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CCP Psych > Psych Exam 1 > Flashcards

Psych Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

critical thinking

A

the process of thinking deeply and actively, asking questions, and evaluating the evidence

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3
Q

William Wundt

A

A German philosopher-physician who founded structuralism, he measured the time between when a student heard a sound and when they pressed a key to signal they heard it

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4
Q

Structuralism

A

a perspective for the early history of psychology that focused on breaking down mental processes into their structure or basic parts

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

A perspective from the early history of psychology that focused on the function of our mental processes and behaviors (tries to determine what our mental processes are for)

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6
Q

William James

A

Father of psychology in the U.S., founded functionalism

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7
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

popularized psychology in the U.S. and around the world in the late 1800s,

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8
Q

behavioral approach

A

a perspective in psychology that emphasizes observable behavior over internal mental processes

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9
Q

humanistic approach

A

a perspective that emphasizes the notion that human nature is generally good and people are naturally motivated to grow toward their own potential

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10
Q

Sociocultural approach

A

a perspective in psychology that influences of culture and social events on behavior and mental processes

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11
Q

evolutionary approach

A

emphasizes charles darwins theory of evolution as an influence on behavior

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12
Q

cognitive approach

A

emphasizes processes such as thinking, language, attention, memory, and intelligence

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13
Q

neuroscience

A

study of structure, function, development, genetics, and biochemistry of the nervous system

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14
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

a uniquely comprehensive popular perspective in psychology that emphasizes biological, psychological, and social factors as influences on behavior.

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15
Q

Confirmed Bias

A

A tendency to prefer information that confirms what you thought in the first place

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16
Q

Belief perseverance

A

A tendency to maintain a belief even when evidence suggests it is incorrect

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17
Q

Descriptive research

A

research in which the goal is simply to describe a characteristics of the population

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18
Q

Correlational research

A

research in which the goal is to determine the relationship between two variables.

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19
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a statistic that shows the relationship between two variables, ranging from highly positive (+1) to highly negative (-1). It means that as one variable goes up, the other variable goes up with it.

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20
Q

correlation-causation fallacy

A

The mistaken belief that when two variables correlate strongly with each other, one must cause the other.

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21
Q

Experimental research

A

research in which the goal is to determine the cause and effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and observing changes in the other.

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22
Q

Random assignment

A

a procedure in experimental research by which the assignment of participants into either experimental or control group happens entirely by chance.

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23
Q

Independent Variable

A

A variable that is manipulated by the researchers

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24
Q

Dependent variable

A

a variable that is expected to depend u[on the independent variable

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25
Q

experimental group

A

the group of participants who receive the treatment that is the focus of the study

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26
Q

control group

A

the group of participants who did not receive the treatment that is the focus of the study

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27
Q

placebo effect

A

the effect of expectation rather than the experimental manipulations

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28
Q

Scientific method

A

a way of asking and answering questions that follows a predetermined series of steps: posing a question, conducting a literature review, developing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis by collecting data, and analyzing the data and drawing conclusions.

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29
Q

Theory

A

A proposed explanation for observed events

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30
Q

hypothesis

A

a prediction; typically based on a theory; that can be tested

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31
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

psychologists collect data from participants by visiting them in the real-world location where their behavior happens naturally

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32
Q

surveys

A

A set of questions addressed to a group of people about their behavior or attitudes

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33
Q

Case study

A

A small number of psychologists conduct research in which the sample consists of just one person (or a very small group) studied in great depth

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34
Q

Neurons

A

the cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system.

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35
Q

Dendrites

A

branches at the end of neurons that receive signals from other neurons

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36
Q

Cell body (soma

A

the large central region of a neuron that performs the basic activities, including the production of energy, to keep the neuron functional

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37
Q

Axon

A

the part of the neuron that carries information toward other neurons

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38
Q

myelin sheath

A

a protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the axon

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39
Q

action potential

A

the release, or firing, of an electrical impulse that travels through the axon

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40
Q

synapse

A

a gap between two connecting neurons

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41
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that travel across synapses from one neuron to the next

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42
Q

Acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that stimulates the firing of neurons and is a part of memory, learning, and the action of muscles

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43
Q

dopamine

A

neurotransmitter involved in reward system and in movement

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44
Q

serotonin

A

neurotransmitters involved in mood and possibly sleep and appetite

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45
Q

endorphins

A

are neurotransmitters involved in reducing pain and increasing pleasure

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46
Q

norepinephrine

A

inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but excites the heart, intestines, and urogenital tract

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47
Q

agonist

A

drugs that impact the neurotransmitters

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48
Q

antagonist

A

inhibits the agonist

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49
Q

Brain stem

A

the part of the brain that connects to the spine and controls the functions most essential to staying alive

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50
Q

cerebellum

A

the part of the brain near the bottom and back primarily involved in balance and the coordination of movement

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51
Q

medulla

A

the part of the brainstem most specifically involved in heartbeat and breathing

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52
Q

Thalamus

A

the brains main sensory processing center, located near the center of the brain

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53
Q

limbic system

A

a cluster of brain areas involved primarily in emotion

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54
Q

hypothalamus

A

is the part of the limbic system involved in maintaining steadiness in bodily functions

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55
Q

hippocampus

A

the part of the limbic system involved in memory, especially spatial memory and long-term memory

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56
Q

amygdala

A

part of the limbic system involved most directly in emotions, especially fear.

