Psych Chapter 4 Flashcards
Intelligence
Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life’s everyday experiences.
Nature vs. Nurture
Genetic components provide a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory.
Enriching environments can improve school achievement and the acquisition of skills.
Intelligence quotient
A score designed to measure intelligence
Normal Distribution
●A symmetrical distribution
●Majority of the scores fall in the middle
●Few scores in the extremes
Ethnicity and IQ tests
In America studies show that children from African American and latino families score lower than white children
Culture and IQ tests
Culturally biased tests favor:
●Urban over rural children
●Middle-income over low-income children
●White children over minority children
Culture-fair tests attempt to avoid cultural bias:
*Type 1: Include items familiar to all socioeconomic (SES) and ethnic backgrounds
*Type 2: Remove verbal items from tests
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence: Analytical
Favored in conventional schools
●Students do well with class lectures and objective tests
●Students do well on standardized tests, STA
●Students often go to competitive colleges.
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence: Practical
●May not relate well to the demands of school
●Students do well outside of classroom
●Good social skills and common sense
●Become successful managers and entrepreneurs.
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence:
Creative
●Might not be in top rung of the class
●Might not conform to teacher’s expectations
●Give unique answers which might be marked down
Gardeners 8 frames of mind
Verbal, Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily
Kinesthetic, Musical, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist
Contribution of multiple intelligence approaches
The various theories have stimulated us to think more broadly about what makes up people’s intelligence and competence.
Between-Class Ability Grouping and Tracking
●Students are grouped based on their ability or achievement
●Used as a way to organize students in middle and high school
Advantages:
●Narrows class skill range making it easier to teach them
●Teaching is said to prevent “less able” students from holding back more talented students
Disadvantages:
●Stigmatizes students in lower track
●Theses students may have less experienced teachers, fewer resources, and lower expectations
●Teaching is used to segregate students by SES and ethnicity
Within-Class ability grouping
Within-class ability grouping involves placing students in two or three groups within a class according to their ability or achievement.
Advantages:
●Allows students of different skill levels to help each other.
●Less stigmatizing of students on other tracks
Disadvantages:
●Teacher has to teach to a large skill range
Grouper
●Prefers a wide range of a subjects
●Likes to learn general principles
●Begins by studying general concepts and the big picture
●May ignore essential details
Stringer
●Prefers a systematic, methodical analysis leading to mastery of details
●Acquires knowledge sequentially and gradually.
●Tend to overlook essential broad concepts
●Investigate deep details to assess validity
Mastery style learner
Absorbs information concretely, processes it sequentially, and judges its value by its clarity and practicality.
Understanding style learner
Asking questions, reasoning, ideas, and abstractions
Self expressive learner
Depends on feelings and emotions to form new ideas and products, and judges the value of learning products by their originality and aesthetics.
Interpersonal learner
social by nature, tends to learn better in
groups and judges learning by its potential
use in helping others.
Personality
The distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
Temperament
A person’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
The “Big Five” Personality traits
O- openness (imagination, feelings,
actions, ideas)
C - Conscientiousness (competence, goal-driven, thoughtfulness)
E - Extroversion (sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression)
A - Agreeableness
(cooperative, trustworthy,
good-natured)
N - Neuroticism (tendency toward unstable emotions)
Person-situation interaction theory
The best way to characterize an individual’s personality is not only in terms of personal traits or characteristics, but also in terms of the situation involved.
Children’s temperament
Easy:
Positive mood
*Establishes regular routines in infancy
*Adapts easily to new experiences
Difficult:
*Reacts negatively, cries frequently
*Irregular daily routines
*Slow to accept change
Slow to warm up:
*Low activity level
*Somewhat negative
*Low intensity of mood
