Psych chapter interacting with the environment

Question 1

broadbent filter model of selective attention

Answer 1

sensory store when attended message and unattended message go to. Then a selective filter in which the unattended message is blocked at sensory filter. Then higher level processing. Then this goes to working memory.

Question 2

Treisman Attenuation Model of Selective Attention

Answer 2

inputs go to sensory store (attended message and unattended message). There is an attenuating filter in which the unattended ear volume is decreased. Then it goes to a higher level of processing and then to working memory.

Question 3

selective priming

Answer 3

people can be selectively primed to hear something such as their name

Question 4

spotlight model

Answer 4

the idea that visual stimuli are selective chosen for

Question 5

binding problem

Answer 5

the problem of how all these different aspects are assembled together and related to a single object rather than something else in the visual field

Question 6

information processing model

Answer 6

concerned with what goes on between the ears and how sensory input is processed through attention, perception, and storage into memory.

Question 7

baddley’s model of short term memory

Answer 7

he renamed working memory and in his model working memory consists of four components a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketchpa, an episodic bufferm and a central executive.

Question 8

phonological loop

Answer 8

repeating verbal information to help us remember it

Question 9

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 9

serves a similar purpose for visuospatial information through the use of mental images

Question 10

episodic buffer

Answer 10

is theorized to integrate information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad with a sense of time, and to interface with long term memory stores. Responsible for combining information from a variety of sources into coherent episodes.

Question 11

central executive

Answer 11

oversees the entire process and orchestrates the process by shifting and dividing attention

Question 12

piaget

Answer 12

cognitive developmental theorists. he thought that the process of cognitive development involved forming schemas (mental frameworks that shape and that are shaped by out experiences)

Question 13

assimilate our experiences

Answer 13

by conforming our experiences into our existing schemas

Question 14

accommodate our experiences

Answer 14

by adjusting our schemas to take into account the new experience

Question 15

Piagets four developmental stages

Answer 15

sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage

Question 16

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 16

from birth to age 2 in which they experience the world through their senses. This is the stage in which they learn object permanence which is the understanding that things continue to exist when they are out of sight

Question 17

Preoperational stage

Answer 17

roughly ages 2 to 7. Children learn that things can be represented through symbols such as words and images. They are also egocentric meaning that they do not understand that others have different perspectives

Question 18

concrete operational stage

Answer 18

roughly ages 7 to 11. Children learn to think logically about concrete events. They learn conservation; the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

Question 19

formal operational stage

Answer 19

age 12 to adulthood in which people learn abstract reasoning and moral reasoning

Question 20

cognitive changes in adulthood

Answer 20

elderly have recall decline but recognition stays the same

Question 21

ways of solving and decision making

Answer 21

trial and error, algorithm, and heuristics

Question 22

Algorithm

Answer 22

a step-by-step procedure

Question 23

heuristics

Answer 23

mental shortcuts

Question 24

insight

Answer 24

a sudden flash of information

Question 25

conformation bias

Answer 25

to look for information that confirms our preconceive thinking rather than information that might not support it.

Question 26

fixation

Answer 26

the inability to see the problem from a fresh perspective

Question 27

mental set

Answer 27

a tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past though they may not apply in the current situation

Question 28

functional fixedness

Answer 28

a tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging

Question 29

availability heuristic

Answer 29

making a decision based off of what is most available at the time.

Question 30

representative heuristic

Answer 30

a generalization that comes to mind. ex: what is the color of a taxi cab? yellow

Question 31

belief bias

Answer 31

we tend to accept conclusions that fit with our beliefs and tend to reject assertions that do not fit with their beliefs

Question 32

belief perseverance

Answer 32

a tendency to cling to beliefs despite the presence of contrary evidence

Question 33

consciousness

Answer 33

is defined as awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment

Question 34

The reticular formation in the brainstem does what

Answer 34

controls alertness and arousal

Question 35

awake but sleepy

Answer 35

alpha waves

Question 36

Stage 1 of sleep

Answer 36

dominated by theta waves

Question 37

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 37

theta waves intermixed with K-complexes and sleep spindles

Question 38

stage 3 and 4

Answer 38

slow wave sleep. Characterized by delta waves.