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57
Q

cerebrum (forebrain)

A

is the upper front part of the brain, which consists of two hemispheres and is involved in sophisticated, often uniquely human abilities.

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58
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outer layer of the cerebrum, where sensory information is processed

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59
Q

right cerebral hemisphere

A

controls the left side of the body, nonverbal information

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60
Q

left cerebral hemisphere

A

is paired with the right side of the body, speech

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61
Q

corpus callosum

A

the bundle of neurons that connects and allows communication between the two cerebral hemisphere

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62
Q

frontal lobe

A

the part of the cerebral cortex right behind the forehead, which is involved in complex thinking tasks, planning, purposeful action, and other advanced functions.

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63
Q

parietal lobe

A

the part of the brain near the top and back of the head involved in touch and perception

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64
Q

temporal lobe

A

the lower middle part of the brain, involved in hearing and speech production

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65
Q

occipital lobe

A

the lower back part of the brain involved with vision

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66
Q

motor cortex

A

the strip of brain matter near the back of the frontal lobe involved in voluntary movement

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67
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

a strip of the brain matter near the front of the parietal lobe involved in receiving information from the senses.

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68
Q

Broca’s area

A

a part of the left side of the frontal lobe heavily involved in speaking

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69
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

is the speech dysfunction caused by damage to Broca’s area

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70
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

dysfunction in understanding or creating coherent speech caused by damage to Wernicke’s area.

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71
Q

plasticity

A

the ability of the brain to adapt its structure or function in response to damage or experience.

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72
Q

Nervous system

A

full set of nerves that connect your brain with all the other parts of your body.

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73
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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74
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the neurons that connect the central nervous system to other parts of the body

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75
Q

somatic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that has afferent nerves and efferent nerves that send messages from muscles and skin

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76
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the parts of the body you control involuntarily

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77
Q

sympathetic division

A

part of your autonomic nervous system that revs your body up in response to stressors

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78
Q

parasympathetic division

A

is the part of your autonomic nervous system that calms your body down when stressors decrease

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79
Q

hormones

A

chemicals made by the glands of the endocrine system, affect certain tissues throughout the body

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80
Q

cortisol

A

the stress hormone

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81
Q

Sensations

A

the ability of your sensory organs to pick up energy in the environment around you and transmit it to your brain

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82
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum level of a stimulus necessary for you to detect its presence at least half of the time.

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83
Q

difference threshold

A

the smallest change in a stimulus necessary for you to detect it at least half of the time

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84
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the tendency of a person’s sensation of a stimulus to decrease when the stimulus remains constant

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85
Q

Habituation

A

when you decrease or stop responding to a stimulus that repeats or stays constant

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86
Q

perceptual set

A

a predisposition to perceive something in a particular way

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87
Q

selective attention

A

paying more attention to one sensory channel than others

88
Q

change blindness

A

a failure to notice changes in your visual field simply because you expect otherwise

89
Q

inattentional blindness

A

a failure to notice something in your visual field simply because your attention was focused elsewhere

90
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

a way of processing information in which what you sense becomes a perception with no influence of expectation or previous experiences

91
Q

top-down processing

A

a way of processing information in which what your expectations or previous experiences influence what you perceive

92
Q

Vision

A

your sense of sight, dominates the human senses

93
Q

Retina

A

the rear part of the eyeball that receives visual stimulation and sends it to the brain via the optic nerve

94
Q

Rods

A

are receptors cells in the retina that detect shades of gray and allow us to see in low light

95
Q

Cones

A

are receptors cells in the retina that detect color when light is plentiful

96
Q

depth perception

A

is your ability to judge the distance and depth of objects

97
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

qualities of visual stimuli that indicate depth when you use both eyes

98
Q

monocular depth cues

A

qualities of visual stimuli that indicate depth when you use only one eye

99
Q

wavelength/color hue

A

the color of light determined by it’s wavelength

100
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

an explanation of color vision based on the idea that your cones are specialized to sense either red, green, or blue

101
Q

opponent- process theory

A

an explanation of color vision based on the idea that your visual system is specialized to sense specific opposite pairs of colors

102
Q

Gestalt principles: figure-ground principle

A

your tendency to visually distinguish between an object and its background

103
Q

Audition

A

the sense of hearing

104
Q

Cochlea

A

the spiral fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that sends sound waves to the brain via the auditory nerve

