increasing awareness of present experiences and integrating those into a whole self

Question 16

Techniques of Humanistic Therapy: Phenomenological method

Answer 16

the clients ongoing experience in the moment during the session is the main source of information

focus on how the client perceives the world

Question 17

Techniques of Humanistic Therapy: Therapist-client relationship

Answer 17

Egalitarian; also the therapist demonstrates:
unconditional positive regard: acceptance of the client
empathy: ability to see the world through the client’s eyes
geniuses: honesty (authenticity)

Question 18

Reflection

Answer 18

therapists communicates understanding of clients message

Question 19

In-session tasks

Answer 19

Designed to promote awareness

Question 20

Goal of behavior therapy

Answer 20

change behavior by applying learning principles

Question 21

Exposure

Answer 21

hierarchy of exposure (working your way up.
gradual exposure to feared CS in absence of the UCS
response prevention: prevent avoidant response
extinction occurs
Used to treat anxiety, based on classical conditioning

Question 22

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 22

Counterconditioning: pair feared situation w/ relaxation
Gradually expose person to real or imagined feared stimulus while relaxed
Relaxation becomes CR to stimulus
Used to treat anxiety, based on classical conditioning

Question 23

Aversion therapy

Answer 23

goal is to get rid of undesirable behaviors (e.g. smoking) by classically conditioning
e.g. pairing smoking cigarettes w/ an undesirable sensation to make you associate cigs w/ that sensation

Question 24

Operant Conditioning

Answer 24

increase or decrease behavior through reinforcement or punishment

Question 25

Functional analysis of behavior

Answer 25

Begin by determining context in which behavior occurs A – Antecedent events: situations in which problematic behavior occurs B – Behavior - the problematic behavior you want to alter C – Consequences of behavior - (reinforcement or punishment) —> interns of operant conditioning Then modify the antecedents and the consequences. Behavior modification: An example involving autism (video) *teaching lisa to sit. *teaching lisa leads to tantrums —> goal is to modify behavior (e.g. tantrums)

Question 26

Cognitive therapy

Answer 26

Cognitive ABC model (see Anxiety Disorders lecture) B’s: client is not aware of them, but they are not fully unconscious change B’s in order to change behaviors and emotions

Question 27

Cognitive therapy: Socratic dialogue

Answer 27

therapist designs questions to help client evaluate beliefs objectively “what’s the evidence?”

Question 28

Cognitive therapy: Behavioral experiments

Answer 28

beliefs are testable hypotheses carry out experiments to test beliefs —> perfectionism allows yourself to make mistakes (shows that you that you’ll survive.)

Question 29

spontaneous remission

Answer 29

people sometimes spontaneously get better (w/out therapy)

Question 30

Does therapy work? Control groups: No treatment

Answer 30

controls for spontaneous remission but not placebo; a little unethical

Question 31

Does therapy work? Control groups: Placebo

Answer 31

give them something but not real therapy; also unethical

Question 32

Does therapy work? Control groups: established treatment

Answer 32

pit new therapy against already established, working therapy; ethical

Question 33

Does therapy work?

Answer 33

yes often works as well or better than drugs One of the most important contributions of psychology to society

Question 34

What are the three types of social influence (weak to strong)

Answer 34

Conformity Compliance Obedience

Question 35

Why are social situations so powerful?

Answer 35

we want to be a part of a group, we look to others to determine the right way to behave, we want to feel good about ourselves.

Question 36

Conformity

Answer 36

Doing what others do; matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms

Question 37

Informational conformity

Answer 37

assume ppl know something you don't know so you look to them for info

Question 38

Normative conformity

Answer 38

you want to be liked/fit in/don't want to be rejected

Question 39

What influences conformity

Answer 39

* greater in collectivistic versus individualist cultures | * increases as group size increases from 1 to 5 or 6, then levels off

Question 40

Bystander effect when the situation is more dangerous the bystander effect increase or decrease? (Fisher et al)

Answer 40

it would decrease meaning you are more likely to intervene.

Question 41

Fleeson on personality traits?

Answer 41

Across situations traits can vary however on average your personality traits remain the same. "On average you’ll be 80% extraverted but different situations can change that." The correlation for this is .9—so very high.

Question 42

Gal & Rucker on doubt?

Answer 42

if you believe in yourself you are more confident in your argument. Doubt in your beliefs makes you not argue as much. If the argument is more important to you then you will argue more for it.

Question 43

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 43

Who takes the blame

Question 44

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 44

Personal - blaming the person for what happened Situational - blaming the situation for what happened overestimate the personality and underestimate the situation when looking at others. When it happens to yourself you underestimate personality and overestimate situations.

Question 45

What are the big five (OCEAN)

Answer 45

Conscientiousness Duckworth and Seligman: self-discipline predicts school outcomes Extraversion Fleeson: acting extraverted benefited both extroverts and introverts ``` Neuroticism Big predictor of Psychological disorders Negative emotion Sensitivity to threats Increases w/ higher stress and adversity ``` Agreeableness Openness to experience

Question 46

Personality situation debate

Answer 46

The first argument said that personality has a small correlation to how you behave. Personality coefficient. Personality psychologists had a counter argument saying it isn't small it's moderate.

Question 47

How do psychologists define happiness?

Answer 47

Subjective well-being (SWB) High positive affect Low negative affect Overall sense of life satisfaction

Question 48

predictors of happiness?

Answer 48

``` High self-esteem Big 5 (extraversion and neuroticism; conscientiousness is also moderately related) Close relationships Meaningful religion Sleep and exercise Heritable .4-.5 ```

Question 49

Wealth and Subjective Well Being?

Answer 49

Correlation BETWEEN country’s wealth and SWB (hard to interpret; confounds); correlation between wealth and SWB within a country (e.g. USA); basic level of wealth needed; other factors are important once basic level is achieved Income more than $75,000 yields no increase in positive emotions

Question 50

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic goals

Answer 50

Extrinsic (e.g. money, good grades) Intrinsic (e.g. close relationships, learning) Lower happiness/vitality for extrinsic goals Once you’ve reached that goal it is positive but it is short lived and now you want to achieve a higher goal Higher happiness/vitality for intrinsic Your happiness level is static, happy once you reach your goal.

Question 51

Flooding therapy

Answer 51

putting someone directly into a situation they fear to have them conquer it rather than exposure which is gradually exposing them to what they fear.

Question 52

Aversion Therapy

Answer 52

pairing behavior with a negative consequence. Smoking cigs feels good so giving them gum that tastes bad as well as a cig will make them associate that taste with cigs over time

Question 53

Compliance

Answer 53

Change in behavior or attitude as a result of a request from another person

Question 54

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 54

having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change

Question 55

Foot in the door

Answer 55

Asking someone a small request that they comply to then moving on to a bigger request which they also comply to.

Question 56

norm of reciprocity

Answer 56

if someone does something for you then you are obligated to return the favor

Question 57

Door in the face

Answer 57

Start with a large request which is reject then move on to a smaller request to which a person agrees to because they feel like since they said no the first time they should say yes to the second thing.