Psych Chapter 4

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life’s everyday experiences.

Question 2

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 2

Genetic components provide a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory.

Enriching environments can improve school achievement and the acquisition of skills.

Question 3

Intelligence quotient

Answer 3

A score designed to measure intelligence

Question 4

Normal Distribution

Answer 4

●A symmetrical distribution
●Majority of the scores fall in the middle
●Few scores in the extremes

Question 5

Ethnicity and IQ tests

Answer 5

In America studies show that children from African American and latino families score lower than white children

Question 6

Culture and IQ tests

Answer 6

Culturally biased tests favor:
●Urban over rural children
●Middle-income over low-income children
●White children over minority children

Culture-fair tests attempt to avoid cultural bias:
*Type 1: Include items familiar to all socioeconomic (SES) and ethnic backgrounds
*Type 2: Remove verbal items from tests

Question 7

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence: Analytical

Answer 7

Favored in conventional schools
●Students do well with class lectures and objective tests
●Students do well on standardized tests, STA
●Students often go to competitive colleges.

Question 8

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence: Practical

Answer 8

●May not relate well to the demands of school
●Students do well outside of classroom
●Good social skills and common sense
●Become successful managers and entrepreneurs.

Question 9

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence:
Creative

Answer 9

●Might not be in top rung of the class
●Might not conform to teacher’s expectations
●Give unique answers which might be marked down

Question 10

Gardeners 8 frames of mind

Answer 10

Verbal, Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily
Kinesthetic, Musical, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist

Question 11

Contribution of multiple intelligence approaches

Answer 11

The various theories have stimulated us to think more broadly about what makes up people’s intelligence and competence.

Question 12

Between-Class Ability Grouping and Tracking

Answer 12

●Students are grouped based on their ability or achievement
●Used as a way to organize students in middle and high school

Advantages:
●Narrows class skill range making it easier to teach them
●Teaching is said to prevent “less able” students from holding back more talented students

Disadvantages:
●Stigmatizes students in lower track
●Theses students may have less experienced teachers, fewer resources, and lower expectations
●Teaching is used to segregate students by SES and ethnicity

Question 13

Within-Class ability grouping

Answer 13

Within-class ability grouping involves placing students in two or three groups within a class according to their ability or achievement.

Advantages:
●Allows students of different skill levels to help each other.
●Less stigmatizing of students on other tracks

Disadvantages:
●Teacher has to teach to a large skill range

Question 14

Grouper

Answer 14

●Prefers a wide range of a subjects
●Likes to learn general principles
●Begins by studying general concepts and the big picture
●May ignore essential details

Question 15

Stringer

Answer 15

●Prefers a systematic, methodical analysis leading to mastery of details
●Acquires knowledge sequentially and gradually.
●Tend to overlook essential broad concepts
●Investigate deep details to assess validity

Question 16

Mastery style learner

Answer 16

Absorbs information concretely, processes it sequentially, and judges its value by its clarity and practicality.

Question 17

Understanding style learner

Answer 17

Asking questions, reasoning, ideas, and abstractions

Question 18

Self expressive learner

Answer 18

Depends on feelings and emotions to form new ideas and products, and judges the value of learning products by their originality and aesthetics.

Question 19

Interpersonal learner

Answer 19

social by nature, tends to learn better in
groups and judges learning by its potential
use in helping others.

Question 20

Personality

Answer 20

The distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.

Question 21

Temperament

Answer 21

A person’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Question 22

The “Big Five” Personality traits

Answer 22

O- openness (imagination, feelings,
actions, ideas)
C - Conscientiousness (competence, goal-driven, thoughtfulness)
E - Extroversion (sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression)
A - Agreeableness
(cooperative, trustworthy,
good-natured)
N - Neuroticism (tendency toward unstable emotions)

Question 23

Person-situation interaction theory

Answer 23

The best way to characterize an individual’s personality is not only in terms of personal traits or characteristics, but also in terms of the situation involved.

Question 24

Children’s temperament

Answer 24

Easy:
Positive mood
*Establishes regular routines in infancy
*Adapts easily to new experiences
Difficult:
*Reacts negatively, cries frequently
*Irregular daily routines
*Slow to accept change
Slow to warm up:
*Low activity level
*Somewhat negative
*Low intensity of mood