105
Q

wavelength/pitch

A

the description of how “high” or “low” a sound is

106
Q

olfaction

A

is your sense of smell

107
Q

gustation

A

your sense of taste

108
Q

somatosenses

A

are the senses you experiences through your skin, primarily touch

109
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

is your sense of the position and movement of your body parts

110
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

the sense of balance

111
Q

Consciousness

A

your awareness of yourself and your surroundings

112
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

the 24-hour cycle on which your brain and body function

113
Q

Stages of sleep (non-REM sleep and REM sleep)

A

N1, N2, N3, REM

114
Q

N1

A

theta waves

115
Q

N2

A

spindles

116
Q

N3

A

deepest sleep, delta waves

117
Q

REM

A

vivid dreams

118
Q

Insomnia

A

a sleep disorder featuring consistent difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or achieving high-quality sleep

119
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a disorder of “sleep attacks” characterized by immediate and unexpected shifts from wakefulness to REM sleep

120
Q

Sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder caused by interruptions of breathing that cause repeated waking

121
Q

hypnosis

A

an altered state of consciousness in which one person, the participant, becomes very suggestible to another person, the hypnotists

122
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

substances that alter mental functioning

123
Q

Tolerance

A

decreased effectiveness of a particular amount of a drug

124
Q

withdrawal

A

stressful and uncomfortable symptoms caused by discontinuing a drug that had become habitual

125
Q

physical dependence

A

a bodily need for a particular drug in order to function normally

126
Q

psychological dependence

A

a mental need for a particular drug in order to function normally

127
Q

Depressants

A

drugs that slow bodily functions

Examples: Alcohol

128
Q

Stimulants

A

drugs that speed up bodily functions

Examples: cocaine, crack, Adderall, Ritalin, concerta, vyvanse

129
Q

hallucinogens

A

drugs that produce unrealistic sensations such as hallucinations

Examples: LSD, PCP, mushrooms, Ecstasy, bath salts, cannabis, synthetic cannabis

130
Q

Opiates

A

pain-relieving drugs made from the poppy plant. Opioids are synthetic versions of opiates.

Examples: Heroin, opium, morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, Vicodin, oxycodone, oxycontin, Percocet, Percodan

131
Q

Meditation

A

an activity designed to increase focused attention with the ultimate purpose of improving your mental state

132
Q

Mindfulness

A

awareness of your momen to moment experiences fully, deliberately, and without distraction

133
Q

Memory

A

is the process of taking in information, saving it over time, and calling it to mind later

134
Q

Information processing model

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

135
Q

Encoding

A

entering information into memory

136
Q

Storage

A

retaining information in memory

137
Q

Retrieval

A

pulling information out of memory

138
Q

Sensory memory

A

the earliest part of the memory processes, in which the senses take in and very briefly hold information

139
Q

Echoic Memory

A

auditory sensory memory, or all the information your ears took in during the past few seconds

140
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual sensory memory, or all the information you eyes took in during the last fraction of a second

141
Q

Level of processing

A

How deeply information is processed. Also known as depth of processing

142
Q

chunking

A

grouping pieces of information together in a meaningful way to enhance memory

143
Q

Short-term Memory

A

a limited amount of new information being held briefly until its is either discarded or kept long-term

144
Q

Long-term memory

A

a seemingly limitless amount of information being held for extensive periods of time.

145
Q

retrieval cues

A

reminders that facilitate retrieval of information from memory

146
Q

recall

A

a type of retrieval in which stored information is accessed without any comparison to external information

147
Q

recognition

A

a type of information in which stored information is compared to external information to determine if it matches

148
Q

Decay

A

The dwindling or loss of information for memory due to the passing of time

149
Q

Massed practice

A

many repetitions at once, similar to cramming

150
Q

distributed practice

A

repetitions spread over time

151
Q

amnesia

A

the inability to remember some or all information, either temporarily or permanently

152
Q

empirical method

A

gaining knowledge by observing events, collecting data, and reasoning logically

153
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

emphasizes unconscious thought, and the conflict between biological drives and society’s demands, Freud thought that relationship with parents shape personality

154
Q

biological approach

A

a focus on the body, mainly the brain and nervous system

155
Q

operational definition

A

an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a study

156
Q

Francis Cecil Sumner

A

First African-American to have a Ph.D in psychology, Howard University, psychology of religion, refuting racist psychology research, and mentoring and promoting the education of African Americans

157
Q

resting potential

A

not transmitting information, -60 to -75 millivolts

158
Q

all-or-nothing principle

A

once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing it intensity

159
Q

GABA

A

keeps the neurons firing and controls the precision of the signal

160
Q

glutamate

A

excites neurons to fire especially involved in learning and memory

161
Q

oxytocin

A

love and bonding

162
Q

reticular formation

A

midbrain, involved in walking, sleeping, turning to a sudden noise, stereotyped patterns

