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MCAT psychology > Psych chapter interacting with the environment > Flashcards

Psych chapter interacting with the environment Flashcards

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1
Q

broadbent filter model of selective attention

A

sensory store when attended message and unattended message go to. Then a selective filter in which the unattended message is blocked at sensory filter. Then higher level processing. Then this goes to working memory.

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2
Q

Treisman Attenuation Model of Selective Attention

A

inputs go to sensory store (attended message and unattended message). There is an attenuating filter in which the unattended ear volume is decreased. Then it goes to a higher level of processing and then to working memory.

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3
Q

selective priming

A

people can be selectively primed to hear something such as their name

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4
Q

spotlight model

A

the idea that visual stimuli are selective chosen for

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5
Q

binding problem

A

the problem of how all these different aspects are assembled together and related to a single object rather than something else in the visual field

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6
Q

information processing model

A

concerned with what goes on between the ears and how sensory input is processed through attention, perception, and storage into memory.

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7
Q

baddley’s model of short term memory

A

he renamed working memory and in his model working memory consists of four components a phonological loop, a visuospatial sketchpa, an episodic bufferm and a central executive.

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8
Q

phonological loop

A

repeating verbal information to help us remember it

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9
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

serves a similar purpose for visuospatial information through the use of mental images

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10
Q

episodic buffer

A

is theorized to integrate information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad with a sense of time, and to interface with long term memory stores. Responsible for combining information from a variety of sources into coherent episodes.

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11
Q

central executive

A

oversees the entire process and orchestrates the process by shifting and dividing attention

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12
Q

piaget

A

cognitive developmental theorists. he thought that the process of cognitive development involved forming schemas (mental frameworks that shape and that are shaped by out experiences)

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13
Q

assimilate our experiences

A

by conforming our experiences into our existing schemas

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14
Q

accommodate our experiences

A

by adjusting our schemas to take into account the new experience

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15
Q

Piagets four developmental stages

A

sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage

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16
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to age 2 in which they experience the world through their senses. This is the stage in which they learn object permanence which is the understanding that things continue to exist when they are out of sight

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17
Q

Preoperational stage

A

roughly ages 2 to 7. Children learn that things can be represented through symbols such as words and images. They are also egocentric meaning that they do not understand that others have different perspectives

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18
Q

concrete operational stage

A

roughly ages 7 to 11. Children learn to think logically about concrete events. They learn conservation; the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

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19
Q

formal operational stage

A

age 12 to adulthood in which people learn abstract reasoning and moral reasoning

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20
Q

cognitive changes in adulthood

A

elderly have recall decline but recognition stays the same

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21
Q

ways of solving and decision making

A

trial and error, algorithm, and heuristics

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22
Q

Algorithm

A

a step-by-step procedure

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23
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts

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24
Q

insight

A

a sudden flash of information

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25
Q

conformation bias

A

to look for information that confirms our preconceive thinking rather than information that might not support it.

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26
Q

fixation

A

the inability to see the problem from a fresh perspective

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27
Q

mental set

A

a tendency to fixate on solutions that worked in the past though they may not apply in the current situation

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28
Q

functional fixedness

A

a tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging

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29
Q

availability heuristic

A

making a decision based off of what is most available at the time.

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30
Q

representative heuristic

A

a generalization that comes to mind. ex: what is the color of a taxi cab? yellow

31
Q

belief bias

A

we tend to accept conclusions that fit with our beliefs and tend to reject assertions that do not fit with their beliefs

32
Q

belief perseverance

A

a tendency to cling to beliefs despite the presence of contrary evidence

33
Q

consciousness

A

is defined as awareness that we have of ourselves, our internal states, and the environment

34
Q

The reticular formation in the brainstem does what

A

controls alertness and arousal

35
Q

awake but sleepy

A

alpha waves

36
Q

Stage 1 of sleep

A

dominated by theta waves

37
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

theta waves intermixed with K-complexes and sleep spindles

38
Q

stage 3 and 4

A

slow wave sleep. Characterized by delta waves.

39
Q

REM sleep

A

bursts of quick eye movements. Beta waves seen when an individual is awake

40
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

are the biological clock of alertness over a 24-hour period

41
Q

when exposed to light in the morning the SCN signals

A

parts of the brain which regulate body temperature and the release of cortisol.

42
Q

Freud believed that plotlines of dreams

A

have manifest content and were symbolic of underlying latent content

43
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

suggests that dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep

44
Q

dyssomnias

A

are abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep and include insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea

45
Q

parasomnias

A

are abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep and include somnambulism (sleep walking) and night terrors (stage 3)

46
Q

mindfulness based stress reduction

A

is a protocol that helps alleviate stress. Meditators show higher levels of alpha and theta waves when meditating and commonly show higher levels after meditation

47
Q

depressants

A

include alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates. Alcohol can cause death in an overdose of GABA and dopamine systems.

48
Q

barbiturates

A

depress the sympathetic nervous system activity. Often prescribed as sleep aids

49
Q

Opiates

A

depress neural functioning. They temporarily reduce pain by mimicking the brain’s own pain relievers

50
Q

Stimulants

A

include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines

51
Q

Hallucinogens

A

psychedelics distort perception in the absence of any sensory input, creating hallucinations

52
Q

psychological dependence

A

For example when someone with social anxiety thinks that drinking will help them have less social anxiety. This can be stopped by removing the individual from a painful situation

53
Q

Physical dependence

A

withdrawal symptoms

54
Q

Addiction is biological in that

A

it creates activity in dopamine circuits in the brain most notably in the nucleus accumbens “pleasure center”

55
Q

three components of emotion

A

physiological arousal, behavioral component, and cognitive component

56
Q

six major universal emotions

A

happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

57
Q

james-lange theory

A

proposes that we first feel a physiological response and then emotion

58
Q

cannon-barb theory

A

after a stimulus the physiological response and emotion happen simultaneously

59
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

once we experience physiological arousal we make a conscious cognitive interpretation based on our circumstances

60
Q

The limbic system

A

the amygdala (conductor of the orchestra of our emotional experiences), the hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex located at the front of the brain which controls approach and avoidance behaviors, the hippocampus

61
Q

three main types of stresses

A

catastrophes: are unpredictable, large-scale events that include natural disasters and wartime events
significant life changes: include events such as moving, leaving home, losing a job, marriage and divorce
Daily hassles: are the everyday irritations in life including bills, traffic jams, misplacing belongings and scheduling activities

62
Q

learned helplessness

A

sense of exhaustion and lack in one’s ability to manage situations

63
Q

Cortisol

A

is a glucocorticoid that shifts the body from using sugar as an energy source to using fat as an energy source

64
Q

empiricist

A

believe that the study of psychology should focus on directly observable environmental factors as opposed to abstract mental states

65
Q

nativists

A

argue that language is a human ability prewired into the brain

66
Q

language acquisition

A

describes to the way infants learn to understand and speak their native language

67
Q

B.F. skinners idea of language acquisition

A

behaviorist in that infants learn language through operant conditioning

68
Q

Noam Chomsky idea of language acquisition

A

suggested that we all possess an innate feature unique to the human mind that allows people to gain mastery of language from limited exposure during the sensitive developmental years in early childhood

69
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

asserts that not only do language and thought overlap but cognition and perception are determined by the language one speaks

70
Q

Broca’s area

A

is involved in complicated production of speech located in the frontal lobe

71
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in the posterior section of the temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere of the brain. It is involved in comprehension of speech and written language

72
Q

top down processing

A

brain applies experience and expectations to interpret sensory information

73
Q

bottom down processing

A

data driven

MCAT psychology (7 decks)

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