Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Formal Operational Stage (ages 12 to 15)

Answer 1

Can apply logic more abstractly Hypothetical thinking develops Third-eye problem (how rational is their answer)

Answer 2

Yes and no. Yes *stages occurs in this order across cultures No Children are not at the same stage for all of their skills Change is often continuous rather than abrupt

Answer 3

Power assertion Love withdrawal Induction: verbal reasoning in which parent induces the child to think about harmful or helpful consequences of his or her actions Why does induction work best? It enables them to take someone else’s perspective

Answer 4

Universal Strong emotional bond forms between the important adults and the baby. A specific relationship between child and other person. Emerges 7-8 months The Strange Situation Baby cries when mom leaves. Baby is a little better when stranger comes. Very happy when mom comes back.

Answer 5

Kids move Stranger and separation anxiety Social referencing *checking with parent during exploration

Answer 6

Parents are more responsive to babies needs

Answer 7

later persistence Good social skills Secure attachment style as young adults

Answer 8

Helping children adopt norms (shared expectations for behavior) Observed preschoolers interact with their parents Found two dimensions of parental behavior *Warmth/acceptance versus hostility/rejection *Control/restrictiveness versus permissiveness

Answer 9

high warmth, high control. Parents are loving and accepting. Clear about expectations for kids. *Kids tend to have better social skills in elementary school, tend to be more confident, tend to do better in school

Answer 10

low warmth, high control. Parent has clear expectations for kid, but does not provide love. *These kids tend to be more withdrawn/angry, but they have decent academics, little delinquency.

Answer 11

Permissive parents tend to be very loving, yet provide few guidelines and rules.

Answer 12

parents don't respond to their child's needs or desires beyond the basics of food, clothing, and shelter.

Answer 13

Better social skills More confident Better academics

Answer 14

Withdrawn, angry | BUT decent academics, little delinquency

Answer 15

Poor self-control Rebellious Poor academics

Answer 16

Poor social skills Poor academics Delinquent

Answer 17

emotional pain

Answer 18

(impairment in daily life) -condition is getting in the way of what the person needs to do.

Answer 19

statistical rarity

Answer 20

Distressing, Dysfunctional, Deviant (three D's)

Answer 21

Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months about a number of events or activities Difficult to control worry 3 of 6 of the following symptoms (present more days than not for 6 months): restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance Impairment (or dysfunction)

Answer 22

``` Biological (including heredity) Learning Cognitive Other environmental: family, society *Causes interact ```

Answer 23

Pervasive maladaptive pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving Chronic; but we now know that they can change Assumed to have origins in childhood or adolescence Prevalence: around 10% in adolescence and adulthood

Answer 24

1) Norm-breaking behavior stealing fighting lying, etc. 2) Psychopathy - personality traits Lack of empathy and remorse shallow emotions Impulsive 3:1 male: female starts in childhood not necessarily criminals Some evidence that behavior often improves over time; psychopathy can improve, too, but less than behavior

Answer 25

Adoption study of boys Biological parents: normal or criminal Rearing family: authoritative (good) versus other types (bad) Percent of boys with criminal behavior in adulthood ``` Bio parents normal, rearing family good 3% Bio parents normal, rearing family bad 6% Bio parents criminal, rearing family good 12% Bio parents criminal, rearing family bad - 40% ```

Answer 26

reduced size and functional impairment | Affects self-control, decision making, planning

Answer 27

reduced size Affects emotion-based learning and fear conditioning May relate to poor conscience development

Answer 28

have trouble making emotional connections with others. They can be aggressive or unpredictable toward their loved ones—a behavior that is rooted in the lack of consistent love and affection they experienced in their childhood.

Answer 29

Fear of specific object or situation | Must be impairing or cause considerate distress

Answer 30

Panic attack Episode of intense fear and terror physical symptoms people notice something is occurring and misinterpret it and assume it means something terrible is going to happen - heart is beating fast so they think they are going to have a heart attack Worry about attack or avoid situations because of them Common co-occurring condition

Answer 31

No longer considered an anxiety disorder, but often co-morbid Obsession: repetitive, unwelcome thought, image, or urge Compulsion: repetitive behaviors or mental act Obsession - causes anxiety or distress Compulsion - eliminates disconfort *negative reinforcement Obsession returns — becomes a destructive cycle

Answer 32

Overprotective parents

Answer 33

a general model for how cognition affects symptoms A - activating event B - beliefs (or cognition) C – consequences -effects on mood and behavior; in this case, anxiety symptoms

Answer 34

worst will occur! (you assume the worse possible thing will happen, as a result of something) *common belief in all anxiety disorders

Answer 35

belief ppl are judging you when they probably are not

Answer 36

someone needs 100% assurance that something bad is not going to happen

Answer 37

Depressed mood Anhedonia - don’t take pleasure in the things that would normally make you happy Significant change in weight or appetite Hypersomnia or insomnia (or both) Psychomotor slowing or activation Fatigue/loss of energy Worthlessness or guilt Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions Thoughts of death, suicidal ideation or behavior *need 5/9 to get diagnosis

Answer 38

more in children then adults in a 12 month period

Answer 39

episodic and recurrent

Answer 40

When the person experiences something negative, they believe the cause is Personal (vs. due to outside factors) Pervasive (vs. focused on just that domain of life) Permanent (vs. temporary)

Answer 41

Mild dysphoria leads people to repeatedly request reassurance from others that they are lovable and valuable Excessive reassurance seeking eventually irritates others, provoking rejection and exacerbating depression

Answer 42

Depression is prevalent, recurrent, episodic, and often comorbid with other disorders. Multiple factors play a role in the etiology of depression, such as genetic factors, loss/stress, cognition, interpersonal factors, diet, and activity. It is possible to prevent and treat depression by targeting any of these factors. Big picture on psychopathology: Psychological disorders arise from the interaction of various vulnerabilities across multiple levels of analys3is: genes, biology, individual (thinking and behavior), social (relationships, societal context).

Answer 43

Stage 1 Obedience & Punishment Stage 2 Self-interest of getting rewards *Premoral - Kolberg says self-interest is not moral

Answer 44

Stage 3 Win others approval, be “good boy/girl” ——> e.g. stealing looks bad, helping wife looks good Stage 4 Law and order, doing one’s duty ——> should not steal; otherwise everyone would steal conformity to others expectations Most people make it to this stage by 13

Answer 45

Stage 5 balancing societal well-being and individual rights —-> recognizes tension between societal good and individual good (can side on either option) Stage 6 abstract, ethical, universal principles of conscience ——> articulate a more general principle that people should follow Self-accepts moral principles Only 5% make it to stage 6 according to Kolberg