Psych Exam 10/13/22 Flashcards
psyche
study of the soul
William James (1890)
science of mental life
mind, brain, and behvaior
mind = mental states, thoughts and feelings and motives
brain = enables mind, mind = emergent property of brain functions
behavior = any overt action (speech, gesture etc)
behavior + brain = observable
mind = invisible, inferred not observed
structuralism (Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener)
break down conscious experience into basic elements, like chemistry
introspection - years of training, required the ability to describe sensory elements in the most basic form without any influence of expectations from society (eg newborn child) - Hersey kiss example
primary areas = perception, sensation
functionalism (William James)
consciousness should be studied for function rather than structure - Hershey’s kiss example = focus on what we feel about it and why
primary areas = social, practical, everyday higher-order experience (ex evolutionary psychology)
gestalt (Max Wertheimer)
experience is not made up of finite components but rather the whole of experience is indescribably different than the mere sum of its parts - anti-strucuturalist
primary area = perception
psychoanalytic (Sigmund Freud)
behavior is determined by unconscious drives - heavily affected by childhood, used dream analysis and free association to uncover unconscious desires and conflicts
primary area = personality development + psychopathology
behaviorism (John Watson, B. F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov)
shouldn’t worry about a conscious mind because you will never know what the people next to you are thinking
should study behavior as an end to itself rather than as a means for inferring mental processes or structures
primary area = learning
“Tabula Rasa” (behavioralism)
people are born as a blank slate and we become who we are sole though learning history - built his daughter a box and focused her learning history on behavior psychology…she became a behavioral psychologist
humanistic (Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers)
humans can determine their own fate through the concept of free will and everyone can develop to their fullest potential
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Roger’s person-centered therapy
focused heavily on a person’s present more than past
primary area = personality and therapy
cognitive revolution (George Miller)
thinking should be studied as information processing
primary areas = memory, learning, language and cognitive psychology in general
social revolution (Kurt Lewin)
need to understand both individual and social pressures/social context in order to fully predict behavior
B = f(P,E)
primary area = social, cultural
“group dynamics (social revolution)
believed that group behavior was different than what could be expected from the individuals alone
case study
deep investigation of a single case (one participant, couple or group)
for studies that cannot be ethically manipulated in a lab (ex brain injury, cults etc), way to uncover truths about the mind that would be difficult to study in any other way
rare minds that have been injured or mind with extraordinarily rare abilities (
case study pros
real-life observation and rich description, what the human mind is capable of, what is possible, even if it’s not typical
case study cons
limited generalizability pr inferences that you can make
correlational research
observational or survey methodology
correlational research step 1
hypothesis of relationship among variables - example “does absence make the heart grow fonder?”
variables - measurable conditions, events, characteristics or behaviors of interest (anything that “varies) - ex absence, fondness
correlational research hypotheses
1 - absence makes the heart grown fonder
2 - “out of sight out of mind”
correlational research step 2
operationalization = translation of the hypothesized variables into specifics, concrete measurable or manipulatable definition of the variable of interest
variable - fondness, how could you measure fondness
- self-reported relationship satisfaction
- frequency of gazing touching eye contact and smiling observed in the lab field
correlational research pros
easier to get larger samples, ask about a wider variety of events that can be manipulated in lab, easier to ensure generalizability across situations
correlational research cons
self-report biases, people can lack insight, “tests” of hypotheses are correlational in nature
definition of correlation
an expression of the relationship between two variables
definition of sign
positive or negative reflects the pattern of relationships
positive - A increases, B increase (ex temperature and popsicle consumption)
negative - A increases, B decreases (ex temperature and hot chocolate consuption)