163
Q

basal ganglia

A

control and coordinate voluntary movements with cerebellum and cerebral cortex

164
Q

Brenda Millner

A

Dr. Milner conducted groundbreaking research on the brain. She studied memory and damage to temporal lobes, mapped the function of areas of the frontal lobe, determined the lateralization of function in the hemispheres, and demonstrated plasticity after damage. She proved that there are different memory systems, specifically episodic memory and procedural memory, considered the founder of clinical neuropsycholog

165
Q

perception

A

organizing and interpreting sensory information

166
Q

sensory receptors

A

register info on the external environment and send it to the brain

167
Q

signal detection theory

A

decision-making about stimuli under conditions of uncertainty

168
Q

visual cortex

A

occipital lobe, part of cerebral cortex involved in vision, visual information processed here

169
Q

feature detectors

A

neurons that respond to particular features of stimulus

170
Q

perceptual constancy

A

the recognition that objects are constant and unchanging even if sensory input about them is changing

171
Q

Christine Ladd Franklin

A

her research interests were expanding from math and logic to the new field of psychology and specifically the visual sense. She published her first article in psychology in 1887 on binocular vision, Hopkins and Columbia let her teach a class without pay

172
Q

stream of consciousness

A

continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

172
Q

automatic processing

A

states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with ongoing activities

173
Q

reticular activating system

A

regulates arousal, brain stem, medulla, thalamus

173
Q

Controlled processing

A

most alert states of consciousness

174
Q

subconscious awareness

A

When awake or asleep, beneath the level of conscious awareness, dreaming

174
Q

unconscious thought

A

no awareness, Freud, reservoir of unaccepted wishes, thoughts, and feelings

175
Q

biological rhythms

A

periodic physiological fluctuations in the body, rise and fall of hormones for example

176
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark

177
Q

manifest content

A

dreams surface content, disguises the dreams true meaning

178
Q

latent content

A

the dreams hidden content, unconscious true meaning

179
Q

cognitive theory of dreaming

A

proposes that we understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind

180
Q

Activation synthesis hypothesis

A

dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain

181
Q

addiction

A

physical or psychological dependence to a drug

182
Q

substance use disorder

A

psychological disorder in which the use of a psychoactive drug affects their health and abilities to work and engage in social relationships

183
Q

Carl L Heart

A

His main research interests were studying the effects of psychoactive drugs on people (e.g., opioids, stimulants, cannabis, synthetic drugs, etc) and creating effective treatments for addiction

184
Q

learning

A

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

185
Q

behaviorism

A

a theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors

186
Q

associative learning

A

when we make a connection between two events, conditioning

187
Q

observational learning

A

learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates another behavior

188
Q

classical conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and has the capacity to elicit a response, involuntary responses

189
Q

Pavlovs experiment

A

placed meat powder in a dog’s mouth causing it to salivate, he then rang a bell before giving the meat powder, then the dog started to salivate at the noise of the bell

190
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

191
Q

unconditioned response

A

an unlearned reaction to the stimulus

192
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

previously the neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response

193
Q

Watsons experiment

A

Had Albert play with a rat, then made a loud noise behind his head, making Albert cry, Albert started to fear the rat

194
Q

conditioned response

A

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus pairing

195
Q

acquisition

A

the initial learning of the connection between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus when they are paired

196
Q

extinction

A

weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

197
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

process in which the conditioned response can occur after a time delay without further conditioning

198
Q

generalization

A

when a new stimulus elicits the same response

199
Q

discrimination

A

learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

200
Q

counterconditioning

A

procedure for changing the relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response

201
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

repeated pairing of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

202
Q

operant conditioning

A

voluntary responses, a form of learning in which the consequences of behavior change the probability of that behaviors occurence

203
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

put a hungry cat in a puzzle box and put a piece of fish outside, the cat had to learn to open the latch, eventually after accidentally opening it, the cat learned how to escape

204
Q

shaping

A

rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior

205
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behavior increases because it is followed by the addition of something valuable

206
Q

negative reinforcement

A

behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something

207
Q

learning helplessness

A

learns that it has no control over negative outcomes

208
Q

primary reinforcer

A

reinforcer that does not require any learning to make it pleasurable, food for example

209
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

acquires its positive value from the experience

210
Q

positive punishment

A

a behavior decreases because it is followed by the addition of a stimulus

211
Q

negative punishment

A

a behavior decreases because it is followed by the removal of a stimulus

212
Q

latent learning

A

unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

213
Q

insight learning

A

a form of problem-solving in which the organism gets a sudden insight into a problems solution

214
Q

Marthe E Bernal

A

She was the first Latina to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology in the U.S.

CCP Psych (2 decks)

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