Question 39

REM sleep

Answer 39

bursts of quick eye movements. Beta waves seen when an individual is awake

Question 40

Circadian rhythms

Answer 40

are the biological clock of alertness over a 24-hour period

Question 41

when exposed to light in the morning the SCN signals

Answer 41

parts of the brain which regulate body temperature and the release of cortisol.

Question 42

Freud believed that plotlines of dreams

Answer 42

have manifest content and were symbolic of underlying latent content

Question 43

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 43

suggests that dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep

Question 44

dyssomnias

Answer 44

are abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep and include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

Question 45

parasomnias

Answer 45

are abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep and include somnambulism (sleep walking) and night terrors (stage 3)

Question 46

mindfulness based stress reduction

Answer 46

is a protocol that helps alleviate stress. Meditators show higher levels of alpha and theta waves when meditating and commonly show higher levels after meditation

Question 47

depressants

Answer 47

include alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates. Alcohol can cause death in an overdose of GABA and dopamine systems.

Question 48

barbiturates

Answer 48

depress the sympathetic nervous system activity. Often prescribed as sleep aids

Question 49

Opiates

Answer 49

depress neural functioning. They temporarily reduce pain by mimicking the brain's own pain relievers

Question 50

Stimulants

Answer 50

include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines

Question 51

Hallucinogens

Answer 51

psychedelics distort perception in the absence of any sensory input, creating hallucinations

Question 52

psychological dependence

Answer 52

For example when someone with social anxiety thinks that drinking will help them have less social anxiety. This can be stopped by removing the individual from a painful situation

Question 53

Physical dependence

Answer 53

withdrawal symptoms

Question 54

Addiction is biological in that

Answer 54

it creates activity in dopamine circuits in the brain most notably in the nucleus accumbens "pleasure center"

Question 55

three components of emotion

Answer 55

physiological arousal, behavioral component, and cognitive component

Question 56

six major universal emotions

Answer 56

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Question 57

james-lange theory

Answer 57

proposes that we first feel a physiological response and then emotion

Question 58

cannon-barb theory

Answer 58

after a stimulus the physiological response and emotion happen simultaneously

Question 59

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 59

once we experience physiological arousal we make a conscious cognitive interpretation based on our circumstances

Question 60

The limbic system

Answer 60

the amygdala (conductor of the orchestra of our emotional experiences), the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex located at the front of the brain which controls approach and avoidance behaviors, the hippocampus

Question 61

three main types of stresses

Answer 61

catastrophes: are unpredictable, large-scale events that include natural disasters and wartime events significant life changes: include events such as moving, leaving home, losing a job, marriage and divorce Daily hassles: are the everyday irritations in life including bills, traffic jams, misplacing belongings and scheduling activities

Question 62

learned helplessness

Answer 62

sense of exhaustion and lack in one's ability to manage situations

Question 63

Cortisol

Answer 63

is a glucocorticoid that shifts the body from using sugar as an energy source to using fat as an energy source

Question 64

empiricist

Answer 64

believe that the study of psychology should focus on directly observable environmental factors as opposed to abstract mental states

Question 65

nativists

Answer 65

argue that language is a human ability prewired into the brain

Question 66

language acquisition

Answer 66

describes to the way infants learn to understand and speak their native language

Question 67

B.F. skinners idea of language acquisition

Answer 67

behaviorist in that infants learn language through operant conditioning

Question 68

Noam Chomsky idea of language acquisition

Answer 68

suggested that we all possess an innate feature unique to the human mind that allows people to gain mastery of language from limited exposure during the sensitive developmental years in early childhood

Question 69

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 69

asserts that not only do language and thought overlap but cognition and perception are determined by the language one speaks

Question 70

Broca's area

Answer 70

is involved in complicated production of speech located in the frontal lobe

Question 71

Wernicke's area

Answer 71

located in the posterior section of the temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere of the brain. It is involved in comprehension of speech and written language

Question 72

top down processing

Answer 72

brain applies experience and expectations to interpret sensory information

Question 73

bottom down processing

Answer 73

data driven