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Proteins and Protein Synthesis Quiz Study Guide > Psych Chapter 4 quiz > Flashcards

Psych Chapter 4 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is not a cognitive process?

A

Trust

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2
Q

When a big, barking dog comes running at me, I notice that it is actually my neighbor’s dog, so I am able to relax. The process of recognizing that the dog is my neighbor’s dog and determining that there is nothing to worry about is an example of…

A

Top down processing

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3
Q

Ulric Neisser argued that cognitive psychology was too artificial. What research problem was he referring to?

A

A lack of ecological validity.

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4
Q

According to Fiske and Taylor (1991), what factor influences our decision making behaviour?

A

All of the above

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5
Q

Which of the following is not true about schema?

A

Schema are observable by using modern brain scanning technology.

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6
Q

Which of the following was not one of the findings of Bartlett’s War with Ghosts study?

A

There were many extra details added to the story, making the story longer than the original.

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7
Q

When you travel to foreign country and you see a type of shower that you have never seen before, you tend to use your schema, which are based on past experience, to figure out how to use it. But when this fails, you go to the reception and someone comes up to show you how to use this new type of shower. Once you have seen how to use this new type of shower, you add it to your shower schema. What do psychologists call this process?

A

Assimilation

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8
Q

On a trip to a foreign country, you stand in the entrance to a restaurant waiting to be seated. No one pays any attention to you. After several minutes, you start to get a bit upset and ready to leave, when you notice one of the waiters walking past. You ask if someone is going to seat you - and he says, you can just sit anywhere. How would a cognitive psychologist explain what just happened?

A

You were following a script for what to expect in a restaurant which did not apply in this culture.

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9
Q

What was the independent variable that was systematically manipulated in Bartlett’s War with Ghosts study?

A

The method of reproduction

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10
Q

Why can we say that Bartlett’s War with Ghosts study has low reliability?

A

The procedure was not properly standardized.

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11
Q

Which of the following is not a finding of Brewer & Treyens (1981) study?

A

Participants remembered objects that they would not expect to find in an office.

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12
Q

What does it mean when we say that a theory is robust?

A

It can be applied in a number of different situations.

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13
Q

What is the key difference between Miller’s (1956) and Cowan’s (2010) research on STM capacity?

A

Cowan did not let the participants know the length of the list before he read it to them.

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14
Q

Which of the following is not a limitation of the MSM?

A

It is not supported by biological evidence.

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15
Q

Remembering the first and last items of a list better than the items in the middle of a list can be explained by

A

Rehearsal of the early words - and the fact that the last words are still in STM.

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16
Q

Which of the following determines whether information moves from sensory memory to short-term memory?

A

Selective attention

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17
Q

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the first step in placing information into memory storage is..

A

Sensory memory

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18
Q

Which is true about Short Term Memory?

A

It is limited in both capacity and duration.

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19
Q

Which of the following is not a limitation of the Working Memory Model?

A

There is a lack of biological support for the model.

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20
Q

How does Warrington & Shallice’s case study of KF support the Working Memory Model?

A

It showed that visual and verbal information is processed in different parts of the brain.

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21
Q

How does the WMM explain the results of Landry & Bartling’s (2011) study of articulatory suppression?

A

Articulatory suppression prevents rehearsal in the phonological loop.

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22
Q

If you are trying to learn a song in Latin for your school choir, when you are practicing those ancient Roman words in your head, what part of the Working Memory Model is being used?

A

The phonological loop

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23
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the central executive?

A

It consolidates memory in short term memory and moves it to long-term memory.

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24
Q

What is the key difference between the Multi Store Model and the Working Memory Model?

A

The Working Memory Model argues that there is more than one STM store.

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25
Q

The part of Baddeley & Hitch’s Working Memory Model that processes auditory stimuli is called

A

The phonological loop

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26
Q

Which of the following statements is true about thinking, decision making and problem solving?

A

Decision making is a part of problem solving - and both decision making and problem solving are examples of thinking.

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27
Q

Mary believes that she is an excellent math student. In fact, her favourite unit is statistics. However, when she is asked to critically evaluate the data of an experiment in psychology class, she does not know how to do it. How does the Dual Process model explain this?

A

She is not able to transfer her understanding in mathematics to a new context (situation). So, her approach to solving the problem shows System 1 thinking.

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28
Q

If I meet two students from your school and they are brilliant psychology students, I may then conclude that your school must have an amazing psychology program. This conclusion follows a simple “rule of thumb” or a mental short-cut called a

A

heuristic

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29
Q

When are we more likely to use System 1 thinking?

A

When we have too much information to process.

30
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of System 1 thinking?

A

Is able to transfer information from one situation to another.

31
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the Wason selection task?

A

People make fewer errors when the task is put into a context which they understand, rather than an abstract task.

32
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of System 2 thinking?

A

It is the basis for most of our day to day decision making.

33
Q

According to Goel et al (2000), which part of the brain may be responsible for processing abstract problems?

A

The parietal lobe.

34
Q

Which of the following is not a limitation of the Dual Process Model?

A

There is no biological support for a two systems approach.

35
Q
  1. What do psychologists mean when they say that memory is reconstructed?
A

It means that we do not have a “photograph” of memories, but rather that we are activating schema that are relevant to an event in order to create it. We piece together a memory from bits of information that we have in our schema. Bartlett argues that when we create these memories, we often make assumptions about what could or should have happened.

36
Q

Why is Loftus & Palmer’s study criticized for lacking ecological validity?

A

There are a few reasons. First, the situation was highly controlled. The only difference was the intensity of the verb in one question on the questionnaire. Although this may allow the researchers to determine a cause and effect relationship, this level of control does not reflect what would happen in a real accident situation. Secondly, the participants were informed that they were going to watch a recreation of an automobile accident. They knew that it was not real and they were prepared for what they would see. In a real accident, there would be an element of surprise. The fact that emotion does not play a role in this study means that it does not imitate what would happen in real life. Finally, there is evidence that in real-life situations - for example, Yuillle & Cutshall’s study - Loftus & Palmer’s findings were not predictive of what happened.

37
Q

Why is it important to know that Bahrick’s Yearbook study was cross-sectional in nature?

A

A cross-sectional study means that the study looked at different levels of a variable at the same time, rather than over a period of time. In this case, the variable that was being considered was the age of the participants. By comparing the memories of those that were only 15 years out of high school compared to those that were already 48 years out of high school, they cannot account for individual differences and cannot describe change over time.

38
Q

According to Flashbulb memory theory, which emotion is responsible for the creation of these memories?

A

Surprise.

39
Q

What is meant by the importance-driven model?

A

The importance drive model goes further than the original theory that proposed that surprise is responsible for the creation of flashbulb memories. The theory argues that it is personal relevance that makes the memory different. This is especially true when the event is life-threatening.

40
Q

Why might demand characteristics have played a role in Brown & Kulik’s study?

A

Because the participants were asked where they were when the president was killed, they may have “come up with” a response so as to not appear to be unpatriotic.

41
Q

What did Quervain’s study in Rwanda teach us about Flashbulb memory?

A

Quervain’s study appears to indicate that there are genetic roots to Flashbulb memories. Those that have a variation of the α2b-adrenoceptor were more likely to have flashbulb memories.

42
Q

What does cultural research seem to indicate about FBM?

A

Kulkofsky has found that collectivistic cultures have fewer personalized flashbulb memories than individualistic cultures. In the case that the memory is based on a national tragedy, the rate of FBMs was the same.

43
Q

What does it mean to say that Carerre & Gottman’s study was prospective in nature?

A

Data was gathered on their communication styles and then their relationship was evaluated for the next six years to see if the communication style predicted the end of their marriage.

44
Q

In Strack and Mussweiler’s (1997) study of anchoring bias, the results are reported as means. What would be the best suggestion for the researchers?

A

Use the median because the answers are not real values, only guesses.

45
Q

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of Tversky and Kahneman’s (1981) study of loss aversion?

A

The results are not reliable.

46
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the framing effect?

A

We prefer less certain outcomes when information is framed in negative language.

47
Q

Which theory of memory could be used to explain peak-end rule?

A

Recency effect

48
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement of the findings of Strack and Mussweiler’s (1997) study of anchoring bias?

A

The low-value anchors have a greater effect than high-value anchors

49
Q

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of Englisch and Mussweiler’s study on the role of anchoring bias in courtroom sentencing?

A

It is not possible to exclude other factors that may have influenced the participants’ decisions.

50
Q

What is the function of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex or vmPFC?

A

All of the above

51
Q

Which of the following is not an example related to the Somatic Marker Hypothesis?

A

I am trying to calculate the findings of my psychology internal assessment. I am confused and don’t know what to do. My best friend says, “this is just like the Stroop test lab that we did in class.” Suddenly, I remember. I decide to use a Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test to test the significance of my data.

52
Q

Bechara’s study of patients with bilateral damage to the vmPFC is an example of

A

A quasi-experiment

53
Q

According to research by de Martino et al (2006), which part of the brain appears to play a role when we have to make a decision which may result in a loss?

A

The amygdala

54
Q

Which of the following is a limitation of the study by de Martino on emotion and loss aversion?

A

We cannot know if the amygdala is guiding decision making or reacting to the decision made.

55
Q

Research using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) shows that

A

Somatic markers may not always help people avoid bad choices.

56
Q

In the description of Kramer et al’s (2014) Facebook study, why does it say “Importantly, researchers never viewed or altered any posts manually?”

A

To show that the privacy of the Facebook users was not violated.

57
Q

Which of the following statements is true about field experiments?

A

It is not possible to control variables as easily as in a laboratory.

58
Q

Which of the following is a correct statement of the conclusions of the Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) study?

A

Participants who took notes by hand and were allowed to study before the test, were able to remember significantly more than participants who took notes on the computer, regardless of whether they were allowed to study or not.

59
Q

What research method was used by Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) to test their hypothesis that taking notes by hand would be better than taking notes on a laptop?

A

An experiment using an independent samples design.

60
Q

Which of the following is a not a limitation of the Storm et al study on the use of Google searches?

A

There was no control group.

61
Q

The results of Sparrow et al’s (2011) follow up study showed that

A

Participants remembered the location of the trivia information better than the trivia information itself.

62
Q

What is meant when we say that Sparrow used a 2 x 2 independent samples design?

A

There were two conditions; in each condition there were two independent variables that were manipulated.

63
Q

One of the concerns with Sparrow’s research on the effect of Internet searches on memory formation is

A

All of the above

64
Q

When we base our beliefs on a limited set of research which aligns with our own thinking, this is called

A

Confirmation bias

65
Q

Transactive memory can best be defined as

A

When people in relationships have a division of labor with specific role with regard to the encoding, storage and retrieval of information from different knowledge domains.

66
Q

When we tend to seek out information that supports our existing beliefs, which cognitive bias are we using?

A

Confirmation bias

67
Q

The key difference between “self concept” and “self esteem” is

A

Self esteem is a judgement, whereas self concept is not.

68
Q

Which of the following is not true of Social Comparison Theory?

A

We all have the same need to compare ourselves to others.

69
Q

According to the availability heuristic, we make decisions based on

A

our perception of how frequent or common something is.

70
Q

The study by Chou and Edge (2014) is an example of

A

A correlational study

Proteins and Protein Synthesis Quiz Study Guide (9 decks)

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